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BACKGROUND: The generation of new eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars with drought tolerance is a main challenge in the current context of climate change. In this study, the eight parents (seven of S. melongena and one of the wild relative S. incanum L.) of the first eggplant MAGIC (Multiparent Advanced Generation Intercrossing) population, together with four F1 hybrids amongst them, five S5 MAGIC recombinant inbred lines selected for their genetic diversity, and one commercial hybrid were evaluated in young plant stage under water stress conditions (30% field capacity; FC) and control conditions (100% FC). After a 21-day treatment period, growth and biomass traits, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant compounds, and proline content were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant effects (p < 0.05) were observed for genotype, water treatments and their interaction in most of the traits analyzed. The eight MAGIC population parental genotypes displayed a wide variation in their responses to water stress, with some of them exhibiting enhanced root development and reduced foliar biomass. The commercial hybrid had greater aerial growth compared to root growth. The four F1 hybrids among MAGIC parents differed in their performance, with some having significant positive or negative heterosis in several traits. The subset of five MAGIC lines displayed a wide diversity in their response to water stress. CONCLUSION: The results show that a large diversity for tolerance to drought is available among the eggplant MAGIC materials, which can contribute to developing drought-tolerant eggplant cultivars.

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Identification of novel genotypes with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a key challenge for a sustainable tomato production. In this respect, the performance of a panel of thirty tomato accessions were evaluated under high (HN; 5 mM N) and low (LN; 0.5 mM N) nitrogen irrigation solutions. For each treatment, when 50% of plants reached the first flower bud stage, plant growth and biomass traits, chlorophyll, flavonol and anthocyanin indexes, nitrogen balance index (NBI), C:N ratio in leaves, stems, and roots, and NUE were evaluated. Significant (p < 0.05) effects were observed for accession, N treatment, and their interaction across all the traits. Under LN, plants showed a delayed development (40 days for HN vs. 65 days for LN) and reduced growth and biomass. On average, LN condition led to 41.8% decrease in nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) but also 189.0% increase in NUtE, resulting in 62.2% overall increase in NUE. A broad range of variation among accessions was observed under both HN and LN conditions. Under LN conditions, chlorophyll index and NBI decreased, while flavonol and anthocyanin indexes increased. Leaf C:N ratio was positively correlated with nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUtE) in both N treatments. Multi-trait analyses identified top-performing accessions under each condition, allowing to identify one accession among top performers under both conditions. Correlation analysis revealed that high root biomass and leaf C:N ratio are useful markers for selecting high NUE accessions. These findings offer valuable insights for improving tomato NUE under varying nitrogen fertilization conditions and for breeding high-NUE cultivars.

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Systems of nonlinear chemical oscillators can exhibit a large diversity of non-trivial states depending on the parameters that characterize them. Among these, a synchronization phenomenon is of special interest due to its direct link with chemical and biological processes in nature. We carry out numerical experiments for two different sets of chemical oscillators with different properties and immersed in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky solution. We document the emergence of different states of synchronization that depend on the parameters characterizing the solution. We also show that, in the interface regions, this system generates a stable dynamics of intermittency between the different synchronization states where interesting phenomena, such as the "devil's staircase," emerge. In general, the added complexity introduced with the additional set of oscillators results in more complex non-trivial synchronization states.

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Introducción. Desde que aparecieron los primeros casosde SARS-CoV-2 son numerosas las técnicas que se han desarrollado para el diagnóstico o seguimiento de la infección,tanto técnicas directas como serológicas. La elección de unabuena herramienta diagnóstica es fundamental para el controlepidemiológico. El objetivo ha sido comparar cinco técnicascomercializadas de RT-PCR a tiempo real, en sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia para la detección del SARS-CoV-2.Material y métodos. Se compararon cinco kits comerciales de RT-PCR para la detección del SARS-CoV-2. Se tomaronocho muestras positivas conocidas que se sometieron a sietediluciones o concentraciones diferentes y otras 135 muestrasnegativas para determinar valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y concordancia.Resultados. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivopositivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) para las técnicas de Palex, Roche y GeneXpert respecto a Seegene fueronidénticas, correspondientes a 98,21%, 100%, 100% y 99,26%respectivamente. Para Becton Dickinson la sensibilidad fue del89,28%, la especificidad del 100%, el VPP del 100% y el VPNdel 95,74%. La concordancia mediante el índice Kappa paraPalex, Roche y GeneXpert fue del 0,9892, mientras que la concordancia para Becton Dickinson fue con un índice Kappa de0,9215.Conclusión. Todos los kits de RT-PCR comerciales presentaron elevadas sensibilidades y especificidades, así como VPP,VPN y concordancia. (AU)

Introduction. Since the first cases of SARS-CoV-2appeared, there have been numerous techniques that havebeen developed for the diagnosis or monitoring of infection, both direct and serological techniques. Choosing agood diagnostic tool is essential for epidemiological control. The objective was to compare five commercializedRT-PCR techniques in real time, in sensitivity, specificityand agreement for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.Material and methods. Five commercial RT-PCR kitsfor the detection of SARS-CoV-2 were compared. Eightknown positive samples were taken and subjected to seven different dilutions or concentrations, and another 135negative samples were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and agreement values.Results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictivevalue (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for thePalex, Roche and GeneXpert techniques with respect toSeegene were identical, corresponding to 98.21%, 100%,100% and 99.26% respectively. For Becton Dickinson thesensitivity was 89.28%, the specificity of 100%, the PPVof 100% and the NPV of 95.74%. The agreement using theKappa index for Palex, Roche and GeneXpert was 0.9892,while the agreement for Becton Dickinson was with aKappa index of 0.9215.Conclusion. All commercial RT-PCR kits had highsensitivities and specificities, as well as PPV, NPV, andconcordance. (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: Since the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 appeared, there have been numerous techniques that have been developed for the diagnosis or monitoring of infection, both direct and serological techniques. Choosing a good diagnostic tool is essential for epidemiological control. The objective was to compare five commercialized RT-PCR techniques in real time, in sensitivity, specificity and agreement for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Five commercial RT-PCR kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 were compared. Eight known positive samples were taken and subjected to seven different dilutions or concentrations, and another 135 negative samples were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and agreement values. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the Palex, Roche and GeneXpert techniques with respect to Seegene were identical, corresponding to 98.21%, 100%, 100% and 99.26% respectively. For Becton Dickinson the sensitivity was 89.28%, the specificity of 100%, the PPV of 100% and the NPV of 95.74%. The agreement using the Kappa index for Palex, Roche and GeneXpert was 0.9892, while the agreement for Becton Dickinson was with a Kappa index of 0.9215. CONCLUSIONS: All commercial RT-PCR kits had high sensitivities and specificities, as well as PPV, NPV, and concordance.

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Almond (2006) argues that in utero exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic reduced the 1919 birth cohort's adult socioeconomic status (SES). We show that this cohort came from lower-SES families, which is incompatible with Almond's cohort-comparison identification strategy. The adult SES deficit is reduced after background characteristics are controlled for; it is small and statistically insignificant in models that include household fixed effects. Replicating Almond's state-level dose-response analysis, we find no evidence in census data that influenza exposure reduced adult SES. Evidence from a city-level dose-response analysis on educational attainment using WWII enlistees from 287 cities is mixed.

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Abstract Introduction. Decent work is not only a concept that has become increasingly entrenched as part of the problem of employment and its characteristics but has become part of it because by lacking these conditions employment may have views of precariousness as argued by the ILO (International Labour Organization). Outsourcing in both Colombia and Mexico is a practice that has grown as a model of procurement, with benefits in terms of lower labour costs for businesses, as well as a competitive advantage, because through it greater specialization can be achieved to improve business productivity, however, it is also problematic to the extent that it upsets traditional industrial relations, which makes it relevant to ask about how job outsourcing is or does not undermine what the ILO has defined as decent work. Objective. Determine the implications of outsourcing on decent work. Materials and Methods. In this quantitative investigation, we have given ourselves to the task, through the application to outsourced workers (of Entities of Medellin in Colombia and Michoacán in Mexico) of a structured instrument based on dimensions with the approach that several authors consider in relation to the measurement of decent work, to find out whether the characteristics under which this contract is given, provide the necessary variables to be considered as decent employment. The study defined 9 dimensions and 36 items for determining the implications of outsourcing or outsourcing on decent work, in accordance with the guidelines presented by ILO, a base of 435 respondents who fulfill the paraments was worked on to achieve reliability in the data validated with the Cronbach Alpha statistic and the suitability of the structure of the correlation matrix was verified with the adequacy test of the measure of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's sphericity test. Results. The study found that, of the nine dimensions analyzed, seven of them are correlated with decent work, on the dimensions of work reconciliation with family life and the safe working environment there is no impact on the study carried out. According to the results, the ease presented for the attainment of work in an outsourced manner is concluded, being the employment opportunity that responds to the ILO's approaches in the sense that decent work promotes opportunities for equality for all. Conclusions. The results obtained show among other points the fact that in the absence of this type of hiring the employee feels that there is an opportunity to be employed, however, the characteristics of this employment lack in some sense some qualities of decent work.

Resumo Introdução: O trabalho decente não é apenas um conceito que se tornou cada vez mais enraizado como parte do problema do emprego e suas características, mas tornou-se parte dele porque, por falta dessas condições, o emprego pode ter visões de precariedade, como argumenta a OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho). A terceirização tanto na Colômbia quanto no México é uma prática que tem crescido como modelo de aquisição, com benefícios em termos de menores custos de mão-de-obra para as empresas, bem como uma vantagem competitiva, pois através dela uma maior especialização pode ser alcançada para melhorar a produtividade dos negócios, no entanto, também é problemático na medida em que perturba as relações industriais tradicionais, o que torna relevante perguntar sobre como a terceirização de empregos é ou não minar o que a OIT definiu como trabalho decente. Objetivo: Determine as implicações da terceirização em trabalho decente. Materiais e Métodos: Nesta investigação quantitativa, nós entregamos à tarefa, através da aplicação aos trabalhadores terceirizados (de Entidades de Medellín na Colômbia e Michoacán no México) de um instrumento estruturado baseado em dimensões com a abordagem que vários autores consideram em relação à medição do trabalho decente, para descobrir-se as características sob as quais este contrato é dado, fornece as variáveis necessárias para ser considerado como emprego decente. O estudo definiu 9 dimensões e 36 itens para determinar as implicações da terceirização ou terceirização do trabalho decente, de acordo com as diretrizes apresentadas pela OIT, uma base de 435 entrevistados que cumprem os paramentos foi trabalhada para alcançar confiabilidade nos dados validados com a estatística Alfa de Cronbach e a adequação da estrutura da matriz de correlação foi verificada com o teste de adequação da medida de o teste de esferolidade de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e Bartlett. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos mostram, entre outros pontos, o fato de que na ausência desse tipo de contratação o empregado sente que há uma oportunidade de ser empregado, porém, as características desse emprego carecem, em certo sentido, de algumas qualidades de trabalho decente.

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Resumen: Introducción: la prescripción inadecuada de antibióticos (ATB) es un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia y los motivos de utilización inadecuada de ATB en niños hospitalizados en salas de cuidados moderados del Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, entre 15/6/2019 y 15/7/2019. Material y método: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron los menores de 15 años en tratamiento ATB sistémico independientemente del motivo de prescripción. Variables: edad, comorbilidades, diagnóstico al egreso, ATB (tipo, dosis, vía, intervalo, duración). El uso inadecuado se categorizó en: tipo A (selección de ATB inapropiado) y tipo B (ATB no indicado). Resultados: se incluyeron 100 niños, 53% sexo femenino, mediana edad 2,2 años (rango 0-14). Presentaban comorbilidades 52%. Se detectó prescripción inadecuada en 43%, categoría A 30% y categoría B 13% (p <0,05). La principal causa de prescripción inadecuada fueron las infecciones respiratorias (33%). Se observó predominio de prescripción adecuada en menores de 1 año e inadecuada en mayores de 5 años (p <0,05). En la categoría A (n=30) la causa más frecuente de prescripción inadecuada fue el uso de ATB de mayor espectro al requerido (14/30), seguido de la administración por vía intravenosa (5/30). Los ATB más frecuentemente prescriptos en forma inadecuada fueron ampicilina (17/43) y ceftriaxona (14/43). Conclusiones: la prescripción inadecuada de ATB en este centro es un problema frecuente. La indicación de ATB de mayor espectro al necesario por vía intravenosa en el tratamiento de infecciones respiratorias es el patrón predominante. Es necesario vigilar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones nacionales.

Summary: Introduction: inappropriate prescription of antibiotics (ATB) is a public health problem. Objective: to describe the frequency and reasons for the inappropriate use of ATB in children hospitalized in the Moderate Care Ward of the Pereira Rossell's Pediatric Hospital Center between 06/15/2019 and 07/15/2019. Materials and Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study. Children under 15 years of age were included in systemic ATB treatment regardless of the reason for the prescription. Variables: age, comorbidities, diagnosis at discharge, ATB (type, dose, route, interval, duration). Inappropriate use was categorized into: type A (selection of inappropriate ATB) and type B (ATB not indicated). Results: 100 children were included, 53% female, median age 2.2 years (range 0-14), 52% had comorbidities. Inappropriate prescription was detected in 43%, category A 30% and category B 13% (p <0.05). The main cause of inappropriate prescription was respiratory infections (33%). Prevalence of appropriate prescription was observed for the case of children under one year of age and inadequate in those over 5 years of age (p <0.05). In category A (n = 30), the most frequent cause of inadequate prescription was the use of ATB with a greater spectrum than required (14/30) followed by intravenous administration (5/30). The most frequently inappropriately prescribed ATBs were ampicillin (17/43) and ceftriaxone (14/43). Conclusions: the inappropriate prescription of ATB in this center is a frequent problem. The main pattern is the prescription of intravenous ATBs of a broader range than that required for respiratory infections. It is necessary to monitor compliance with national recommendations.

Resumo: Introdução: a prescrição inadequada de antibióticos (ATB) é um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: descrever a frequência e os motivos do uso inadequado de ATB em crianças internadas em enfermarias de cuidados moderados do Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell entre 15/06/2019 e 15/07/2019. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal. Incluíram-se menores de 15 anos de idade em tratamento sistêmico com ATB, independentemente do motivo da prescrição. Variáveis: idade, comorbidades, diagnóstico na alta, ATB (tipo, dose, via, intervalo, duração). O uso inadequado foi categorizado em: tipo A (seleção ATB inadequada) e tipo B (ATB não indicado). Resultados: incluíram-se 100 crianças, 53% do sexo feminino, meia-idade 2,2 anos (variação 0-14). 52% tinham comorbidades. Detectou-se prescrição inadequada em 43%, categoria A 30% e categoria B 13% (p <0,05). A principal causa de prescrição inadequada foi para o caso de infecções respiratórias (33%). Observou-se predomínio de prescrição adequada em menores de um ano e inadequada em maiores de 5 anos (p <0,05). Na categoria A (n = 30), a causa mais frequente de prescrição inadequada foi o uso de ATB com espectro superior ao necessário (14/30), seguido de administração intravenosa (5/30). Os ATBs mais frequentemente prescritos de forma inadequada foram ampicilina (17/43) e ceftriaxona (14/43). Conclusões: a prescrição inadequada de ATB neste centro é um problema frequente. A indicação de ATB com espectro maior que o necessário por via intravenosa no tratamento das infecções respiratórias é o padrão predominante. É necessário monitorar o cumprimento das recomendações nacionais.

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I provide plausibly causal estimates of the effect of birth weight using data from the universe of twins, triplets, and quadruplets born between 1995 and 2000 in the United States. Infants from higher-order multiple births have lower birth weights, but experience smaller reductions in infant health when they are low birth weight. OLS estimates using a rich set of controls show that this result holds when comparing singletons to multiples and when analyzing historical data from before the widespread use of in vitro fertilization. These results suggest that the paradox of low birth weight remains even after controlling for unobserved maternal heterogeneity.

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Resumen Las enteroparasitosis son enfermedades del tubo digestivo causadas por protozoarios, hongos y/o helmintos. Afectan principalmente a niños con condiciones socioeconómicas desfavorables, pudiendo tener repercusión sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo. Con el objetivo de contribuir a generar conocimiento sobre la prevalencia de las enteroparasitosis en niños de dos Centros de Atención a la Infancia y la Familia (CAIF) del barrio Casavalle, zona de influencia de la Policlínica Los Ángeles (Montevideo), entre marzo y diciembre de 2015, se realizaron coproparasitarios y espátulas adhesivas a niños mayores de 6 meses y menores de 5 años. Se devolvieron los resultados a las comunidades participantes, al centro de salud de referencia y a las autoridades de la zona. Se planificaron y realizaron jornadas de formación y sensibilización sobre las parasitosis, aportando información para su prevención. Los niños que tuvieron resultados positivos fueron tratados en la policlínica o derivados para su tratamiento. De los 577 niños matriculados, participaron en el proyecto 317 (54,9%), a todos los cuales se les realizaron los estudios coproparasitario y espátula adhesiva. Resultaron positivos 97 niños (30,6%), de los cuales 22 poliparasitados (6,9%). Los agentes más frecuentemente encontrados fueron: Giardia lamblia (18,6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (6,6%) y Enterobius vermicularis (5,7 %). Se evidenciaron tres mecanismos de transmisión con vía de entrada oral: por contaminación fecal, por contacto con el suelo y transmisión directa, por lo que son necesarios esfuerzos para mejorar hábitos de higiene personal, vigilancia epidemiológica con georreferenciación y acciones dirigidas a mejorar la salud ambiental y saneamiento.

Summary Enteroparasitosis are diseases of the digestive tract caused by protozoan, fungi and/or helminths. They mainly affect children under unfavorable socio-economic conditions, and they may have an impact on growth and development. Coproparasitary tests and Graham technique tests were performed to children between 6 months and five years old from March to December 2015, with the purpose of generating knowledge on the prevalence of enteroparasitosis in children seen in two Centers for Child and Family Care (CAIF) in Casavalle neighborhood, in the area of influence of the Los Angeles Polyclinics (Montevideo). The results of the tests were given to participants, the reference health care centers and the authorities in the area. Subsequently, activities geared to training and raising awareness on parasitosis were organized, providing information for prophylactic purposes. Children whose results were positive were treated in the polyclinic or referred for treatment. 577 children were registered in the institution and 317 of them (54.9%) participated in the project, all of whom underwent coproparasitary and Graham technique tests. 97 children were positive (30.6%), 22 of which were poliparasitized (6.9%). The most frequently found agents were Giardia lamblia (18.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (6.6%) and Enterobius vermicularis (5.7%). Three mechanisms of transmission with oral entry route were evidenced: fecal contamination, contact with the soil and direct transmission, so efforts are needed to improve personal hygiene habits, epidemiological surveillance with georeferencing and actions aimed at improving environmental health and sanitation.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Ceftarolina fosamil es un nuevo antibiótico de última generación del subgrupo de las cefalosporinas. Es el primer beta-lactámico comercializado que presenta actividad frente a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM). El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar los valores in vitro de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) y de la concentración mínima bactericida (CMB) de ceftarolina frente a cepas de S. aureus, tanto sensible a la meticilina (SASM) como resistente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico en el que participaron 4 hospitales representativos de la geografía española. Mediante el método de microdilución en caldo se determinaron los valores de CMI y CMB de la ceftarolina frente a cepas de S. aureus (SARM y SASM). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 266 cepas de S. aureus (95 SARM y 171 SASM). En las 266 cepas analizadas, todos los valores de CMI se encontraron dentro de la categoría de sensible (valor ≤ 1 μg/ml), no detectándose ninguna cepa intermedia ni ni resistente. Las CMI50 y CMI90 para SAMR fueron de 0,25 y 0,5 μg/ml, respectivamente, con un rango de 0,125 a 1 μg/ml. Las CMI50 y CMI90 para SASM fueron de 0,125 y 0,25 μg/ml, con un rango de 0,125 a 0,5 μg/ml. Las CMB50 y CMB90 para SAMR fueron de 0,5 y 1 μg/ml, respectivamente, con un rango de 0,125 a 1 μg/ml. Las CMB50 y CMB90 para SASM fueron de 0,25 y 0,25 μg/ml, con un rango de 0,125 a 0,5 μg/ml. CONCLUSIÓN: Ceftarolina muestra una excelente actividad in vitro frente a S.aureus, incluyendo cepas SARM, por lo que podría presentarse como una alternativa prometedora en el tratamiento de infecciones causadas por esta bacteria

INTRODUCTION: Ceftaroline fosamil is a new-generation antimicrobial agent of cephalosporins subgroup. It is the first commercially available beta-lactam antibiotic that exhibits activity against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of ceftar oline against S. aureus strains (including MRSA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter study involving four hospitals representative of the Spanish geography was performed. MIC and MBC values against both the methicillin-resistant and sensitive strains of S. aureus (MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus [MSSA]) were determined using a broth microdilution method. RESULTS: A total of 266 S. aureus strains were analyzed (95 MRSA and 171 MSSA). Ceftaroline bacterial sensitivity showed a mean MIC of 0.227 μg/ml (SD=0.146; range, 0.06 to 1μg/ml). All MIC values of the 266 strains tested belonged to the sensitive category (value ≤1μg/ml). Intermediate or resistant strains were not detected. MIC50 and MIC90 values for MRSA were 0.25 and 0.5μg/ml, respectively (range = 0.125-1 μg/ml). MSSA strains showed MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively (range = 0.125-0.5 μg/ml). MBC50 and MBC90 values for MRSA were 0.5 and 1μg/ml, respectively (range = 0.125-1μg/ml). MSSA strains showed MBC50 and MBC90 values of 0.25 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively (range = 0.125-0.5 μg/ml). CONCLUSIÓN: Ceftaroline shows excellent in vitro activity against S.aureus, including MRSA strains. Therefore, this antibiotic may be a promising alternative for the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium

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INTRODUCTION: Ceftaroline fosamil is a new-generation antimicrobial agent of cephalosporins subgroup. It is the first commercially available beta-lactam antibiotic that exhibits activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study is to determine the in vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of ceftaroline against S.aureus strains (including MRSA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter study involving four hospitals representative of the Spanish geography was performed. MIC and MBC values against both the methicillin-resistant and sensitive strains of S.aureus (MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S.aureus [MSSA]) were determined using a broth microdilution method. RESULTS: A total of 266 S.aureus strains were analyzed (95 MRSA and 171 MSSA). Ceftaroline bacterial sensitivity showed a mean MIC of 0.227 µg/ml (SD=0.146; range, 0.06 to 1 µg/ml). All MIC values of the 266 strains tested belonged to the sensitive category (value ≤ 1 µg/ml). Intermediate or resistant strains were not detected. MIC50 and MIC90 values for MRSA were 0.25 and 0.5 µg/ml, respectively (range=0.125-1 µg/ml). MSSA strains showed MIC50 and MIC90 values of 0.125 and 0.25 µg/ml, respectively (range=0.125-0.5 µg/ml). MBC50 and MBC90 values for MRSA were 0.5 and 1 µg/ml, respectively (range=0.125-1 µg/ml). MSSA strains showed MBC50 and MBC90 values of 0.25 and 0.25 µg/ml, respectively (range=0.125-0.5 µg/ml). CONCLUSION: Ceftaroline shows excellent in vitro activity against S.aureus, including MRSA strains. Therefore, this antibiotic may be a promising alternative for the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium.

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