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Background: Obesity leads to an elevated risk of developing gastrointestinal disease such as gastric ulcers. Callistemon citrinus leaf extract has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and chemoprotective effects against colon cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of C. citrinus leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in obese rats. Methods: Gastric ulcers were induced in female obese Wistar rats using a single oral dose of indomethacin (IND). In the first stage, the rats were fed with a high fat sugar diet (HFSD) for 15 weeks to induce obesity and, at the same time, the diet of the other group of animals included daily administration of ethanolic C. citrinus leaf extract (250 mg/kg) in addition to HFSD. In the second stage, gastric ulcers were induced with IND (30 mg/kg). The gastroprotective activity of C. citrinus, the inflammatory enzyme activities, and cytokines in the stomach were determined. Results: C. citrinus produced a reduction of gastric lesions caused by IND. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activities also decreased. Although inflammatory biomarkers such as TNFα, IL-6, AOPP, and leptin were significantly decreased by C. citrinus, adiponectin levels increased. Moreover, C. citrinus decreased weight gain and morphological and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The use of indomethacin in rats fed with a high fat-sugar diet increased gastric ulcers. Gastroprotective effect of C. citrinus in obese rats is attributed to the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory enzymes.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that is evolving rapidly and is changing the world and medicine as we know it. After reviewing the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews, there is no article related to this topic in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. The objective of this article was to review the literature regarding AI applications in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.A systematic review of the literature about AI in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery using the following keywords: Artificial Intelligence, robotics, plastic surgery procedures, and surgery plastic and the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, BVS, and LILACS. The inclusion criteria were articles about AI in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Articles written in a language other than English and Spanish were excluded. In total, 17 articles about AI in facial plastic met the inclusion criteria; after eliminating the duplicated papers and applying the exclusion criteria, these articles were reviewed thoroughly. The leading type of AI used in these articles was computer vision, explicitly using models of convolutional neural networks to objectively compare the preoperative with the postoperative state in multiple interventions such as facial lifting and facial transgender surgery.In conclusion, AI is a rapidly evolving technology, and it could significantly impact the treatment of patients in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Legislation and regulations are developing slower than this technology. It is imperative to learn about this topic as soon as possible and that all stakeholders proactively promote discussions about ethical and regulatory dilemmas.

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Callistemon citrinus has several biological effects; it is anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, and chemoprotective. Its bioactive compounds include terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids which have low oral bioavailability and absorption. This study aimed at developing phytosomes of C. citrinus to improve oral bioavailability and absorption. Phytosomes were formulated with soybean phosphatidylcholine and C. citrinus leaf extract using the thin layer sonication method. Phytosomes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency, solubility, and particle size determination. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid contents were also measured. The in vivo anti-obesogenic activity was evaluated. Phytosomes loaded with C. citrinus (P C.c) extract had small spherical shapes. The average particle size was 129.98 ± 18.30 nm, encapsulation efficiency 80.49 ± 0.07%, and solubility 90.00%; the stability study presented no significant changes in the average particle size at 20 °C. P C.c presented high antioxidant capacity. For the first time, ellagic acid is reported in this plant. The in vivo obesity study showed a strong anti-obesogenic activity of phytosomes with C. citrinus to reduce 40% body weight as well as morphometric and biochemical parameters.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) has been successfully used for the treatment of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF) secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and being effective in reducing progression to invasive mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of HFNC on a hospital ward for the treatment of AHRF secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and its impact on the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and endotracheal intubation. Other objectives include identifying potential physiological parameters and/or biomarkers for predicting treatment failure and assessing the clinical course and survival. METHODS: Observational study based on data collected prospectively between March 2020 and February 2021 in a single hospital on patients diagnosed with AHRF secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who received HFNC outside an ICU. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one patients out of 1090 patients hospitalised for SARS-CoV-2 infection. HFNC was set as the ceiling of treatment in 44 cases; 12 survived (27.3%). Among the other 127 patients, intubation was performed in 25.9% of cases with a mortality of 11.8%. Higher creatinine levels (OR 1.942, 95% CI 1.04; 3.732; p = 0.036) and Comorbidity-Age-Lymphocyte-LDH (CALL) score (OR 1.273, 95% CI 1.033; 1.617; p = 0.033) were associated with a higher risk of intubation. High platelet count at HFNC initiation was predictive of good treatment response (OR 0.935, 95% CI 0.884; 0.983; p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: HFNC outside an ICU is a treatment with high success rate in patients with AHRF secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, including in patients in whom this therapy was deemed to be the ceiling of treatment.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the differences in short- and long-term prognosis and the predictors of survival between patients with community-acquired Legionella and Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, diagnosed early by urinary antigen testing (UAT). METHODS: Prospective multicenter study conducted in immunocompetent patients hospitalized with community-acquired Legionella or pneumococcal pneumonia (L-CAP or P-CAP) between 2002-2020. All cases were diagnosed based on positive UAT. RESULTS: We included 1452 patients, 260 with community-acquired Legionella pneumonia (L-CAP) and 1192 with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (P-CAP). The 30-day mortality was higher for L-CAP (6.2%) than for P-CAP (5%). After discharge and during the median follow-up durations of 11.4 and 8.43 years, 32.4% and 47.9% of patients with L-CAP and P-CAP died, and 82.3% and 97.4% died earlier than expected, respectively. The independent risk factors for shorter long-term survival were age >65 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure in L-CAP and the same first three factors plus nursing home residence, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, altered mental status, blood urea nitrogen ≥30 mg/dl, and congestive heart failure as a cardiac complication during hospitalization in P-CAP. CONCLUSION: In patients diagnosed early by UAT, the long-term survival after L-CAP or P-CAP was shorter (particularly after P-CAP) than expected, and this shorter survival was mainly associated with age and comorbidities.

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Introduction: The 2007 IDSA/ATS guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) recommended intensive care unit (ICU) admission for adults meeting severe CAP criteria. We aimed to validate the accuracy of IDSA/ATS criteria in patients≥80 years old (very elderly patients, VEP) with CAP. Methods: Prospective cohort study of VEP with CAP admitted to three Spanish hospitals between 1996 and 2019. We compared patients who did and did not require ICU admission. We also assessed factors independently associated with ICU admission, as well as the accuracy of severe CAP criteria for ICU admission and mortality. Major criteria include septic shock and invasive mechanical ventilation while minor criteria encompass other variables related to hemodynamics and respiratory insufficiency as well as level of consciousness, renal function, blood parameters indicative of sepsis and body temperature. Results: Of the 2006 VEP with CAP, 519 (26%) met severe CAP criteria, while 204 (10%) required ICU admission. Concordance between severe CAP criteria and the decision to admit the patient to the ICU occurred in 1591 (79%) cases (k coefficient, 0.33), with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 80% in predicting ICU admission. All patients with invasive mechanical ventilation received care in ICUs, while 45 (44%) patients with septic shock—previously stabilized in the emergency room—did not. Thirty-day mortality of ICU-admitted patients with septic shock was lower than that of patients in wards (30% vs. 60%, p=0.013). In contrast, patients with severe CAP and only minor criteria had similar mortality. Conclusions: IDSA/ATS criteria for severe CAP predict ICU admission in VEP moderately well. While patients with septic shock and invasive mechanical ventilation warrant ICU admission, severe CAP without major severity criteria in VEP may be acceptably manageable in wards. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The 2007 IDSA/ATS guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) recommended intensive care unit (ICU) admission for adults meeting severe CAP criteria. We aimed to validate the accuracy of IDSA/ATS criteria in patients≥80 years old (very elderly patients, VEP) with CAP. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of VEP with CAP admitted to three Spanish hospitals between 1996 and 2019. We compared patients who did and did not require ICU admission. We also assessed factors independently associated with ICU admission, as well as the accuracy of severe CAP criteria for ICU admission and mortality. Major criteria include septic shock and invasive mechanical ventilation while minor criteria encompass other variables related to hemodynamics and respiratory insufficiency as well as level of consciousness, renal function, blood parameters indicative of sepsis and body temperature. RESULTS: Of the 2006 VEP with CAP, 519 (26%) met severe CAP criteria, while 204 (10%) required ICU admission. Concordance between severe CAP criteria and the decision to admit the patient to the ICU occurred in 1591 (79%) cases (k coefficient, 0.33), with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 80% in predicting ICU admission. All patients with invasive mechanical ventilation received care in ICUs, while 45 (44%) patients with septic shock-previously stabilized in the emergency room-did not. Thirty-day mortality of ICU-admitted patients with septic shock was lower than that of patients in wards (30% vs. 60%, p=0.013). In contrast, patients with severe CAP and only minor criteria had similar mortality. CONCLUSIONS: IDSA/ATS criteria for severe CAP predict ICU admission in VEP moderately well. While patients with septic shock and invasive mechanical ventilation warrant ICU admission, severe CAP without major severity criteria in VEP may be acceptably manageable in wards.

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1,8-Cineole, limonene and α-terpineol are the major terpenes present in Callistemon citrinus. This study reports for the first time that terpenes attenuate the oxidative stress in rats fed with high-fat-sucrose diet (HFSD) via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Control (fed standard food, HFSD (fed with 41.7% fat and 16.6% sucrose), HFSD + 1,8-cineole (0.88 mg/kg body weight), limonene (0.43 mg/kg body weight), α-terpineol (0.32 mg/kg body weight) and a mixture of the three terpenes, given daily by gavage for 15 weeks. Morphometric and biochemical parameters were taken. Paraoxonase (PON1), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyalkenals (HNE), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in liver homogenates. All terpenes showed a remarkable reduction in weight gain, fat deposition, serum glucose and, triacylglycerol levels. However, terpenes presented different effects on the hepatic cell and the oxidative biomarkers. Conversely, the three terpenes and the mixture showed the same positive effect on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin and adiponectin levels. Finally, 1,8-cineole, limonene and α-terpineol demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects and differential effects on the oxidative stress, suggesting the importance of these terpenes in Callistemon citrinus activities.

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The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2022.08.012. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal

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OBJECTIVE: To construct a prediction model for bacteraemia in patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (P-CAP) based on variables easily obtained at hospital admission. METHODS: This prospective observational multicentre derivation-validation study was conducted in patients hospitalised with P-CAP between 2000 and 2020. All cases were diagnosed based on positive urinary antigen tests in the emergency department and had blood cultures taken on admission. A risk score to predict bacteraemia was developed. RESULTS: We included 1783 patients with P-CAP (1195 in the derivation and 588 in the validation cohort). A third (33.3%) of the patients had bacteraemia. In the multivariate analysis, the following were identified as independent factors associated with bacteraemia: no influenza vaccination the last year, no pneumococcal vaccination in the last 5 years, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ≥30 mg/dL, sodium <130 mmol/L, lymphocyte count <800/µl, C-reactive protein ≥200 mg/L, respiratory failure, pleural effusion and no antibiotic treatment before admission. The score yielded good discrimination (AUC 0.732; 95% CI: 0.695-0.769) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p-value 0.801), with similar performance in the validation cohort (AUC 0.764; 95% CI:0.719-0.809). CONCLUSIONS: We found nine predictive factors easily obtained on hospital admission that could help achieve early identification of bacteraemia. The prediction model provides a useful tool to guide diagnostic decisions.

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Resumen Introducción: el Síndrome de Imerslund-Gränsbeck es un trastorno congénito inusual que cursa con disminución de la Vitamina B12, anemia megaloblástica y proteinuria sin afección renal que cual se produce por una mutación de los cromosomas 10 y 14, que condicionan un defecto en el receptor del complejo vitamina B12-factor intrínseco del enterocito ileal. Fue descrita por Olga Imerslund y Armas Gransbeck. Objetivo: caracterizar a la población que ha padecido el Síndrome de Imerslund-Gränsbeck. Metodología: revisión sistemática de la literatura de casos clínicos. Resultados: se incluyeron 68 casos, en la mayoría de los casos el diagnostico en los primeros 10 años de vida, en el que se evidenció una mayor frecuencia en mujeres, y se encontró asociado con antecedentes familiares como consanguinidad entre padres (14,6%). La manifestación más frecuente fue palidez (20,9%), seguido de vomito (10,5%) y anorexia (9,8%). La anemia megaloblástica (66,2%) fue el hallazgo más frecuente y el tratamiento se dio con cianocobalamina (intramuscular u oral) para regular las concentraciones plasmáticas de esta vitamina. Conclusión: el Síndrome de Imerslund Gränsbeck tiene una baja prevalencia y se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el continente europeo, tiene predilección por el sexo femenino y se caracteriza por una disminución de la vitamina B12 que pueden que puede predisponer a otras alteraciones como ataxia y retraso en el crecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Imerslund-Gränsbeck Syndrome is an unusual congenital disorder that causes a decrease in vitamin B12, megaloblastic anemia and proteinuria without kidney involvement that is caused by a mutation of chromosomes 10 and 14, which determine a defect in the complex receptor vitamin B12-ileal enterocyte intrinsic factor. It was described by Olga Imerslund and Armas Gransbeck. Objective: to characterize the population that has suffered from Imerslund Gränsbeck syndrome. Methodology: systematic review of the clinical case literature. Results: 68 cases were included, in most cases the diagnosis in the first 10 years of life, in which a higher frequency was found in women, and was found to be associated with family history such as consanguinity between parents (14.6%). The most frequent manifestation was paleness (20.9%), followed by vomiting (10.5%) and anorexia (9.8%). Megaloblastic anemia (66.2%) was the most frequent finding and treatment was given with cyanocobalamin (intramuscular or oral) to regulate plasma concentrations of this vitamin. Conclusion: Imerslund-Gränsbeck Syndrome has a low prevalence and occurs more frequently in the European continent, has a predilection for females and is characterized by a decrease in vitamin B12 that may predispose to other disorders such as ataxia and retardation in growth.

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CONTEXT: Callistemon citrinus Skeels (Myrtaceae) exhibits many biological activities. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes for the first time, the toxicity, obesogenic, and antioxidant effects of C. citrinus in rats fed with a high fat-fructose diet (HFFD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four studies using male Wistar rats were conducted: (a) 7 groups (n = 3): control (corn oil) and ethanol extract of C. citrinus leaf (single oral dose at 100-4000 mg/kg) for acute toxicity; (b) 2 groups (n = 8): control (corn oil) and C. citrinus (1000 mg/kg/day) for 28 days for subacute toxicity; (c) 3 groups (n = 4) with single oral dose of lipid emulsion: control (lipid emulsion), C. citrinus and orlistat (250 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) for lipid absorption; (d) 4 groups (n = 6): control (normal diet) and 3 groups fed with HFFD: HFFD only, C. citrinus and simvastatin (oral dose 250 and 3 mg/kg, respectively) for 13 weeks. Antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers were evaluated and inhibition of pancreatic lipase was determined in vitro. RESULTS: Toxicological studies of C. citrinus showed no differences in biochemical parameters and lethal dose (LD50) was higher than 4000 mg/kg. C. citrinus inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, with IC50 of 392.00 µg/mL, and decreased lipid absorption by 70%. Additionally, it reduced the body weight 22%, restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the biomarkers of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: Callistemon citrinus showed an effect against oxidative stress by reducing biomarkers and induced antioxidant system, without toxic effects.

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Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques can perform chemical analyses and acquire high-resolution images of cell samples. For this reason, in this study, semi-thin sections of a single Penicillium rubens cell were analysed by Raman enhanced surface spectroscopy. The spectra showed peaks corresponding to the macromolecules that make up the cellular components. In addition, the various organelles were analysed by TEM and AFM to observe the cellular nanostructures. With the use of these techniques, it is possible to identify molecules in semi-thin sections, which provides a wide potential for biomedical applications and for the analysis of cell dynamics. The observation of the most detailed possible structure of cells is used as a starting point in numerous studies to identify and localise some biochemical processes. Given that the function of eukaryotic cells depends on the location, shape, structure and function of the subcellular organelles (and on the interaction between them), the sum of the data obtained allows a complete analysis of what happens in the cell. This article addresses, from a multidisciplinary point of view, what happens in a single cell of a filamentous fungus (Penicillium rubens) while it is in a physiological moment (secondary metabolism) that allows the biosynthesis of an antibiotic (penicillin). For this purpose, different types of microscopies were used (TEM: transmission electron microscopy, and AFM: atomic force microscopy, which allow visualising small details in the cell) and a spectroscopy method (Raman, which allows detecting certain characteristics of the macromolecules and some stretching bonds). Regarding the results, during the synthesis of penicillin, the antibiotic-producing Penicillium rubens cells showed significant changes compared to the non-producing cells: the cell wall is observed to be significantly thickened in the production phase, organelles such as peroxisomes grow in number and size since it is known that the final route of metabolite synthesis takes place in them. When penicillin is released from peroxisomes, they must be degraded to release the load from the cell; this is done by vacuoles, which are active and engulf peroxisomes. The newly synthesised penicillin is found within secretory vesicles that travel towards the cell membrane and both membranes fuse creating ripples. On the other hand, and given that a single cell is being studied, it is essential to increase the signal to detect biomolecules employing the Raman-SERS technique, using a silver substrate to obtain the increased signal.

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Introducción: Un número importante de pacientes que ingresan al programa de diálisis peritoneal reciben simultáneamente la noticia de que tienen enfermedad renal crónica en etapa terminal y requieren diálisis peritoneal. Para muchos de ellos la noticia es inesperada y desconsoladora, ya que tienen que acceder a la diálisis para poder seguir viviendo.Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico. De 106 pacientes incidentes del programa de diálisis peritoneal ambulatoria a quienes se les solicitó consentimiento informado para contestar el instrumento (Coping Inventory Strategies), se seleccionaron 14 pacientes que relataron sus vivencias respecto a su diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica y la necesidad urgente de diálisis peritoneal. Se les pidió que escribieran en una cuartilla cómo enfrentaron la noticia de insuficiencia renal crónica y requerir diálisis peritoneal.Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio a 14 pacientes, con edad comprendida entre 41 y 61 años, y el 66% fueron mujeres. Se identificaron tres categorías y siete subcategorías: sociolaboral (estigma social e incertidumbre por el trabajo); actitud ante la muerte (resignación y sentimiento de culpa) y acompañamiento familiar (toma de decisiones, motivación y apoyo). El mayor número de pacientes se ubicó en la categoría de actitud ante la muerte y en la subcategoría de resignación como estrategia de afrontamiento.Conclusiones: Los pacientes describieron la fase en la que se enteraron de su diagnóstico y el ingreso a diálisis peritoneal como el momento más difícil y traumático, manifestaron sentimientos de angustia, limitaciones personales o sociales y reconocieron la dependencia del apoyo familiar. (AU)

Introduction: A significant number of patients starting on peritoneal dialysis are simultaneously told that they have end-stage chronic kidney disease and require peritoneal dialysis. For many patients the news is unexpected and heartbreaking, as they have to access dialysis in order to stay alive.Method: Qualitative, descriptive study with a phenomenological approach. Of the 106 patients who were admitted to the outpatient peritoneal dialysis program, and who were asked for informed consent to answer the (Coping Inventory Strategies) instrument, 14 patients were selected who expressed their experiences regarding the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and the urgent need for peritoneal dialysis. They were asked to write in one page how they coped with the news of chronic renal failure and the need for peritoneal dialysis.Results: The mean age was 58.3 years, 66% female and 34% male. Three categories and seven subcategories were identified: socio-occupational (social stigma and uncertainty about the work situation); attitude to death (resignation and guilt) and family support (decision-making, motivation and support). The highest number of patients fell into the category of attitude to death and the subcategory of resignation as a coping strategy.Conclusions: Patients described the phase when they learned of their diagnosis and admission to peritoneal dialysis as the most difficult and traumatic time, expressed feelings of distress, personal or social limitations and confessed dependence on family support. (AU)

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Introducción: La COVID-19 ha constituido un reto de múltiples dimensiones para la humanidad, aún más para los decisores responsables de accionar de manera certera y oportuna para su enfrentamiento. En Perú, con una tendencia actual favorable de la Pandemia, es inminente la propagación de la variante Delta, de allí que requieran de informaciones predictivas que posibiliten adoptar decisiones anticipadas para mitigar sus efectos. Objetivo: Simular escenarios aplicando la modelación físico-matemática, para la predicción del comportamiento de la COVID-19 en Perú que facilite la adopción de decisiones. Material y Métodos: Modelación físico-matemática mediante herramientas y funciones del software MATLAB. Resultados: Determinación del comportamiento de las principales variables de la COVID-19 en Perú; modelo físico-matemático basado en el clásico SIR con nuevos compartimientos relacionados con la vacunación y los expuestos, así como su ajuste a los datos de Perú; simulación de escenarios, incluyendo la variante Delta, para fallecidos, infectados acumulados, infectados no vacunados e infectados vacunados. Conclusiones: El modelo concebido para la simulación de escenarios de evolución de la COVID-19, demostró su capacidad de predicción del comportamiento de las variables más importantes que determinan dicha evolución en Perú; debe ocurrir otra ola de contagios y llegarse a cifras acumulativas entre 2,9 y 3,36 millones de infectados y entre 215 y 255 mil fallecidos; las principales estrategias de mitigación deben dirigirse a garantizar el distanciamiento y aislamiento social, así como a incrementar el régimen de vacunación(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 has been a multi-dimensional challenge for humanity, even more so for decision-makers responsible for acting in an accurate and timely manner to confront it. In Peru, with is a current favorable trend of the Pandemic, the spread of the Delta variant is imminent, hence the need for predictive information that makes it possible to make early decisions to mitigate its effects. Objective: To simulate scenarios applying the physical-mathematical modeling to predict the behavior of COVID-19 in Peru and facilitate decision-making. Material and Methods: Physical-mathematical modeling using MATLAB software tools and functions. Results: Determination of the behavior of the main variables associated with COVID-19 in Peru; physical-mathematical modeling based on the classic SIR with new compartments related to vaccination and those exposed, as well as its adjustment to the data from Peru; simulation of scenarios including the Delta variant for deceased persons, cumulative number of infected individuals, and infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Conclusions: The model conceived for the simulation of COVID-19 evolution scenarios demonstrated its ability to predict the behavior of the most important variables that determine such evolution in Peru; another wave of infections may occur and cumulative figures between 2.9 and 3.36 million infected individuals and between 215 and 255 thousand deaths may be reached. The main mitigation strategies should be aimed at guaranteeing social distancing and isolation, as well as increasing the vaccination regimen(AU)

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Callistemon citrinus has terpenes effective in inducing antioxidant enzymes, an important mechanism involved in cancer chemoprevention. This study investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of herbal preparation of C. citrinus leaves against the oxidative stress produced during the colorectal cancer (CRC) in male Wistar rats. The amelioration of toxicity in a model of CRC induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was determined by assessing antioxidant enzymes, phase II enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products after 22 weeks of treatment. C. citrinus was administered at a daily oral dose of 250 mg/kg. The activities in proximal, middle and distal colon, liver, kidney and heart were determined. C. citrinus showed a strong antioxidant activity that correlated with the high content of phenolics and terpenoids. DMH treated animals showed a decrease of the enzymes activity in most tissues and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH). Conversely, the levels of lipid peroxidation products were increased. Macroscopic examination revealed the protective effect of C. citrinus in damaged organs caused by DMH. Moreover, histopathological examination of the liver displayed normal structure in the C. citrinus-treated group, unlike the DMH-treated group. C. citrinus supplementation significantly maintained or increased the antioxidant enzyme activities, whereas lipid peroxidation products levels were reduced to values similar to the level of control group. The ability of C. citrinus to induce the antioxidant system reduced the damage of oxidative stress, which makes this plant a good candidate to be used as a prevention agent in treatment of diseases such as colorectal cancer.

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Breast cancer (BRCA) is a serious public health problem, as it is the most frequent malignant tumor in women worldwide. BRCA is a molecularly heterogeneous disease, particularly at gene expression (mRNAs) level. Recent evidence shows that coding RNAs represent only 34% of the total transcriptome in a human cell. The rest of the 66% of RNAs are non-coding, so we might be missing relevant biological, clinical or regulatory information. In this report, we identified two novel tumor types from TCGA with LINC00460 deregulation. We used survival analysis to demonstrate that LINC00460 expression is a marker for poor overall (OS), relapse-free (RFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in basal-like BRCA patients. LINC00460 expression is a potential marker for aggressive phenotypes in distinct tumors, including HPV-negative HNSC, stage IV KIRC, locally advanced lung cancer and basal-like BRCA. We show that the LINC00460 prognostic expression effect is tissue-specific, since its upregulation can predict poor OS in some tumors, but also predicts an improved clinical course in BRCA patients. We found that the LINC00460 expression is significantly enriched in the Basal-like 2 (BL2) TNBC subtype and potentially regulates the WNT differentiation pathway. LINC00460 can also modulate a plethora of immunogenic related genes in BRCA, such as SFRP5, FOSL1, IFNK, CSF2, DUSP7 and IL1A and interacts with miR-103-a-1, in-silico, which, in turn, can no longer target WNT7A. Finally, LINC00460:WNT7A ratio constitutes a composite marker for decreased OS and DMFS in Basal-like BRCA, and can predict anthracycline therapy response in ER-BRCA patients. This evidence confirms that LINC00460 is a master regulator in BRCA molecular circuits and influences clinical outcome.

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Studies have suggested a potential role of somatic mitochondrial mutations in cancer development. To analyze the landscape of somatic mitochondrial mutation in breast cancer and to determine whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutational burden is correlated with overall survival (OS), we sequenced whole mtDNA from 92 matched-paired primary breast tumors and peripheral blood. A total of 324 germline variants and 173 somatic mutations were found in the tumors. The most common germline allele was 663G (12S), showing lower heteroplasmy levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes than in their matched tumors, even reaching homoplasmic status in several cases. The heteroplasmy load was higher in tumors than in their paired normal tissues. Somatic mtDNA mutations were found in 73.9% of breast tumors; 59% of these mutations were located in the coding region (66.7% non-synonymous and 33.3% synonymous). Although the CO1 gene presented the highest number of mutations, tRNA genes (T,C, and W), rRNA 12S, and CO1 and ATP6 exhibited the highest mutation rates. No specific mtDNA mutational profile was associated with molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and we found no correlation between mtDNA mutational burden and OS. Future investigations will provide insight into the molecular mechanisms through which mtDNA mutations and heteroplasmy shifting contribute to breast cancer development.

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Breast cancer (BRCA) is a serious public health problem, as it is the most frequent malignant tumor in women worldwide. BRCA is a molecularly heterogenic disease, particularly at gene expression (mRNAs) level. Recent evidence shows that coding RNAs represent only 34% of the total transcriptome in a human cell. The rest of the 66% of RNAs are non-coding, so we might be missing relevant biological, clinical or regulatory information. In this report, we identified nine novel tumor types from TCGA with FAM83H-AS1 deregulation. We used survival analysis to demonstrate that FAM83H-AS1 expression is a marker for poor survival in IHC-detected ER and PR positive BRCA patients and found a significant correlation between FAM83H-AS1 overexpression and tamoxifen resistance. Estrogen and Progesterone receptor expression levels interact with FAM83H-AS1 to potentiate its effect in OS prediction. FAM83H-AS1 silencing impairs two important breast cancer related pathways: cell migration and cell death. Among the most relevant potential FAM83H-AS1 gene targets, we found p63 and claudin 1 (CLDN1) to be deregulated after FAM83H-AS1 knockdown. Using correlation analysis, we show that FAM83H-AS1 can regulate a plethora of cancer-related genes across multiple tumor types, including BRCA. This evidence suggests that FAM83H-AS1 is a master regulator in different cancer types, and BRCA in particular.

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