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Statement of the Problem: One of the problems with light-cured composite resins is the limitation and inadequate depth of curing and polymerization, resulting in low surface microhardness and restoration failure. Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the surface microhardness of two different bulk-fill composite resins and one conventional composite resin using the Vickers microhardness test. Materials and Method: In the present in vitro study, 108 samples from two different bulk-fill composite resins (Tetric N Ceram and Xtrafil) and one conventional composite resin (Filtek Z250) were prepared in metallic molds (2×4×10 mm) (n=36 for each composite resin). Six samples from each composite resin (n=6) underwent a hardness measurement test at specific depths (0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm). The samples were then stored at 37ºC for 24 hours, followed by a microhardness test at the depths mentioned above. Results: In all the composite resin samples, microhardness decreased with an increase in depth. The highest microhardness was recorded in Filtek Z250, followed by Xtrafil, with no significant difference. The lowest microhardness was recorded in Tetric N Ceram bulk-fill. Both bulk-fill composite resins at all the depths exhibited depth-to-surface standard microhardness (>80%). Conclusion: According to the results, both evaluated bulk-fill composite resins exhibited favorable surface microhardness up to a depth of 5 mm.
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the color change of two amine-free dual-cure resin cements following aging in comparison with a light-cure resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 6 groups (n = 10), including three groups of cements bonded to feldspathic porcelain and three groups of resin cements alone. Panavia V5 (Kuraray) and G-CEM LinkForce (GC) dual-cure resin cements and Choice 2 (Bisco) light-cure resin cements were bonded to porcelain according to the manufacturers' instructions. The color parameters of the groups were measured before and after 5000 thermal cycles by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α =0.05). RESULTS: The color change (ΔE) of the cement groups alone was significantly greater than that of porcelain-bonded cements. The ΔE of G-CEM LinkForce cement group was significantly higher than that of Panavia V5 group (P = 0.020), and the ΔE of the latter group was significantly higher than that of Choice 2 cement group (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Considering the color change of cements evaluated in this study, Choice 2 and Panavia V5 cements bonded to porcelain showed acceptable color change, which indicates that they are suitable for cementation of esthetic dental restorations. Ceramic laminates have become an ideal esthetic treatment for anterior restorations. The resin cement discoloration can affect final appearance of these restorations. Besides that, exposed resin cement line can lead to the esthetic problem over time.
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Aims: Residual peroxide on the enamel surface and in the interprismatic spaces decreases the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to bleached enamel. Evidence shows that 10% sodium ascorbate can efficiently neutralize the singlet oxygen generated by the bleaching agents. This study aimed to assess the effect of duration of application of sodium ascorbate on SBS of composite to bleached enamel. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 30 sound human third molars, which were randomly divided into three groups (n=10). In group 1, the teeth were bleached for 45 minutes and were then subjected to immediate bonding and restoration with composite resin. In groups 2 and 3, the teeth were bleached, immersed in 10% sodium ascorbate solution for 5 (group 2) and 10 (group 3) minutes and were then bonded and restored with composite, and the SBS was then measured. Results: The highest SBS (14.02±8.6MPa) was noted in group 3 (immersion in 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes before bonding). The lowest SBS was noted in group 1 (immediate bonding after bleaching) (p<0.05). The difference in SBS of groups 1 and 2 was not significant (p=0.4). Conclusion: Application of 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes increases the SBS of composite to bleached enamel.
Objetivos: el peróxido residual en la superficie del esmalte dental y en los espacios interprismáticos disminuye la resistencia al cizallamiento (R AC) de la resina compuesta al esmalte dental blanqueado. La evidencia muestra que el 10% de ascorbato de sodio puede neutralizar eficientemente el oxígeno singlete generado por los agentes blanqueadores. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la duración de la aplicación de ascorbato de sodio en la R AC de la resina compuesta al esmalte dental blanqueado. Materiales y Metodos: Este estudio experimental in vitro se realizó en 30 terceros molares humanos sanos, que se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos (n=10). En el grupo 1, los dientes se blanquearon durante 45 minutos y luego se sometieron a una unión y restauración inmediata con resina compuesta. En los grupos 2 y 3, los dientes se blanquearon, se sumergieron en una solución de ascorbato de sodio al 10% durante 5 (grupo 2) y 10 (grupo 3) minutos y luego se unieron y restauraron con resina compuesta; luego se midió la R AC. Resultados: La R AC más alta (14,02 ± 8,6 MPa) se observó en el grupo 3 (inmersión en ascorbato de sodio al 10% durante 10 minutos antes de la unión). El valor de R AC más bajo se observó en el grupo 1 (unión inmediata después del blanqueo) (p<0,05). La diferencia en R AC de los grupos 1 y 2 no fue significativa (p=0,40). Conclusión: la aplicación de ascorbato de sodio al 10% durante 10 minutos aumenta la R AC de la resina compuesta al esmalte dental blanqueado.
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Humanos , Blanqueamiento de Dientes , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Recubrimientos Dentinarios/química , Ácido Ascórbico , Técnicas In Vitro , Agua/química , Resinas Compuestas/química , Esmalte Dental , Tercer Molar , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMEN
Introduction: Successful outcome of pulp capping treatment using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), often leads to tooth discoloration. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of external bleaching technique with three bleaching agents naming hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate for correction of tooth discoloration caused by MTA. Methods and Materials: This in vitro, experimental study used 36 tooth blocks prepared from 12 bovine central incisors. White ProRoot MTA was applied in cavities; drilled in blocks for 40 days to cause discoloration. Then, the blocks were assigned to three experimental groups (n=12). Following application of hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate, the color parameters were determined at baseline and at 1, 7 and 14 days, using a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: No significant difference was noted in color change (∆E) immediately after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide (P>0.05). However, these two groups had significant differences in ∆E with the sodium perborate group (P=0.001). Hydrogen peroxide group showed significantly higher ∆E at 1 week compared with other groups (P=0.01). The three groups were significantly different in ∆E at 2 weeks after bleaching (P=0.001). Pairwise comparisons revealed no significant difference between sodium perborate and carbamide peroxide in ∆E but they both had a significant difference with hydrogen peroxide (P=0.01). Conclusion: The three bleaching agents bleached the discoloured teeth effectively. Hydrogen peroxide had the highest efficacy whilst sodium perborate and carbamide peroxide had lower but similar efficacy.
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INTRODUCTION: There are numerous factors that can lead to tooth discoloration after endodontic treatment, such as penetration of endodontic materials into the dentinal tubules during root canal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare discoloration induced by tooth colored mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement in extracted human teeth. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty two dentin-enamel cuboid blocks (7×7×2 mm) were prepared from extracted maxillary central incisors. Standardized cavities were prepared in the middle of each cube, leaving 1 mm of enamel and dentin on the labial surface. The specimens were randomly divided into two study groups (n=12) and two positive and negative control groups (n=4). In either study groups the cavities were filled with MTA or CEM cement. The positive and negative control groups were filled with blood or left empty, respectively. The cavities were sealed with composite resin and stored in normal saline. Color measurement was carried out by spectrophotometry at different time intervals including before (T0), and 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2) and 6 months (T3) after placement of materials. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the discoloration between the groups; the material type was considered as the inter-subject factor. The level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: No significant differences were detected between the groups in all time intervals (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Tooth discoloration was similarly detectable with both of the two experimental materials.