RESUMEN
AIMS: Thirteen genetic loci map to families with congenital long QT syndrome (cLQT) and multiple single nucleotide mutations have been functionally implicated in cLQT. Studies have investigated copy number variations (CNVs) in the cLQT genes to ascertain their involvement in cLQT. In these studies 3-12% of cLQT patients who were mutation negative by all other methods carried CNVs in cLQT genes. Prolongation of the QT interval can also be acquired after exposure to certain drugs [acquired LQT (aLQT)]. Single nucleotide mutations in cLQT genes have also been associated with and functionally implicated in aLQT, but to date no studies have explored CNVs as an additional susceptibility factor in aLQT. The aim of this study was to explore the contribution of CNVs in determining susceptibility to aLQT. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study we screened the commonest cLQT genes (KCNQ1; KCNH2; SCN5A; KCNE1, and KCNE2) in a general population of healthy volunteers and in a cohort of subjects presenting with aLQT for CNVs using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method. Copy number variants were detected and confirmed in 1 of 197 of the healthy volunteers and in 1 of 90 subjects with aLQT. The CNV in the aLQT subject was functionally characterized and demonstrated impaired channel function. CONCLUSION: Copy number variation is a possible additional risk factor for aLQT and should be considered for incorporation into pharmacogenetic screening of LQTS genes in addition to mutation detection to improve the safety of medication administration.
Asunto(s)
Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/epidemiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Síndrome de QT Prolongado/epidemiología , Síndrome de QT Prolongado/genética , Canales de Potasio/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Síndrome de QT Prolongado/diagnóstico , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex , Mutación/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signals via 2 receptors, TNFR type I (TNFRI) and TNFRII, with distinct cellular distribution and signaling functions. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the net effect of TNFR signaling favors inflammatory responses while inhibiting the activity of regulatory T cells. TNFRII signaling has been shown to promote Treg cell function. To assess the relative contributions of TNFRI and TNFRII signaling to inflammatory and regulatory responses in vivo, we compared the effect of TNF blockade, hence TNFRI/II, versus TNFRI alone in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) as a model of RA. METHODS: Mice with established arthritis were treated for 10 days with anti-mouse TNFRI domain antibody (dAb; DMS5540), an isotype control dAb (DMS5538), or murine TNFRII genetically fused with mouse IgG1 Fc domain (mTNFRII-Fc) beginning on the day of arthritis onset, and disease progression was monitored. Systemic cytokine concentrations and numbers of T cell subsets in lymph nodes and spleens were measured, and intrinsic Treg cell function was determined by ex vivo suppression assays. RESULTS: Progression of CIA was suppressed similarly by TNFRI (DMS5540) and TNFRI/II (mTNFRII-Fc) blockade. However, blockade of TNFRI/II led to increased effector T cell activity, which was not observed after selective TNFRI blockade, suggesting an immunoregulatory role of TNFRII. In support of this, TNFRI blockade, but not TNFRI/II blockade, expanded and activated Treg cells. Furthermore, a dramatic increase in expression of the Treg cell signature genes FoxP3 and TNFRII was observed in joints undergoing remission, which supports the notion that these molecules have a physiologic role in the resolution of inflammation. CONCLUSION: We propose that a therapeutic strategy that targets TNFRI while sparing TNFRII has the potential to both inhibit inflammation and promote Treg cell activity, which might be superior to TNF blockade.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores Tipo II del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos de Dominio Único/uso terapéutico , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/farmacología , Anticuerpos de Dominio Único/farmacología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Tumour necrosis factor (p55 or p60) receptor (TNFR) 1 is the major receptor that activates pro-inflammatory signalling and induces gene expression in response to TNF. Consensus is lacking for the function of (p75 or p80) TNFR2 but experiments in mice have suggested neuro-, cardio- and osteo-protective and anti-inflammatory roles. It has been shown in various cell types to be specifically required for the induction of TNFR-associated factor-2 (TRAF2) degradation and activation of the alternative nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway, and to contribute to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the classical NF-kappaB pathway. We have investigated the signalling functions of TNFR2 in primary human and murine macrophages. We find that in these cells TNF induces TRAF2 degradation, and this is blocked in TNFR2(-/-) macrophages. TRAF2 has been previously reported to be required for TNF-induced activation of p38 MAPK. However, TRAF2 degradation does not inhibit TNF-induced tolerance of p38 MAPK activation. Neither TNF, nor lipopolysaccharide treatment, induced activation of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in macrophages. Activation by TNF of the p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways was blocked in TNFR1(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, although TNFR2(-/-) macrophages displayed robust p38 MAPK activation and IkappaBα degradation at high concentrations of TNF, at lower doses the concentration dependence of signalling was weakened by an order of magnitude. Our results suggest that, in addition to inducing TRAF2 protein degradation, TNFR2 also plays a crucial auxiliary role to TNFR1 in sensitising macrophages for the ligand-induced activation of the p38 MAPK and classical NF-kappaB pro-inflammatory signalling pathways.