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Pengenalan@#Soal selidik sebagai alat untuk mengukur faktor sosiobudaya berkaitan COVID-19 masih belum digunakan secara meluas oleh kebanyakan penyelidik. Di Malaysia, tiada soal selidik yang dibina dan disahkan untuk tujuan tersebut. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk membina dan mengesahkan soal selidik sebagai alat ujian yang baru bagi mengukur faktor sosiobudaya berkaitan COVID-19 dalam kalangan Orang Asli di Malaysia. @*Metodologi@#Kajian rintis ini melibatkan 30 orang penduduk Orang Asli di Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang. Indeks Kesahan Kandungan (CVI) digunakan untuk menguji kesahan kandungan soal selidik, manakala kesahan konstruk dan kebolehpercayaan konsistensi dalaman soal selidik ditentukan menggunakan Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) dan Cronbach’s Alpha. @*Hasil Kajian@#Satu set soal selidik terdiri daripada empat konstruk telah dibina iaitu kepercayaan, amalan perubatan tradisional, adat dan budaya tradisional, dan sokongan sosial. Sebanyak 16 item telah dikekalkan di dalam EFA dengan nilai Cronbach’s Alpha setiap konstruk adalah 0.617, 0.778, 0.773 dan 0.779. @*Rumusan@#Soal selidik yang telah dibina ini berjaya divalidasi dan boleh digunakan untuk mengukur faktor sosiobudaya berkaitan COVID-19 dalam kalangan Orang Asli. Walau bagaimanapun, penambahbaikan masih perlu dilakukan dari masa ke semasa untuk memastikan soal selidik ini relevan terutamanya jika ia digunakan ke atas populasi atau dari negara yang berbeza dari Malaysia, dengan mengambil kira juga penyakit yang berbeza.
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Introduction@#Concerns about the quality of life (QoL) of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder have been raised by previous study. Policy decision-makers and healthcare professionals can be better informed about the environmental factors associated with parental QoL, which will enhance outcomes for both parents and children. The objective of this review is to perform a comprehensive review that assesses the environmental relevant factors associated with quality of life (QoL) of parents of ASD children (under 18 years old).@*Methods@#To identify the environmental factors associated with parental QoL, a scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley original and enhanced framework. Three electronic database (PubMed, Scopus & WOS) and reference list checks were used in the search.@*Results@#Social support, family support, residential condition, and access to services were all factors linked to the parental quality of life in this group.@*Conclusions@#The review highlighted environmental factors as one of the variables that have an association with parental QoL. The results of this analysis also highlighted potential areas of support that have implications on future policy and practices.
RESUMEN
@#Presently there is a gross lack of information on cost and cost weights in many developing countries that implementcasemix system. Furthermore, studies that employed Activity Based Costing method (ABC) to estimate the costs of radiologyprocedures were rarely done in developing countries, including Malaysia. The main objective of this study is to determinethe costs of radiology procedures for each group in casemix system, in order to develop cost weights to be used in theimplementation of the casemix system. An economic evaluation study was conducted in all units in the Department ofRadiology in the first teaching hospital using the casemix system in Malaysia. From the 25,754 cases, 16,173 (62.8%)of them were from medical discipline. Low One Third and High One Third (L3H3) method was employed to trim theoutlier cases. Output from the trimming, 15,387 cases were included in the study. The results revealed that the totalinpatients’ charges of all the radiology procedures was RM1,820,533.00 while the cost imputed using ABC method wasRM2,970,505.54. The biggest cost component were human resources in Radiology Unit (Mobile) (57.5%), consumables(78.5%) of Endovascular Interventional Radiology (EIR) Unit, equipment (81.4%) of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Unit, reagents (68.1%) of Medical Nuclear Unit. The one highest radiology cost weight, was for Malaysia DiagnosisRelated Group (MY-DRG®)B-4-11-II (Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Neoplasms with severity level II, 2.8301). The methodof calculation of the cost of procedures need to be revised by the hospital as findings from this study showed that the costimposed to patient is lower than the actual cost.