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Objetivo: descrever a percepção de pessoas com hipertensão arterial sobre aspectos que facilitam e dificultam a adesão ao tratamento. Método: estudo qualitativo descritivo desenvolvido com 16 pessoas atendidas em consultas de enfermagem. Realizaram-se entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram coletados entre os meses de janeiro e agosto de 2017. Resultados: observou-se que ter força de vontade, apoio familiar e multiprofissional, conhecimento sobre a patologia e formas de prevenção e medo da morte facilitou a adesão; por outro lado, pouco conhecimento, preguiça, falta de infraestrutura urbana e condições climáticas, hábito de consumir alimentos não saudáveis, bebidas alcoólicas e tabaco, custo do tratamento e esquecimento de tomar a medicação dificultaram a adesão. Conclusão: o tratamento da hipertensão acarreta mudanças na dinâmica da vida para as quais é fundamental ter força de vontade, apoio familiar e profissional, além de superar hábitos não saudáveis.

Objective: to describe the perception of people with arterial hypertension of the aspects that facilitate and hinder treatment adherence. Method: descriptive qualitative study developed with 16 people met in Nursing consultations. Interviews were conducted with a semi-structured guide and the content analysis technique was used. Data were collected between January and August 2017. Results: having willpower, family and multidisciplinary support, knowledge about the pathology and forms of prevention and fear of death facilitated adherence; on the other hand, little knowledge, laziness, lack of urban infrastructure and climatic conditions, habit of consuming unhealthy foods, alcoholic beverages and tobacco, cost of treatment and forgetfulness of taking the medication hindered adherence. Conclusion: the treatment of hypertension causes changes in the dynamics of life, being essential to have willpower, family and professional support, in addition to overcoming unhealthy habits.

Objetivo: describir la percepción de las personas con hipertensión arterial sobre los aspectos que facilitan y dificultan la adherencia al tratamiento. Método: estudio cualitativo descriptivo desarrollado con 16 personas atendidas en consultas de enfermería. Se realizaron entrevistas con un guion semiestructurado y se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los datos se recopilaron entre enero y agosto de 2017. Resultados: se observó que tener fuerza de voluntad, apoyo familiar y multidisciplinario, conocimiento sobre la patología y las formas de prevención y miedo a la muerte facilitaba la adherencia; por otro lado, poco conocimiento, pereza, falta de infraestructura urbana y condiciones climáticas, hábito de consumir alimentos no saludables, bebidas alcohólicas y tabaco, costo de tratamiento y olvido de tomar el medicamento obstaculizaba la adherencia. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la hipertensión provoca cambios en la dinámica de la vida para los que es esencial contar con fuerza de voluntad, apoyo familiar y profesional, además de superar hábitos poco saludables.

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INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the viability of the rabies virus in the argasid tick Carios fonsecai following experimental infection. METHODS: The mouse inoculation test (MIT), fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used. The rabies virus was administered to ticks via the intra-coelomic route, and the ticks were sacrificed at different time points. RESULTS: The inoculated ticks were negative for rabies according to the MIT. Ticks macerated with rabies virus were positive according to the MIT and FAT. All of the tick lots tested by PCR were positive. CONCLUSIONS The rabies virus became unviable shortly after its inoculation into tick bodies. Ticks are not likely to play an important role in the epidemiology of rabies.

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An autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis is reported in a dog (Canis familiaris) as an apparently natural infection in a non-endemic area. DNA obtained from spleen and liver samples produced the expected fragment in a Leishmania-specific rDNA-based nested-PCR assay. The PCR product, a 490 bp fragment, was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence was identical to that of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. These results are surprising since no autochthonous human or canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis have ever been reported in this municipality. This case suggests that natural transmission of this disease is occurring in this area.

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An autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis is reported in a dog (Canis familiaris) as an apparently natural infection in a non-endemic area. DNA obtained from spleen and liver samples produced the expected fragment in a Leishmania-specific rDNA-based nested-PCR assay. The PCR product, a 490 bp fragment, was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence was identical to that of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. These results are surprising since no autochthonous human or canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis have ever been reported in this municipality. This case suggests that natural transmission of this disease is occurring in this area.

Caso autóctone de leishmaniose visceral é relatado em cão (Canis familiaris), aparentemente em área não endêmica. DNA obtido a partir de amostras do baço e fígado foram submetidos a nested-PCR baseada no rDNA específico de Leishmania. Os produtos das PCR foram sequenciados e os 490 pares de base foram idênticos a Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Esses resultados são surpreendentes, uma vez que, nenhum caso autóctone canino ou humano de leishmaniose visceral havia sido relatado neste município. Esse caso sugere que a transmissão natural da doença está ocorrendo nesta área.

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Full-length genome sequencing of the rabies virus is not a routine laboratory procedure. To understand fully the epidemiology, genetic variation and evolution of the rabies virus, full-length viral genomes need to be obtained. For rabies virus studies, cDNA synthesis is usually performed using nonspecific oligonucleotides followed by cloning. When specific primers are used, the cDNA obtained is only partial and is limited to the coding regions. Therefore, the development of methods for synthesizing long cDNA using rabies virus-specific primers is of fundamental importance. A new protocol for the synthesis of long cDNA and the development of 19 new primers are described in this study. This procedure allowed the efficient amplification of the full-length genome of the rabies virus variant maintained by hematophagous bat (Desmodus rotundus) populations following the synthesis of a complete long cDNA. Partial sequencing of the rabies virus genome was performed to confirm rabies-specific PCR amplification. Because degenerate primers were employed, this technique can be adapted easily to other variants. Importantly, this new method is faster and less expensive than cloning methods.

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Some bat species have adapted to the expanding human population by acquiring the ability to roost in urban buildings, increasing the exposure risk for people and domestic animals, and consequently, the likelihood of transmitting rabies. Three dead bats were found in the yard of a house in an urban area of Jundiaí city in the state of São Paulo in southeast Brazil. Two of the three bats tested positive for rabies, using Fluorescent Antibody and Mouse Inoculation techniques. A large colony of Eptesicus furinalis was found in the house's attic, and of the 119 bats captured, four more tested positive for rabies. The objectives of this study were to report the rabies diagnosis, characterize the isolated virus antigenically and genetically, and study the epidemiology of the colony.

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Some bat species have adapted to the expanding human population by acquiring the ability to roost in urban buildings, increasing the exposure risk for people and domestic animals, and consequently, the likelihood of transmitting rabies. Three dead bats were found in the yard of a house in an urban area of Jundiaí city in the state of São Paulo in southeast Brazil. Two of the three bats tested positive for rabies, using Fluorescent Antibody and Mouse Inoculation techniques. A large colony of Eptesicus furinalis was found in the house's attic, and of the 119 bats captured, four more tested positive for rabies. The objectives of this study were to report the rabies diagnosis, characterize the isolated virus antigenically and genetically, and study the epidemiology of the colony.

Algumas espécies de morcegos têm se adaptado ao uso de abrigos em construções urbanas, aumentando a possibilidade de contato desses morcegos com pessoas e animais domésticos e conseqüentemente, o potencial risco de transmissão de raiva. Três morcegos foram encontrados no jardim de uma casa na área urbana da cidade de Jundiaí, Estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, dois deles foram positivos para raiva pelas técnicas de imunofluorescência e inoculação em camundongos. Uma grande colônia de E. furinalis foi identificada, vivendo no sótão da casa e 119 morcegos foram encaminhados para diagnóstico de raiva, com mais quatro morcegos positivos. O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar a caracterização genética e antigênica do vírus da raiva isolado desses morcegos e o estudo epidemiológico da colônia.

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No Brasil existem cerca de 167 espécies de morcegos, especialmente membros da família Phyllostomidae (Reis et al 2007). De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO, 2005), as ordens Chiroptera e Carnivora são reconhecidas como os reservatórios silvestres do vírus da raiva e o morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus, subfamilia Desmodontinae (Wilson & Reeder 2005), é o mais importante reservatório deste vírus no Brasil e nas Américas (Brasil 2005; WHO 2005; da Rosa et al. 2006).[...]

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No Brasil existem cerca de 167 espécies de morcegos, especialmente membros da família Phyllostomidae (Reis et al 2007). De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO, 2005), as ordens Chiroptera e Carnivora são reconhecidas como os reservatórios silvestres do vírus da raiva e o morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus, subfamilia Desmodontinae (Wilson & Reeder 2005), é o mais importante reservatório deste vírus no Brasil e nas Américas (Brasil 2005; WHO 2005; da Rosa et al. 2006).[...]

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The biodiversity of potential leptospiral reservoir hosts is lower in urban than in rural environments. Previous data indicate the potential for bats to act as carriers of Leptospira in regions such as the Amazon of South America and in Australia. Yet, little is known about the contribution of bats to leptospirosis in urban environments in South America. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that bats infected with Leptospira are sources of leptospirosis transmission to humans in São Paulo City, Brazil. Six of 343 bats caught in different districts within the city of Sao Paulo (182 insectivorous, 161 frugivorous or nectarivorous) were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for pathogenic Leptospira; no seropositive bats were found. That few renal carriers of Leptospira were found in the city of Sao Paulo suggests that bats are not important in the transmission of leptospirosis to humans in this, and possibly other urban settings.

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Although bats are one of the most abundant mammals in the new world and are present in virtually all ecosystems, including urban and peri-urban environments, few studies have investigated the role of these animals in the epidemiological chain of leishmaniosis. Here, we report a study of 683 bats captured in São Paulo county (southeastern from Brazil), which were screened by serology, parasitologic methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for trypanosomatids. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test demonstrated that 0.9% of bats react positively for leishmaniosis and PCR detected the presence of DNA of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in 18 bats and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in 3 specimens. These results indicate that further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of bats in maintenance of the Leishmania life cycle, especially in areas where these diseases are endemic.

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A biodiversidade de potenciais hospedeiros reservatórios leptospirose é menor em áreas urbanas do que em ambientes rurais. Os dados anteriores indicam o potencial de morcegos para agir como portadores de Leptospira em regiões como a Amazônia da América do Sul e na Austrália. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a contribuição dos morcegos para leptospirose em ambientes urbanos na América do Sul. Este estudo teve como objetivo testar a hipótese de que os morcegos infectados com Leptospira são fontes de transmissão da leptospirose para seres humanos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Seis de 343 morcegos capturados em diferentes bairros dentro da cidade de São Paulo (182 insetívoros, frugívoros ou nectarívoros 161) foram de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) positiva para Leptospira patogênica, sem morcegos soropositivos foram encontrados. Que poucos portadores de Leptospira renal foram encontrados na cidade de São Paulo sugere que os morcegos não são importantes na transmissão da leptospirose para seres humanos no presente, e possivelmente outras áreas urbanas.

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The class Mammalia has 5,416 species (Wilson and Reeder, 2005) and the Order Chiroptera comprises the second major group of mammals in number with 1,120 species (Simmons, 2005), 172 of them are found in Brazil (Castilho et al, 2008). Bats play important ecological roles, but also are reservoirs of some zoonosis being the most known rabies and histoplasmosis. This work studied the zoonotic profile of 683 bats found in the urban area of São Paulo City, Brazil, in a period from April 2007 to November 2008.[...]

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The class Mammalia has 5,416 species (Wilson and Reeder, 2005) and the Order Chiroptera comprises the second major group of mammals in number with 1,120 species (Simmons, 2005), 172 of them are found in Brazil (Castilho et al, 2008). Bats play important ecological roles, but also are reservoirs of some zoonosis being the most known rabies and histoplasmosis. This work studied the zoonotic profile of 683 bats found in the urban area of São Paulo City, Brazil, in a period from April 2007 to November 2008.[...]

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A biodiversidade de potenciais hospedeiros reservatórios leptospirose é menor em áreas urbanas do que em ambientes rurais. Os dados anteriores indicam o potencial de morcegos para agir como portadores de Leptospira em regiões como a Amazônia da América do Sul e na Austrália. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a contribuição dos morcegos para leptospirose em ambientes urbanos na América do Sul. Este estudo teve como objetivo testar a hipótese de que os morcegos infectados com Leptospira são fontes de transmissão da leptospirose para seres humanos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Seis de 343 morcegos capturados em diferentes bairros dentro da cidade de São Paulo (182 insetívoros, frugívoros ou nectarívoros 161) foram de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) positiva para Leptospira patogênica, sem morcegos soropositivos foram encontrados. Que poucos portadores de Leptospira renal foram encontrados na cidade de São Paulo sugere que os morcegos não são importantes na transmissão da leptospirose para seres humanos no presente, e possivelmente outras áreas urbanas.

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Rabies laboratory diagnosis is performed by using microscopic examination for Negri bodies (MEN), fluorescent-antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). In the majority of cases, when specimens are properly collected and conserved and the laboratory worker has good experience, agreement among employed techniques is verified. Comparing the sensitivity of these three diagnosis techniques in 3,713 samples (hippocampus and brain stem) received during 1981-1994 period, being 3,010 from bovine (983 positives) and 703 from equine (111 positives) species, it was observed that in equine rabid samples, this agreement was not mantained. For the latter specie, only in few opportunities the Negri bodies could be observed. With respect to FAT, the test detected a lower porcentage of positive equine samples compared to bovie species. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the difference was significative. Mouse inoculation test proved to be more sensitive. However, a significant difference in mice incubation period was observed for samples from both species. The absence of inclusion bodies and the longer incubation period for equine samples suggest that rabies pathogenesis studies for equine species have to be intensified.

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Rabies laboratory diagnosis is performed by using microscopic examination for Negri bodies (MEN), fluorescent-antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). In the majority of cases, when specimens are properly collected and conserved and the laboratory worker has good experience, agreement among employed techniques is verified. Comparing the sensitivity of these three diagnosis techniques in 3,713 samples (hippocampus and brain stem) received during 1981-1994 period, being 3,010 from bovine (983 positives) and 703 from equine (111 positives) species, it was observed that in equine rabid samples, this agreement was not maintained. For the latter specie, only in few opportunities the Negri bodies could be observed. With respect to FAT, the test detected a lower porcentage of positive equine samples compared to bovine species. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the difference was significative. Mouse inoculation test proved to be more sensitive. However, a significant difference in mice incubation period was observed for samples from both species. The absence of inclusion bodies and the longer incubation period for equine samples suggest that rabies pathogenesis studies for equine species have to be intensified.

O diagnóstico laboratorial da raiva é realizado através de métodos de pesquisa do corpúsculo de Negri, imunofluorescência direta e inoculação em camundongos. Na maioria dos casos, quando a amostra é bem coletada, bem conservada e o profissional responsável possui experiência, verifica-se concordância entre as técnicas utilizadas. A Seção de Raiva e Encefalomielite do Instituto Biológico ao comparar a sensibilidade das três técnicas diagnósticas, em 3713 amostras (córtex cerebral, cerebelo e hipocampo) recebidas no período de 1980-1994, sendo 3010 da espécie bovina (983 positivas) e 703 da espécie eqüina (111 positivas), observou que, no caso da raiva eqüina, esta concordância não é mantida. Verificou-se, nesta espécie, que somente em algumas oportunidades foi possível identificar, pelo método histopatológico, o corpúsculo de Negri. Em relação à prova de imunofluorescência pode-se afirmar que a mesma detectou uma porcentagem menor de amostras positivas, provenientes da espécie equina, em compração com as da espécie bovina, sendo esta diferença estatisticamente significativa. A prova biológica foi a mais sensível, porém houve uma diferença, também significativa, entre o período de incubação em camundongos das amostras de origem bovina e das de origem eqüina. A presença pouco frequente de corpúsculos de Negri e o período de incubação em camundongos mais prolongado, das amostras de origem eqüina, sugerem que devem ser intensificados os estudos da patogenia da raiva nesta espécie.