RESUMEN

The present study provides information on the emotional experience of people with intellectual disability. To evaluate this emotional experience, we have used the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS). The most important result from this study is that the emotional reaction of people with intellectual disability to affective stimuli is very similar to that of the control groups. The way in which people with intellectual disability express basic affect to emotional stimuli in terms of happy-sad and calm-nervous is very similar to that of the general population. However, there are also some differences in how basic affect is expressed in the affective dimensions that might be relevant to our understanding of the emotional life of people with intellectual disability.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The purpose of this study was to determine the best statistical model of cognitive styles, based on the MFFT-20, CEFT and Stroop tests to predict attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), analyzing the validity of the model for the diagnosis of the disease. We studied 100 ADHD cases (DSM-IV criteria) and 100 controls, age ranging between 7 and 11 years. Controls were randomly recruited and matched in age, gender and sociodemographic area with ADHD cases. On average, ADHD cases showed more impulsiveness (d: 1.28), less cognitive flexibility (d: 0.91) and more field dependence (d: 1.62) than controls. The logistic regression model that predicts ADHD best is made up of age, CEFT, MFFT-20 and Stroop tests and the formula derived from the model shows 85% sensitivity and 85% specificity for ADHD, regarding the DSM-IV criteria as the standard. The statistical model of cognitive styles presents valid indicators to diagnose ADHD, contributing to an increase in the objectivity of its analysis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

AIMS: The aim of this study is to analyse the differences in the Stroop effect between cases with attention deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) and controls. It also seeks to find the best model based on the third task of the colours and words test (Stroop-CW) for predicting ADHD and to analyse the validity of the Stroop-CW test for diagnosing the disorder. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample studied consisted of 100 cases of ADHD -according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) criteria- and 100 controls, between 7 and 11 years of age, who were evaluated using the Stroop test. The controls were recruited at random and paired by age, sex and sociodemographic area with the cases. RESULTS: The cases present a mean cognitive style that is significantly less flexible (d = -1.06) and they also display a lower capacity to inhibit or control automatic responses than the controls at all ages (7 years: d = 1.67; 8 years: d = 1.02; 9 years: d = 1.32; 10 years: d = 2.04; 11 years: d = 0.89). The model of logistic regression analysis that best predicts ADHD is made up of age and Stroop-CW. The formulation derived from the model offers a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 72%, taking the criteria of the DSM-IV for ADHD as the reference test. CONCLUSIONS: The Stroop-CW test presents usefulness and complementary criteria validity for the diagnosis of ADHD.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Objetivos. Analizar las diferencias entre casos de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en el efecto Stroop, y buscar el mejor modelo basado en la tercera prueba del test de colores y palabras (Stroop-PC) que permita predecir el TDAH y analizar la validez del Stroop-PC para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Sujetos y métodos. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH –criterios del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, 4 ed. (DSM-IV)– y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el test de Stroop. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según la edad, el sexo y la zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Resultados. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente menos flexible (d = –1,06) y reflejan menor capacidad para inhibir o controlar respuestas automáticas que los controles en todas las edades (7 años: d = –1,67; 8 años: d = –1,02; 9 años: d = –1,32; 10 años: d = –2,04; 11 años: d = –0,89). El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice el TDAH está formado por edad y Stroop-PC. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta una sensibilidad del 81% y una especificidad del 72%, tomando como prueba de referencia los criterios del DSM-IV para el TDAH. Conclusiones. El Stroop-PC presenta utilidad y validez de criterio complementaria para el diagnóstico de TDAH (AU)

Aims. The aim of this study is to analyse the differences in the Stroop effect between cases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls. It also seeks to find the best model based on the third task of the colours and words test (Stroop-CW) for predicting ADHD and to analyse the validity of the Stroop-CW test for diagnosing the disorder. Subjects and methods. The sample studied consisted of 100 cases of ADHD –according to Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) criteria– and 100 controls, between 7 and 11 years of age, who were evaluated using the Stroop test. The controls were recruited at random and paired by age, sex and sociodemographic area with the cases. Results. The cases present a mean cognitive style that is significantly less flexible (d = –1.06) and they also display a lower capacity to inhibit or control automatic responses than the controls at all ages (7 years: d = 1.67; 8 years: d = 1.02; 9 years: d = 1.32; 10 years: d = 2.04; 11 years: d = 0.89). The model of logistic regression analysis that best predicts ADHD is made up of age and Stroop-CW. The formulation derived from the model offers a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 72%, taking the criteria of the DSM-IV for ADHD as the reference test. Conclusions. The Stroop-CW test presents usefulness and complementary criteria validity for the diagnosis of ADHD(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

El estudio analiza diferencias entre casos de Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y controles en su modo global / analítico de procesar la información, buscando el mejor modelo basado en el Children’s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) que permita predecir TDAH y analizando la validez de la prueba para el diagnóstico del trastorno. Se estudia una muestra de 100 casos de TDAH (criterios DSM-IV) y 100 controles, entre 7 y 11 años, evaluados mediante el CEFT. Los controles fueron reclutados de forma aleatoria y emparejados según edad, sexo y zona sociodemográfica con los casos. Los casos presentan un estilo cognitivo medio significativamente mas dependiente de campo (d = 1.36), reflejando un modo de procesamiento mas global que los controles en todas las edades. El modelo de regresión logística que mejor predice TDAH está formado por edad, sexo y CEFT. La formulación derivada del modelo presenta sensibilidad del 80% y especifidad del 84%, tomando como prueba de referencia criterios DSM-IV para TDAH. Concluimos valorando que el CEFTpresenta utilidad y adecuada validez de criterio para TDAH (AU)

Objectives: To assess the differences among patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and control subjects, in relation to their global/analytical way of processing information and to find the best model based in Children´s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT) which permits prediction and diagnosis of ADHD, and analyzing the validity of the test for the diagnostic of the disease. Method: We study 100 ADHD cases (DSM-IV criteria) and 100 controls, ranging between 7 and 11 years of age, analyzed with CEFT. Controls were randomly recruited and matched by age, gender and sociodemography area with cases. Results: Cases show an average cognitive style significantly more field dependent (d = 1.36), reflecting a more global way of processing information than controls at all ages. The logistic regression model that best predicts ADHD is constituted by age, gender and CEFT direct marks and the derived formula from the model shows an 80% of sensitivity and a 84% specificity for ADHD, taking as gold standard the DSM-IV criteria. Conclusion: CEFT test shows utility and of appropriate validity for diagnosing ADHD (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

El estudio analiza el perfil de comorbilidad del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) y trastornos del comportamiento (TC), explorando el modelo que predice esta asociación psicopatológica. Metodología de investigación: Se analiza una muestra de 90 casos con TDAH (6-16 años). Mediante investigación diferencial se compara la agrupación TDAH+TC con la ausencia de esta comorbilidad. El caso de TDAH se valoró según criterios DSM-IV y la comorbilidad mediante el CSI. Se consideraron las variables perfil intelectual (WISC-R), resultados académicos, dimensión relacional, antecedentes psiquiátricos y núcleo de convivencia. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y exploratorios, implementando un procedimiento de regresión logística. Resultados: El perfil diferencial implica que los casos TDAH+TC presentan, significativamente, mayor deterioro en dimensión relacional, resultados académicos y proporción de padres separados. El modelo que predice TDAH+TC está formado por el factor relacional, mientras que en TDAH + Trastorno Disocial incluye factor relacional y padres separados (p<0.05) (AU)

This paper examines the co-morbidity profile of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Behavior Disorder (BD), exploring the pattern that predicts this psychopathological association. A sample of 90 ADHD subjects aged 6 to 16 is analysed. Using a differential methodology, ADHD+BD is compared with the absence of co-morbidity. ADHD was assessed according to DSM-IV standards and the co-morbidity by means of CSI. Intellectual profile (as measured by WISC-R), academic performance, the relational dimension, psychiatric antecedents and nucleus of coexistence were taken into account. Descriptive and exploratory statistics were used and a logistic regression was implemented. The differential profile implies that ADHD+BD subjects present a significantly higher deterioration in the relational dimension, academic performance and percentage of separated parents. The pattern predicting ADHD+BD includes the relational dimension, whereas ADHD + Conduct Disorder includes the relational dimension and separated parents (p <.05) (AU)

Asunto(s)