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RESUMO O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é classificado pelo Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-5) como um Transtorno do Neurodesenvolvimento, sendo caracterizado, principalmente, por alterações na comunicação social e pela presença de um repertório restrito de atividades e interesses. Na literatura, há muitos estudos sobre autismo, fala e linguagem, mas poucos correlacionando fala e autismo. Este estudo teve como finalidade realizar um estudo de caso que abordou autismo, fala e PROMPT (Pontos para a Reestruturação de Objetivos Fonéticos e Oro-Musculares) e mensurou a melhora da fala no participante com autismo, utilizando o método. Foram definidas palavras-alvo para toda a intervenção, conforme o Sistema de Observação e Análise (SOA) e Hierarquia Motora de Fala (HMF), que fazem parte da avaliação de PROMPT. Após a avaliação, o participante foi atendido por 16 sessões, uma vez semanalmente. Após análise dos dados, observou-se melhora em todos os aspectos que foram delineados de acordo com a avaliação no pré-tratamento, como controle fonatório, controle mandibular, controle lábio-facial e controle lingual, como também no movimento sequenciado, apesar deste não ser o objetivo traçado na avaliação. Também foi possível mensurar melhora no número de vocábulos adequados, número de fonemas adequados, porcentagens de consoantes corretas - revisado (PCC-R) e inteligibilidade.

ABSTRACT Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is classified by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a neurodevelopmental disorder, whose characteristics are mainly deficits in social communication and a restricted range of interests. There are several studies about autism, speech, and language in the literature, but few correlate speech and autism. This study aims to carry out a case study that will address autism, speech, and PROMPT (Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets) and also to describe the speech improvement in the participant with autism using the method. The target words were defined for the entire intervention according to the System Analysis Observation (SAO) and Motor Speech Hierarchy (MSH), which are parts of the PROMPT evaluation. After the evaluation, the participant was attended for 16 sessions, once weekly, with the objective of improving their speech. After analyzing the data, it was possible to observe improvement in all aspects outlined according to the pre-treatment evaluation of the method such as phonatory control, mandibular control, lip-facial control and lingual control as well as in the sequenced movement although this was not the aim outlined in the evaluation. It was also possible to measure the improvement of an adequate number of words, an adequate number of phonemes, percentages of correct consonants - revised (PCC-R), and intelligibility.

RESUMEN

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is classified by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a neurodevelopmental disorder, whose characteristics are mainly deficits in social communication and a restricted range of interests. There are several studies about autism, speech, and language in the literature, but few correlate speech and autism. This study aims to carry out a case study that will address autism, speech, and PROMPT (Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets) and also to describe the speech improvement in the participant with autism using the method. The target words were defined for the entire intervention according to the System Analysis Observation (SAO) and Motor Speech Hierarchy (MSH), which are parts of the PROMPT evaluation. After the evaluation, the participant was attended for 16 sessions, once weekly, with the objective of improving their speech. After analyzing the data, it was possible to observe improvement in all aspects outlined according to the pre-treatment evaluation of the method such as phonatory control, mandibular control, lip-facial control and lingual control as well as in the sequenced movement although this was not the aim outlined in the evaluation. It was also possible to measure the improvement of an adequate number of words, an adequate number of phonemes, percentages of correct consonants - revised (PCC-R), and intelligibility.

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é classificado pelo Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-5) como um Transtorno do Neurodesenvolvimento, sendo caracterizado, principalmente, por alterações na comunicação social e pela presença de um repertório restrito de atividades e interesses. Na literatura, há muitos estudos sobre autismo, fala e linguagem, mas poucos correlacionando fala e autismo. Este estudo teve como finalidade realizar um estudo de caso que abordou autismo, fala e PROMPT (Pontos para a Reestruturação de Objetivos Fonéticos e Oro-Musculares) e mensurou a melhora da fala no participante com autismo, utilizando o método. Foram definidas palavras-alvo para toda a intervenção, conforme o Sistema de Observação e Análise (SOA) e Hierarquia Motora de Fala (HMF), que fazem parte da avaliação de PROMPT. Após a avaliação, o participante foi atendido por 16 sessões, uma vez semanalmente. Após análise dos dados, observou-se melhora em todos os aspectos que foram delineados de acordo com a avaliação no pré-tratamento, como controle fonatório, controle mandibular, controle lábio-facial e controle lingual, como também no movimento sequenciado, apesar deste não ser o objetivo traçado na avaliação. Também foi possível mensurar melhora no número de vocábulos adequados, número de fonemas adequados, porcentagens de consoantes corretas ­ revisado (PCC-R) e inteligibilidade.

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La difteria es una enfermedad prevenible por vacunas. En la actualidad existe un brote en nuestro país que se inició en abril de 2016. Desde entonces se han descrito casos en diferentes sitios del país predominantemente de la forma faríngea. La difteria cutánea no ha sido reportada en este brote. A nivel mundial el compromiso simultáneo en piel y mucosas, no ha sido descrito. La paciente cuya enfermedad describimos aquí es un caso de difteria de presentación atípica que se inicia con expresión cutánea y evoluciona a compromiso nasal, ocular y faríngeo con complicaciones severas en la órbita ocular expresadas como un síndrome del vértex orbitario, en una paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no controlada, que tuvo una evolución tórpida que la llevó a la muerte. Se revisa la literatura(AU)

Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable disease. Actually, there is an outbreak in Venezuela since April 2016. Cases in different parts of the country have been described, predominantly pharyngeal. Cutaneous diphtheria has not been reported in this outbreak. The simultaneous presentation of the cutaneous form with mucosal involvement has not been described in the revised literature. We present a case of diphtheria with atypical presentation that begins with cutaneous expression and evolves to nasal, ocular and pharyngeal compromise with severe complications of the orbit, expressed in an orbital vertex syndrome in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who had a torpid evolution that led her to death. The literature is reviewed(AU)

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Worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) carry out multiple tasks throughout their adult lifespan. It has been suggested that the insulin/insulin-like signalling pathway participates in regulating behavioural maturation in eusocial insects. Insulin signalling increases as the honeybee worker transitions from nurse to food processor to forager. As behavioural shifts require differential usage of sensory modalities, our aim was to assess insulin effects on olfactory and gustatory responsiveness as well as on olfactory learning in preforaging honeybee workers of different ages. Adults were reared in the laboratory or in the hive. Immediately after being injected with insulin or vehicle (control), and focusing on the proboscis extension response, bees were tested for their spontaneous response to odours, sucrose responsiveness and ability to discriminate odours through olfactory conditioning. Bees injected with insulin have higher spontaneous odour responses. Sucrose responsiveness and odour discrimination are differentially affected by treatment according to age: whereas insulin increases gustatory responsiveness and diminishes learning abilities of younger workers, it has the opposite effect on older bees. In summary, insulin can improve chemosensory responsiveness in young workers, but also worsens their learning abilities to discriminate odours. The insulin signalling pathway is responsive in young workers, although they are not yet initiating outdoor activities. Our results show strong age-dependent effects of insulin on appetitive behaviour, which uncover differences in insulin signalling regulation throughout the honeybee worker's adulthood.

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The gustatory system of animals is involved in food quality assessment and controls the feeding decision of an individual confronted with a potential alimentary source. Triatomines are haematophagous insects that feed on vertebrate blood. Once they reach a potential host, they walk over the host skin searching for an adequate site to pierce. Then, they insert their stylets and take a first sampling gorge to decide whether food is acceptable. Our work reveals that the presence of bitter compounds inhibits the feeding behavior of these bugs. Firstly, triatomines decreased their feeding behavior if substrates spread with quinine or caffeine were detected by external receptors localized exclusively in the antennae. Morphological inspections along with electrophysiological recordings revealed the existence of four gustatory sensilla located in the tip of the antenna that respond to both bitter tastants. The absence of these bitter detectors by antennal ablation reversed the observed feeding inhibition evoked by bitter compounds. Secondly, once triatomines pumped the first volume of food with bitter compounds (quinine, caffeine, berberine, salicin), a decrease in their feeding behavior was observed. Morphological inspections revealed the existence of eight gustatory sensilla located in the pharynx that might be responsible for the internal bitter detection. Finally, we found that a brief pre-exposure to bitter compounds negatively modulates the motivation of bugs to feed on an appetitive solution. Results presented here highlight the relevance of bitter taste perception in the modulation of the feeding behavior of a blood-sucking insect.

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As shown in single-sensillum recordings, iodobenzene has a bimodal effect on the receptor cell tuned to benzoic acid (BA) of the female silk moth Bombyx mori. Exposure to iodobenzene causes an inhibition of the response to BA. With stimulation by iodobenzene alone, a reduction of basic nerve impulse firing during exposure is followed by a transient post-stimulus excitation (rebound). We suggest that inhibition suppresses excitation during exposure but fades afterwards more rapidly than excitation. Due to the spatial equivalence of the iodine and the acid residue, these effects might indicate opposing interactions of iodobenzene with the specific site for the key compound BA. This is supported by the fact that substitutions by smaller halogens are less effective in both inhibition and rebound. The inhibitory effect but not the rebound with iodobenzene alone was also observed in receptor cells tuned to key compounds other than benzoic acid, e.g. in the cell most sensitive to 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptene-2-ol (DMH-cell) occurring in the same sensillum as the BA-cell, or in the bombykol- and bombykal-cells of the male. At least in these cells the inhibitory effect might reflect the action of iodobenzene on a general site, e.g. the lipid matrix of the plasma membrane of the receptor cells.

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Studies on structure-activity relationships were carried out to characterize the response specificity of the benzoic acid cell of the female of the moth Bombyx mori by means of single sensillum electrophysiological recordings. We demonstrated that this cell type responds best to a natural key substance (benzoic acid) and has similar response profiles for less effective compounds, including various halogen substitutes of benzoic acid, benzaldehyde and other derivates of the key compound. Using different halogen substitutes (F, Cl, Br, I), we showed that the cellular response decreases with increasing atomic size of the substitute and that halogen substitutes were most effective in the meta-position. Thus, m-fluor benzoic acid was even more effective than benzoic acid. These results indicate that a critical feature of the stimulus molecule is the inductive effect generated by the halogen substitutes. Increasing the atomic size of the halogen substitute impairs the recognition of the molecule by the receptor cell, possibly due to steric effects. Decreasing the electron density in the aromatic ring improves the receptor response. The benzoic acid receptor cell can be considered as specialist despite not being involved in pheromone detection as it responds maximally to a key substance and has similar response profiles for less effective compounds.

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