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Background: Family planning averts unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and maternal deaths, while improving child health and socio-economic progress, but an estimated 218 million women and girls in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have an unmet need for modern family planning. Faith leaders can impact the demand and uptake of family planning. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms for effective family planning advocacy by faith leaders. Channels of Hope (CoH) is World Vision's process that engages faith leaders and faith communities to address health issues. Objectives: To determine the impact of CoH on promoting healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies and family planning (HTSP/FP) by mothers of children under two years old in select parts of Kenya and Ghana. To also determine faith leaders' attitudes, perceptions, and potential roles in influencing HTSP/FP after exposure to CoH. Methods: A mixed methods operations research comprising quantitative (quasi-experimental design with surveys of 4,372 mothers of children under two years old) and qualitative arms (in-depth interviews of 17 faith leaders and their seven spouses) was implemented. Findings: Taking both countries together, male sterilization, female condom, and LAM were the only FP methods that did not show increases from baseline to endline. Methods with the highest knowledge increases between intervention areas and control areas were implants, injectables and pills, with 18.4, 12.1 and 11.2 percentage point increases, respectively. The faith leaders in both countries reported that their views on healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies changed due to the Channels of Hope workshops. Conclusion: The HTSP/FP model has potential for positive health and social transformation that is built on the trust of faith leaders. Ghana and Kenya provide great examples of possible scenarios in order to help prepare implementers to scale the learnings of this operations research across sub-Saharan Africa.

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OBJECTIVE: Evaluate differences in the cost and prevalence of renal replacement therapies (RRTs) such as transplants, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis in Argentina, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, based on cost-effective dissemination strategies. METHODS: Costs and prevalence obtained from the main financers and providers in each country; analysis of cost-effectiveness using a Markov model with a five-year horizon, evaluating resource allocation strategies for their incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as quality-adjusted years of life. RESULTS: There is observed dispersion among countries in terms of access to and beneficial value of RRTs, affecting their prevalence and monetary breakeven point. From the cost standpoint, it is more efficient to promote transplants and peritoneal dialysis, and to discourage hemodialysis, although the availability of each RRT in each country required a specific evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting transplants saves costs, but the variable breakeven points make it necessary to determine different cost-effectiveness thresholds for each country. In Argentina and Uruguay, RRTs would be more cost-effective with an increase in the number of patients in peritoneal dialysis and higher donation rates for transplants. In Costa Rica (where there is a high transplant rate and large budgetary margin), the use of dialysis is aligned with demand and with the incidence of patients with terminal chronic kidney disease.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as diferenças de custos e prevalência das terapias de substituição renal (TSR) como o transplante, a diálise peritoneal e a hemodiálise na Argentina, na Costa Rica e no Uruguai, mediante estratégias de difusão custo-efetivas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados custos e prevalência dos principais financiadores e prestadores por país, e realizada análise de custo-efetividade mediante modelo de Markov para 5 anos, avaliando estratégias de alocação de recursos expressas pela razão de custo-efetividade incremental por ano de vida ajustado por qualidade. RESULTADOS: Foi observada, entre os países, dispersão no acesso e nos valores prestacionais de TSR, afetando sua prevalência e o ponto de equilíbrio monetário. Do ponto de vista dos custos, é mais eficiente promover a realização de transplantes e de diálise peritoneal e desestimular a indicação de hemodiálise, embora a disponibilidade de cada TSR por país tenha exigido avaliações específicas. CONCLUSÕES: Promover a realização de transplantes economiza custos, embora os pontos de equilíbrio variáveis requeiram a determinação de diferentes limiares de custo-efetividade por país. Na Argentina e no Uruguai, a administração de TSR melhoraria sua eficiência se a quantidade de pacientes em diálise peritoneal e as taxas de doação para transplantes aumentassem. Na Costa Rica (onde há taxas elevadas de transplantes e margem orçamentária), a incorporação de técnicas dialíticas é ajustada por demanda e incidência de pacientes com DRCT.

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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las diferencias de costos y prevalencia de las terapias de remplazo renal (TRR) como el trasplante, la diálisis peritoneal y la hemodiálisis en Argentina, Costa Rica y Uruguay, mediante estrategias costo-efectivas de difusión. Métodos. Costos y prevalencia de principales financiadores y prestadores por país, y análisis de costo- efectividad mediante modelo de Markov a 5 años, evaluando estrategias de asignación de recursos expresa-das por razón incremental de costo-efectividad en costo por año de vida ajustado por calidad. Resultados. Se observa dispersión entre los países en el acceso y los valores prestacionales de TRR, que afectan su prevalencia y el punto de equilibrio monetario. Desde el punto de vista de los costos, es más eficiente promover la realización de trasplantes y de diálisis peritoneal, y desalentar la indicación de hemodiálisis, aunque la disponibilidad de cada TRR por país requirió evaluaciones particulares. Conclusiones. Promover la realización de trasplantes ahorra costos, aunque los puntos de equilibrio variables requieren determinar diferentes umbrales de costo-efectividad por país. En Argentina y Uruguay, la administración de TRR mejoraría su eficiencia si se aumentan la cantidad de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y las tasas de donación para trasplantes. En Costa Rica (donde hay tasas elevadas de trasplantes y margen presupuestario), la incorporación de técnicas dialíticas se ajusta por demanda e incidencia de pacientes con ERCT.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Evaluate differences in the cost and prevalence of renal replacement therapies (RRTs) such as transplants, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis in Argentina, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, based on cost-effective dissemination strategies. Methods. Costs and prevalence obtained from the main financers and providers in each country; analysis of cost-effectiveness using a Markov model with a five-year horizon, evaluating resource allocation strategies for their incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as quality-adjusted years of life. Results. There is observed dispersion among countries in terms of access to and beneficial value of RRTs, affecting their prevalence and monetary breakeven point. From the cost standpoint, it is more efficient to promote transplants and peritoneal dialysis, and to discourage hemodialysis, although the availability of each RRT in each country required a specific evaluation. Conclusions. Promoting transplants saves costs, but the variable breakeven points make it necessary to determine different cost-effectiveness thresholds for each country. In Argentina and Uruguay, RRTs would be more cost-effective with an increase in the number of patients in peritoneal dialysis and higher donation rates for transplants. In Costa Rica (where there is a high transplant rate and large budgetary margin), the use of dialysis is aligned with demand and with the incidence of patients with terminal chronic kidney disease.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as diferenças de custos e prevalência das terapias de substituição renal (TSR) como o transplante, a diálise peritoneal e a hemodiálise na Argentina, na Costa Rica e no Uruguai, mediante estratégias de difusão custo-efetivas. Métodos. Foram avaliados custos e prevalência dos principais financiadores e prestadores por país, e realizada análise de custo-efetividade mediante modelo de Markov para 5 anos, avaliando estratégias de alocação de recursos expressas pela razão de custo-efetividade incremental por ano de vida ajustado por qualidade. Resultados. Foi observada, entre os países, dispersão no acesso e nos valores prestacionais de TSR, afetando sua prevalência e o ponto de equilíbrio monetário. Do ponto de vista dos custos, é mais eficiente promover a realização de transplantes e de diálise peritoneal e desestimular a indicação de hemodiálise, embora a disponibilidade de cada TSR por país tenha exigido avaliações específicas. Conclusões. Promover a realização de transplantes economiza custos, embora os pontos de equilíbrio variáveis requeiram a determinação de diferentes limiares de custo-efetividade por país. Na Argentina e no Uruguai, a administração de TSR melhoraria sua eficiência se a quantidade de pacientes em diálise peritoneal e as taxas de doação para transplantes aumentassem. Na Costa Rica (onde há taxas elevadas de transplantes e margem orçamentária), a incorporação de técnicas dialíticas é ajustada por demanda e incidência de pacientes com DRCT.

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The latest evidence demonstrates the importance of nurturing care from conception to lay a strong foundation for children's cognitive, socio-emotional and physical well-being. The interventions enhancing parental practices in children's health and growth, protection from neglect, abuse, and injury have lifelong impact on health, learning, economic productiveness outcomes. Existing maternal and child health delivery platforms might potentially be utilized to integrate Early Childhood Development interventions. However, there is a dearth of studies demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of an integrated MCH and ECD model. ECD component was integrated into MCH program activities, implemented and tested in Armenia. For 14 months, all mothers of children aged 0 to 23 months (1300) living in 43 communities in Gegharkunik province (Armenia) participated in the study. Twenty-three intervention communities (680 children) received added ECD package to MCH intervention, and 20 control communities (630 children) received only MCH intervention. We used a quasi-experimental intervention-control design, with pre-and post-data collected. Variables measured and compared were related to child development, nutrition status, parental child care (stimulation, discipline) and nutrition practices. Intervention sites showed 83% higher odd of total ECD composite score (cognitive, language, motor) compared to children in the control sites. Child caregivers had better child care, nutrition practices and early learning support than controls. No change was found in discipline practices and stunting rates. MCH-ECD integrated model is an effective delivery platform for improving parenting behavior, child growth, and development.

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Achieving ambitious health goals-from the Every Woman Every Child strategy to the health targets of the sustainable development goals to the renewed promise of Alma-Ata of 'health for all'-necessitates strong, functional and inclusive health systems. Improving and sustaining community health is integral to overall health systems strengthening efforts. However, while health systems and community health are conceptually and operationally related, the guidance informing health systems policymakers and financiers-particularly the well-known WHO 'building blocks' framework-only indirectly addresses the foundational elements necessary for effective community health. Although community-inclusive and community-led strategies may be more difficult, complex, and require more widespread resources than facility-based strategies, their exclusion from health systems frameworks leads to insufficient attention to elements that need ex-ante efforts and investments to set community health effectively within systems. This paper suggests an expansion of the WHO building blocks, starting with the recognition of the essential determinants of the production of health. It presents an expanded framework that articulates the need for dedicated human resources and quality services at the community level; it places strategies for organising and mobilising social resources in communities in the context of systems for health; it situates health information as one ingredient of a larger block dedicated to information, learning and accountability; and it recognises societal partnerships as critical links to the public health sector. This framework makes explicit the oft-neglected investment needs for community health and aims to inform efforts to situate community health within national health systems and global guidance to achieve health for all.

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BACKGROUND: Stronger health systems, with an emphasis on community-based primary health care, are required to help accelerate the pace of ending preventable maternal and child deaths as well as contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The success of the SDGs will require unprecedented coordination across sectors, including partnerships between public, private, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To date, little attention has been paid to the distinct ways in which NGOs (both international and local) can partner with existing national government health systems to institutionalize community health strategies. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we propose a new conceptual framework that depicts three primary pathways through which NGOs can contribute to the institutionalization of community-focused maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) strategies to strengthen health systems at the district, national or global level. To illustrate the practical application of these three pathways, we present six illustrative cases from multiple NGOs and discuss the primary drivers of institutional change. In the first pathway, "learning for leverage," NGOs demonstrate the effectiveness of new innovations that can stimulate changes in the health system through adaptation of research into policy and practice. In the second pathway, "thought leadership," NGOs disseminate lessons learned to public and private partners through training, information sharing and collaborative learning. In the third pathway, "joint venturing," NGOs work in partnership with the government health system to demonstrate the efficacy of a project and use their collective voice to help guide decision-makers. In addition to these pathways, we present six key drivers that are critical for successful institutionalization: strategic responsiveness to national health priorities, partnership with policymakers and other stakeholders, community ownership and involvement, monitoring and use of data, diversification of financial resources, and longevity of efforts. CONCLUSION: With additional research, we propose that this framework can contribute to program planning and policy making of donors, governments, and the NGO community in the institutionalization of community health strategies.

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BACKGROUND: Indonesia's progress on reducing maternal and newborn mortality rates has slowed in recent years, predominantly in rural areas. To reduce maternal and newborn mortality, access to quality and skilled care, particularly at the facility level, is crucial. Yet, accessing such care is often delayed when maternal and newborn complications arise. Using the "Three Delays" model originated by Thaddeus and Maine (1994), investigation into reasons for delaying the decision to seek care, delaying arrival at a health facility, and delaying the receiving of adequate care, may help in establishing more focused interventions to improve maternal and newborn health in this region. METHODS: This qualitative study focused on identifying, analyzing, and describing illness recognition and care-seeking patterns related to maternal and newborn complications in the Jayawijaya district of Papua province, Indonesia. Group interviews were conducted with families and other caregivers from within 15 villages of Jayawijaya who had either experienced a maternal or newborn illness or maternal or newborn death. RESULTS: For maternal cases, excessive bleeding after delivery was recognized as a danger sign, and the process to decide to seek care was relatively quick. The decision-making process was mostly dominated by the husband. Most care was started at home by birth attendants, but the majority sought care outside of the home within the public health system. For newborn cases, most of the caregivers could not easily recognize newborn danger signs. Parents acted as the main decision-makers for seeking care. Decisions to seek care from a facility, such as the clinic or hospital, were only made when healthcare workers could not handle the case within the home. All newborn deaths were associated with delays in seeking care due to caretaker limitations in danger sign identification, whereas all maternal deaths were associated with delays in receiving appropriate care at facility level. CONCLUSIONS: For maternal health, emphasis needs to be placed on supply side solutions, and for newborn health, emphasis needs to be placed on demand and supply side solutions, probably including community-based interventions. Contextualized information for the design of programs aimed to affect maternal and newborn health is a prerequisite.

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BACKGROUND: Although maternal and newborn mortality have decreased 44 and 46% respectively between 1990 and 2015, achievement of ambitious Sustainable Development Goal targets requires accelerated progress. Mortality reduction requires a renewed focus on the continuum of maternal and newborn care from the household to the health facility. Although barriers to accessing skilled care are documented for specific contexts, there is a lack of systematic evidence on how women and families identify maternal and newborn illness and make decisions and subsequent care-seeking patterns. The focus of this multi-country study was to identify and describe illness recognition, decision-making, and care-seeking patterns across various contexts among women and newborns who survived and died to ultimately inform programmatic priorities moving forward. METHODS: This study was conducted in seven countries-Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, India, Indonesia, and Nepal. Mixed-methods were utilized including event narratives (group interviews), in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FDGs), rapid facility assessments, and secondary analyses of existing program data. A common protocol and tools were developed in collaboration with study teams and adapted for each site, as needed. Sample size was a minimum of five cases of each type (e.g., perceived postpartum hemorrhage, maternal death, newborn illness, and newborn death) for each study site, with a total of 84 perceived PPH, 45 maternal deaths, 83 newborn illness, 55 newborn deaths, 64 IDIs/FGDs, and 99 health facility assessments across all sites. Analysis included coding within and across cases, identifying broad themes on recognition of illness, decision-making, and patterns of care seeking, and corresponding contextual factors. Technical support was provided throughout the process for capacity building, quality assurance, and consistency across sites. CONCLUSION: This study provides rigorous evidence on how women and families recognize and respond to maternal and newborn illness. By using a common methodology and tools, findings not only were site-specific but also allow for comparison across contexts.

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A current issue on the settlement of the Americas refers to the lack of morphological affinities between early Holocene human remains (Palaeoamericans) and modern Amerindian groups, as well as the degree of contribution of the former to the gene pool of the latter. A different origin for Palaeoamericans and Amerindians is invoked to explain such a phenomenon. Under this hypothesis, the origin of Palaeoamericans must be traced back to a common ancestor for Palaeoamericans and Australians, which departed from somewhere in southern Asia and arrived in the Australian continent and the Americas around 40,000 and 12,000 years before present, respectively. Most modern Amerindians are believed to be part of a second, morphologically differentiated migration. Here we present evidence of a modern Amerindian group from the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico, showing clearer affinities with Palaeoamerican remains than with modern Amerindians. Climatic changes during the Middle Holocene probably generated the conditions for isolation from the continent, restricting the gene flow of the original group with northern populations, which resulted in the temporal continuity of the Palaeoamerican morphological pattern to the present.

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El flujo supraorbitario es el resultado de la compensación hidrodinámica entre el sistema carotídeo interno y externo. Las arterias vertebrales junto con las carótidas internas son las encargadas de irrigar el tallo cerebral, lugar de asiento de los centros de coordinación del equilibrio. La prevalencia de una estenosis significativa de la arteria carótida interna está relacionada con la edad, sexo y los factores de riesgo como el tabaquismo, la diabetes, la hipertensión y la hipercolesterolemia. La aterosclerosis de la aorta abdominal, se desarrolla de manera temprana y las arterias carótidas y coronarias se afectan cinco a 10 años después. La aterosclerosis carótidas tiene una marcada tendencia a desarrollarse en la bifurcación a nivel del bulbo (seno carotídeo, extendiéndose 2 cm en dirección cefálica hacia el origen de la arteria carótida interna, este fenómeno puede suceder sin que se provoquen síntomas, y se la fuente de mocroembolismos a nivel superior. Usando el ultrasonido Doppler se ha encontrado una prevalencia mayor de 50 por ciento en la población entre 45 y 65 años con un 3 al 7 por ciento. Al estudiar 2500 pacientes con vétigo, Bertora y Bergmann encontraron que el 48.16 por ciento de los casos tienen antecedentes de origen vascular predominando dentro de este grupo las patologías secundarias a procesos de alteraciones hidrodinámicas dentro del capilar con 20.91 por ciento para la hipotensión y 20.34 por ciento para la hipertensión. En nuestro estudio (100 pacientes) tenemos similares resultados. El síntoma vértigo puede presentarse en el 90 por ciento de los casos en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones, desde inestabilidad hasta pérdida total del equilibrio como consecuencia. De este modo es importante tener un método de diagnóstico fácil, rápido, confiable y de relativo bajo costo para la valoración de estos pacientes, encontrando en el Doppler estas características, aunado a ser un método no invasivo y multiplanar, con una exactitud diagnóstica de 90 por ciento aproximadamente para algunos casos. A Través de la Ultrasonografía Doppler de cabeza y cuello (USD), el médico puede auxiliarse para complementar su mejor diagnóstico, correlacionando los antecedentes, cuadro clínico, resultados vestibulares (exploración de los sistemas vestibuloespinal, retinoocular, vestibuloocular del paciente con vértigo)

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