RESUMEN

Batoid fishes (rays, skates, sawfishes, and guitarfishes) are macrosmatic, meaning they rely on their sense of smell as one of the primary senses for survival and reproduction. Olfaction is important for long-distance tracking and navigation, predator and prey recognition, and conspecific signaling. However, the mechanisms by which batoids harness odorants is unknown. Without a direct pump-like system, it is hypothesized that batoids irrigate their nostrils via one or a combination of the following: the motion pump, buccopharyngeal pump, pressure (ex. pitot-like mechanism), or a shearing force (ex. viscous entrainment). These mechanisms rely on the size, shape, and position of the nostrils with respect to the head and to each other. Batoids are united as a group by their dorsoventrally compressed body plans, with nostrils on the ventral side of their body. This position presents several challenges for odor capture and likely limits the effectivity of the motion pump. Batoid fishes display an expansive nasal morphology, with inlet nostrils ranging from thin, vertical slits to wide, horizontal ovals to protruding, tube-like funnels, and more. In this paper, a morphometric model is developed to quantify the vast diversity in batoid nose shapes, sizes, and positions on the head in an ecological and functional framework. Specifically, swimming mode, lifestyle, habitat, and diet are examined for correlations with observed nasal morphotypes. Morphometric measurements were taken on all 4 orders present in Batoidea to broadly encompass batoid nasal diversity (Rhinopristiformes 4/5 families; Rajiformes 2/4 families; Torpediniformes 4/4 families; Myliobatiformes 8/11 families). All batoid external nasal diversity was found to be categorized into 5 major morphological groups and were termed: flush nare [circle, comma, intermediate], open nare, and protruding nare. Several morphometric traits remained significant when accounting for shared ancestry, including the position and angle of the nostril on the head, the width of the inlet hole, and the spacing of the nostrils from each other. These measurements were found to be closely correlated and statistically significant with the swimming mode of the animal. This study provides the first crucial step in understanding batoid olfaction, by understanding the diversity of the morphology of the system. Because odor capture is a strictly hydrodynamic process, it may be that factors relating more directly to the fluid dynamics (i.e., swimming mode, velocity, Reynolds number) may be more important in shaping the evolution of the diversity of batoid noses than other ecological factors like habitat and diet.

Los peces batoideos (rayas, rayas, peces sierra y peces guitarra) son macrosmáticos, lo que significa que dependen de su sentido del olfato como uno de los sentidos principales para la supervivencia y la reproducción. El olfato es importante para el seguimiento y la navegación a larga distancia, el reconocimiento de depredadores y presas y la señalización conespecífica. Sin embargo, se desconocen los mecanismos por los cuales los batoideos aprovechan los olores. Sin un sistema similar a una bomba directa, se plantea la hipótesis de que los batoideos irrigan sus fosas nasales a través de uno o una combinación de los siguientes: la bomba de movimiento, la bomba bucofaríngea, la presión (por ejemplo, un mecanismo tipo pitot) o una fuerza de corte (por ejemplo, viscosa). arrastre). Estos mecanismos se basan en el tamaño, la forma y la posición de las fosas nasales con respecto a la cabeza y entre sí. Los batoideos están unidos como grupo por sus planes corporales comprimidos dorsoventralmente, con fosas nasales en el lado ventral de su cuerpo. Esta posición presenta varios desafíos para la captura de olores y probablemente limita la efectividad de la bomba de movimiento. Los peces batoideos muestran una morfología nasal expansiva, con fosas nasales de entrada que van desde hendiduras verticales delgadas hasta óvalos horizontales anchos, embudos que sobresalen en forma de tubo y más. En este artículo, se desarrolla un modelo morfométrico para cuantificar la gran diversidad de formas, tamaños y posiciones de la nariz de los batoides en la cabeza en un marco ecológico y funcional. Específicamente, el modo de natación, el estilo de vida, el hábitat y la dieta se examinan en busca de correlaciones con los morfotipos nasales observados. Se tomaron medidas morfométricas en los 4 órdenes presentes en Batoidea para abarcar ampliamente la diversidad nasal de batoides (Rhinopristiformes 4/5 familias; Rajiformes 2/4 familias; Torpediniformes 4/4 familias; Myliobatiformes 8/11 familias). Se encontró que toda la diversidad nasal externa de los batoides se clasificaba en 5 grupos morfológicos principales y se denominaba: nariz rasante [círculo, coma, intermedio], nariz abierta y nariz sobresaliente. Varios rasgos morfométricos siguieron siendo significativos al tener en cuenta la ascendencia compartida, incluida la posición y el ángulo de la fosa nasal en la cabeza, el ancho del orificio de entrada y el espacio entre las fosas nasales. Se encontró que estas medidas estaban estrechamente correlacionadas y eran estadísticamente significativas con el modo de natación del animal. Este estudio proporciona el primer paso crucial para comprender el olfato de los batoides, al comprender la diversidad de la morfología del sistema. Debido a que la captura de olores es un proceso estrictamente hidrodinámico, es posible que los factores que se relacionan más directamente con la dinámica de fluidos (es decir, el modo de natación, la velocidad, el número de Reynolds) sean más importantes para dar forma a la evolución de la diversidad de narices de batoides que otros factores ecológicos como hábitat y dieta.

Fledermausfische (Rochen, Rochen, Sägefische und Gitarrenfische) sind makrosmatisch, was bedeutet, dass sie sich auf ihren Geruchssinn als einen der wichtigsten Sinne für Überleben und Fortpflanzung verlassen. Der Geruchssinn ist wichtig für die Verfolgung und Navigation über große Entfernungen, die Erkennung von Raubtieren und Beute sowie die Signalgebung von Artgenossen. Die Mechanismen, mit denen Batoide Geruchsstoffe nutzen, sind jedoch unbekannt. Ohne ein direktes pumpenähnliches System wird angenommen, dass Batoide ihre Nasenlöcher über eines oder eine Kombination der folgenden spülen: die Bewegungspumpe, die bukkopharyngeale Pumpe, den Druck (z. B. Pitot-ähnlicher Mechanismus) oder eine Scherkraft (z. B. viskos Mitnahme). Diese Mechanismen beruhen auf der Größe, Form und Position der Nasenlöcher in Bezug auf den Kopf und zueinander. Batoide werden durch ihre dorsoventral komprimierten Körperpläne als Gruppe vereint, mit Nasenlöchern auf der ventralen Seite ihres Körpers. Diese Position stellt mehrere Herausforderungen für die Geruchserfassung dar und schränkt wahrscheinlich die Wirksamkeit der Bewegungspumpe ein. Batoid-Fische weisen eine ausgedehnte Nasenmorphologie auf, mit Einlassnasen, die von dünnen, vertikalen Schlitzen über breite, horizontale Ovale bis hin zu hervorstehenden, röhrenartigen Trichtern und mehr reichen. In diesem Artikel wird ein morphometrisches Modell entwickelt, um die große Vielfalt an Batoid-Nasenformen, -größen und -positionen auf dem Kopf in einem ökologischen und funktionalen Rahmen zu quantifizieren. Insbesondere werden Schwimmmodus, Lebensstil, Lebensraum und Ernährung auf Korrelationen mit beobachteten nasalen Morphotypen untersucht. Morphometrische Messungen wurden an allen 4 in Batoidea vorkommenden Ordnungen durchgeführt, um die Diversität der Batoidnasen breit zu erfassen (Rhinopristiformes 4/5 Familien; Rajiformes 2/4 Familien; Torpediniformes 4/4 Familien; Myliobatiformes 8/11 Familien). Es wurde festgestellt, dass die gesamte Vielfalt der batoiden äußeren Nase in 5 morphologische Hauptgruppen eingeteilt und als bündige Nasenöffnung [Kreis, Komma, Zwischen], offene Nasenöffnung und hervorstehende Nasenöffnung bezeichnet wurde. Mehrere morphometrische Merkmale blieben bei der Berücksichtigung der gemeinsamen Abstammung signifikant, einschließlich der Position und des Winkels des Nasenlochs am Kopf, der Breite des Einlasslochs und des Abstands der Nasenlöcher voneinander. Es wurde festgestellt, dass diese Messungen eng mit dem Schwimmmodus des Tieres korrelieren und statistisch signifikant sind. Diese Studie liefert den ersten entscheidenden Schritt zum Verständnis des batoiden Geruchssinns, indem sie die Vielfalt der Morphologie des Systems versteht. Da die Geruchsbindung ein streng hydrodynamischer Prozess ist, kann es sein, dass Faktoren, die sich direkter auf die Fluiddynamik beziehen (z. B. Schwimmmodus, Geschwindigkeit, Reynolds-Zahl), wichtiger für die Gestaltung der Entwicklung der Vielfalt von Fledermausnasen sind als andere ökologische Faktoren wie z Lebensraum und Ernährung.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether postprandial administration of the new rapid-acting insulin analog Humalog could effectively reduce glucose excursions in children <5 years old. DESIGN: Human Regular insulin given before a meal was compared with the same dose of Humalog after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five toddlers with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. In addition, the use of Humalog before a meal was compared with Humalog given after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five other toddlers. The dose of long-acting insulin was not changed during the study period. Blood glucose levels were determined at fasting and at 1, 2, and 4 hours postprandially. RESULTS: The 2-hour glucose excursions were significantly lower when postprandial Humalog administration was compared with preprandial Human Regular insulin administration. In contrast, glucose excursions were similar when Humalog was taken before or after the meal. CONCLUSION: These data show that it is efficacious to give Humalog insulin postprandially in toddlers with type 1 diabetes, allowing increased safety for the young child. The insulin dose can be both matched to the actual food intake and timed to give families increased flexibility and control at mealtime.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The widely publicized Oregon Health Plan (OHP) was established in 1989 to provide the residents of Oregon with universal access to health insurance. The OHP encompassed provisions to reform Medicaid, which included relaxing eligibility requirements and requiring Medicaid beneficiaries to enroll in managed care plans. To date, the OHP has improved access to health care facilitated the efficient use of healthcare services. However, problems with the program exist--failure of Medicaid beneficiaries to choose a health plan and primary care physician, inadequate education of the enrollee population, and frequent enrollee turnover, for example. These problems offer lessons to the rest of the nation as Medicaid managed care plans proliferate.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Dimethylthiourea (DMTU) is a small, highly diffusible molecule that effectively scavenges toxic oxygen metabolites in vitro and reduces oxidative injury in many biologic systems. Nonetheless, for unknown reasons, DMTU has occasionally failed to decrease damage in some systems where injury is presumed to be mediated by oxygen metabolites. We hypothesized that the inconsistent pattern of protection might partially reflect a direct toxicity of DMTU. Our results supported this premise. We found that rats treated with commonly used doses of highly purified DMTU had increased lung accumulation of intravenously injected iodine 125-labeled albumin (4 hours after DMTU treatment) and decreased blood glutathione levels (24 hours after DMTU treatment) when compared with saline-injected control rats. In contrast, rats treated with dimethylurea, a analog of DMTU, did not develop increased accumulation of labeled albumin in the lungs or decreased blood glutathione levels. We conclude that DMTU has intrinsically toxic effects in rats and that DMTU toxicity may at times obscure its protective action.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study has provided baseline data of a quantitative neurophysiological appraisal of normal breast sensibility using our current understanding of cutaneous mechanoreceptive function. Test variables, including pressure, low- and high-frequency vibration, static and moving two-point discrimination, temperature, nipple erectibility, and pain, were evaluated in 11 normal volunteers using different coordinates over the nipple, areola, and body of the breast. Definite patterns were established so that the breast could be subdivided into distinct cutaneous areas with differing mechanoreceptive characteristics. The future aim is to broaden the scope of this study with preoperative evaluations in our clinical patients so that appropriate recommendations for future reconstructive breast procedures can be made.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Four cost studies show that extra time spent in hospital because of nosocomial urinary tract infection ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 days. Extra hospital charges ranged from $146 to $558 with an average cost of about $355. Updated hospital costs project annual national costs of $1.8 billion. Strategies for managing nosocomial urinary tract infections are presented.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Four cost studies show that extra time spent in hospital because of nosocomial urinary tract infection ranged from 0.6 to 5 days. Extra hospital charges ranged from $146 to $558 with an average of about $355. Updated hospital costs project annual national costs of $1.8 billion.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Risk factors for the development of septicemia, which are similar to those associated with any urinary tract infection, are reviewed. The "ABCs of Management" are outlined. Early recognition and effective management including selection of an effective antimicrobial agent for empiric therapy can have a direct impact on the patient's survival. Potential infecting type of bacteria are reviewed, and specific empiric therapies are described. In addition to antibiotic administration, rapid resuscitation and surgical drainage or debridement of the source of infection are integral parts of immediate treatment for sepsis. The importance of locating and draining (or removing) the source of infection is emphasized. Since sepsis is a systemic infection, patients must be monitored closely for failure of vital physiologic functions. Suggestions are offered for dealing with lack of response to antibiotic and supportive measures. Rapid diagnosis and effective management can improve the prognosis for septic patients.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)