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BACKGROUND: Pompe disease, a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency, results in progressive glycogen accumulation and multisystem dysfunction. Enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase is the standard of care; however, some patients develop anti-recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase antibodies, leading to reduced efficacy. This case report presents two infants with early-onset Pompe disease who developed IgG antibodies to enzyme replacement therapy and were subsequently treated with methotrexate, highlighting the importance of monitoring antibody development and exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient 1, a 10-month-old female from Bogota, Colombia, presented with generalized hypotonia, macroglossia, hyporeflexia, and mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Diagnostic tests confirmed early-onset Pompe disease, and enzyme replacement therapy was started at 12 months. Due to a lack of improvement and high anti-recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase IgG antibody titers (1:1800), methotrexate was started at 18 months. After 8 months of combined therapy, antibody titers were negative and significant improvement in motor function was observed using the Gross Motor Function Measure 88. Patient 2, a 7-year-old female from Bogota, Colombia, was diagnosed with early-onset Pompe disease at 12 months and initiated enzyme replacement therapy. At 5 years of age, she experienced frequent falls and grip strength alterations. Functional tests revealed motor development delay, generalized hypotonia, and positive anti-recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase IgG antibody titers (6400). Methotrexate was initiated, leading to a reduction in falls and antibody titers (3200) after 6 months, with no adverse events or complications. Motor function improvement was assessed using the Motor Function Measurement 32. CONCLUSIONS: The presented cases highlight the importance of monitoring patients for anti-recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase antibody development during enzyme replacement therapy and the potential benefit of methotrexate as an immunomodulatory agent in early-onset Pompe disease. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of enzyme replacement therapy, combined with prophylactic immune tolerance induction, may improve clinical outcomes and reduce the development of anti-recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase antibodies. The cases also highlight the importance of objective motor function assessment tools, such as Gross Motor Function Measure 88 and Motor Function Measurement 32, in assessing treatment response. Further research is needed to optimize treatment regimens, monitor long-term effects, and address the current limitations of enzyme replacement therapy in Pompe disease.

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Resumen Introducción: La amiloidosis hereditaria mediada por transtirretina es una enfermedad autosómica dominante, con compromiso sistémico y progresivo, que altera la función de múltiples órganos, y se asocia con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Se presenta compromiso neurológico, cardiaco, autonómico, oftalmológico y nefrológico, entre otros, que se relacionan con el genotipo del paciente. Estas alteraciones afectan la calidad de vida y tienen una relación directa con la mortalidad temprana en estos pacientes. La neuropatía periférica es un marcador temprano de la enfermedad. Su identificación permite un tratamiento temprano con terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad, en busca de la estabilización de la progresión de la enfermedad, lo cual, acompañado de un seguimiento adecuado, tiene un impacto positivo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y una prolongación de la expectativa de vida. Objetivo: Estructurar una serie de recomendaciones adecuadas al entorno local sobre el tratamiento y seguimiento en pacientes con amiloidosis hereditaria mediada por transtirretina. Materiales y método: Se utilizó la metodología Delphi y se estableció como punto de corte un 75% de favorabilidad. Resultados y conclusiones: Se plantearon una serie de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia disponible y las recomendaciones internacionales, aplicables al entorno local, sobre métodos diagnósticos que faciliten la detección temprana del paciente afectado y los parámetros de inicio del tratamiento y el seguimiento que mejoren la calidad de vida, disminuyan las complicaciones y aumenten la expectativa de vida de estos pacientes.

Abstract Introducción: Transthyretin-mediated hereditary amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant disease with progressive systemic involvement that affects the function of multiple organs and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Patients present neurological, cardiac, autonomic, ophthalmological and renal involvement, among others, related to the patient's genotype. These alterations affect quality of life and are directly related to early mortality. Peripheral neuropathy is an early marker of the disease. Its identification allows early treatment with disease-modifying therapies aimed at stabilizing disease progression, which, along with adequate follow-up, has a positive impact on patients' quality of life and prolongs life expectancy. Objective: To structure a series of recommendations appropriate to the local setting on treatment and follow-up in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. Materials and methods: Delphi methodology was used, and a cut-off point of 75% favorability was established. Results and conclusions: A series of recommendations were presented based on the available evidence and international recommendations, applicable to the local setting, on diagnostic methods that facilitate early detection of the affected patient and the parameters for initiation of treatment and follow-up that improve the quality of life, decrease complications, and increase the life expectancy of these patients.

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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by an initial increase in motor function followed by a plateau phase and then entering a phase of steady decline. However, motor evolution of DMD have not been evaluated in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the trajectory of motor function in a sample of Colombian children with DMD. We included 119 children with DMD aged 4.8-19.3 years (mean follow-up = 1.7 years). A linear mixed model was used with age as the time scale and adjusted for covariates using a stepwise regression. Participants showed a progressive decline in motor skills from the age of 5 years with a decrease in speed around the age of 11 years (p < 0.001). After age 11, the decline in motor function was observed to continue until age 20 but at a slower rate (ßAge = -9.64. and ßAge2 = 0.18, p < 0.001 for both). Educational inclusion, glucocorticoid treatment and the number of mutated exons were shown to be associated with the motor performance. These findings may indicate that the evolution of DMD maintains similar patterns between high income countries and the Colombian population. They allow us to adapt and develop treatments that impact the population with DMD in Colombia, based in international evidence.

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Antecedentes: la enfermedad de Fabry (Ef) es una enfermedad rara ligada a X secundaria al depósito lisosomal de glicoesfingolípidos, debido a la deficiencia de la enzima alfa galactosidasa A (α-Gal A). A pesar de su baja frecuencia, es una condición que afecta la calidad de vida de los pacientes y disminuye su esperanza de vida. Objetivo: generar recomendaciones informadas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos (menores de 18 años) con Ef. Material y Métodos: revisión de literatura en bases de datos y literatura gris a partir de 2010, incluyendo guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios. La calidad de evidencia se evaluó de acuerdo con el tipo. Las recomendaciones se sometieron a consenso de expertos a través de metodología Delphi modificada. El acuerdo se definió a partir del 80 %. Resultados: A partir del análisis de la evidencia recolectada se formularon un total de 45 recomendaciones para tamización, diagnóstico y tratamiento de paciente pediátrico con Ef. El panel revisor estuvo conformado por once expertos en el tema. Las recomendaciones fueron aprobadas con puntuaciones entre 82.3 % y 100 %. Conclusiones: las recomendaciones resultantes del consenso de expertos permitirán la toma de decisiones clínicas y estandarización de la práctica en la atención de pacientes pediátricos con Ef en el país y la región. El diagnóstico temprano y oportuno garantiza una disminución del impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familiares

Background: Fabry disease (fD) is a rare X-linked disease characterized by the accumulation of glyco- sphingolipids in lysosomes due to the deficiency in the production of alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme. Despite its low frequency, this disease has a serious impact on the life expectancy and quality. Objective: To make evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of fD in pediatric patients (<18 years of age). Materials and Methods: A study of databases and gray literature was conducted in 2010, including clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews, and primary research. The type of evidence was used to determine the quality of evidence. The recommendations were submitted to an expert consensus using the modified Delphi process. The agreement was set at 80%. Conclusions: The recommendations emerging from this expert consensus will enable the standardization of care provision for pediatric patients with fD in Colombia and Latin America and clinical decision-making for disease management. Notably, making an early diagnosis ensures a reduction in the impact of this disease on the quality of life of patients and their families

Fundamento: a doença de Fabry (Df) é uma rara doença ligada ao cromossomo X secundária à deposi- ção lisossômica de glicoesfingolipídeos devido à deficiência da enzima alfa galactosidase A (α-Gal A). Apesar de sua baixa frequência, é uma condição que afeta a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e diminui sua expectativa de vida. Objetivo: gerar recomendações baseadas em evidências para o diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes pediátricos (com menos de 8 anos de idade) com Df. Materais e Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão da literatura em bases de dados e literatura cinza a partir de 2010, incluindo diretrizes de prática clínica, revisões sistemáticas e estudos primários. A qualidade da evidência foi avaliada de acordo com o tipo de evidência. As recomendações foram submetidas ao consenso de especialistas usando a metodologia Delphi modificada. A concordância foi definida a partir de 80%. Resultados: com base na análise das evidências coletadas, foram formuladas um total de 45 recomendações para triagem, diagnóstico e tratamento de pacientes pediátricos com doença de Fabry. O painel de revisão foi composto por onze especialistas no assunto. As recomendações foram aprovadas com pontuações entre 82,3% e 100%. Conclusões: as recomendações resultantes do consenso de especialistas permitirão a tomada de decisão clínica e a padronização da prática no cuidado de pacientes pediátricos com Df em nível nacional e regional; o diagnóstico precoce e oportuno garante a redução do impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes e seus familiares.

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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Fabry (EF) es una enfermedad genética, causada por el déficit de la enzima alfa galactosidasa A (α-Gal A), lo que provoca la acumulación de glicoesfingolípidos en los tejidos. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son variables. Estudios en mujeres heterocigotas reportan la existencia de dolor neuropático como manifestación de neuropatía de fibra pequeña. OBJETIVO: Determinar la presencia de neuropatía de fibra pequeña en mujeres heterocigotas para la EF, mediante la prueba cuantitativa sensorial. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 33 mujeres heterocigotas para EF y 33 mujeres sanas, con características demográficas similares. A todas se les aplicó la prueba cuantitativa sensorial (Quantitative Sensory Testing por medio de la detección de umbrales de frío (Colà Detection Threshold), calor (Warm Detection Threshold), dolor inducido por calor (Heat-pain Detection Thresholds) y vibración (Vibratory Detection Threshold) en los miembros superior e inferior, utilizando un sistema asistido por computador versión IV (CASE IV, WR Medical Electronics Co., Stillwater, MN). Adicionalmente, al grupo de mujeres heterocigotas para EF, se le evaluó la percepción subjetiva de dolor neuropàtico mediante el cuestionario de síntomas sensitivos neuropáticos positivos (Positive Neuropathic Sensory Symptom). Los resultados de la prueba cuantitativa sensorial se compararon entre los grupos. También se estableció la correlación entre la prueba cuantitativa sensorial y los resultados del cuestionario de síntomas sensitivos neuropáticos positivos. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las pruebas de vibración (p = 0,008), calor (p = 0,017) y dolor inducido por calor (p = 0,04) en el miembro inferior en las mujeres heterocigotas para EF, comparado con el grupo control. Se encontró una correlación inversa estadísticamente significativa entre la intensidad del dolor quemante y el dolor inducido por calor en el miembro inferior (p = 0,018, r = -0,48) y entre la intensidad del dolor al ser rozado o tocado y el dolor inducido por calor en el miembro inferior (p = 0,006, r = -0,49). CONCLUSIÓN: En las mujeres heterocigotas para EF, las pruebas objetivas para establecer la presencia de neuropatía de fibra pequeña son anormales en miembros inferiores y se correlacionan con los síntomas sensitivos.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Fabry disease is a genetic condition caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency triggering glycosphingolipid accumulation in tissues. Clinical manifestations are variable. Studies in heterozigous females report the existence of neuropathic pain as manifestation of small fiber neuropathy. OBJECTIVE: To determine presence of small fiber neuropathy in heterozigous females with Fabry disease through Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 33 heterozigous females with fabry disease and 33 healthy females with similar demographic characteristics were evaluated. QST was performed to every female evaluating Cold detection Threshold (CDT), Warm Detection Threshold (WDT), Heat-pain Detection Threshold (HPDT) and Vibratory Detection Threshold (VDT) in upper and lower limbs through Computer Assisted Sensory Examination software (CASE IV, WR Medical Electronics Co., Stillwater, MN). Subjective perception of neuropathic pain was measured through Positive Neuropathic Sensory Symptom questionnaire (P-NSS) in heterozigous females with Fabry disease. QST results were compared between groups. Correlations between QST and P-NSS were established. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed in VDT (p= 0,008), WDT (p= 0,017) and HPDT (p= 0,04) in lower limbs of heterozigous females with Fabry disease compared with control group. Negative correlation was found among burning pain intensity and HPDT at lower limbs (p= 0,018, r= -0,48) and among pain intensity to light touch and HPDT in lower limbs (p= 0,006, r=-0,49). CONCLUSIONS: Objective tests to establish presence of small fiber neuropathy in heterozigous females with Fabry disease are abnormal at lower limbs and correlate with sensory symptoms.

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