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AIM: This study aims to describe culturally and linguistically diverse nurses' experiences of how they transferred their competence to meet professional competence requirements in non-English speaking environment. BACKGROUND: Competence is one factor that affects culturally and linguistically diverse nurses' integration into the working environment. In this study, knowledge, skills, values and personal traits are included in the holistic competence concept. DESIGN: Qualitative. METHODS: A total of 24 culturally and linguistically diverse nurses involved in Finnish health care participated in this qualitative study. Data were collected through snowball sampling during the summer of 2021 using semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analysed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: The data analysis revealed a total of five main categories describing culturally and linguistically diverse nurses' experiences: 1) before immigration; 2) competence requirements in the country of immigration; 3) assessment of competencies; 4) support factors; and 5) hardships. CONCLUSION: Degree recognition, colleagues' tolerance towards culturally and linguistically diverse nurses at the workplace and continuous education focusing on local language could improve culturally and linguistically diverse nurses' integration into the working environment.

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We studied testicular growth and psychosexual development in 41 young males who had survived malignancies in childhood. The focus of the study was evaluation of the connection between the possible pathologies of these two phenomena. The size of the testicles was measured in millilitres and compared with reference values. The psychosexual development was evaluated using three approaches: the interviewer's evaluation, the patient's subjective assessment and information gained by specific questions. On the basis of the developmental theory of adolescence described by Blos, the appropriate development in each criterion was defined. Our results indicated that both psychosexual and somatic development were impaired. A significant relationship existed between testicular size and three criteria assessed by the patients: the patients who felt that their pubertal development was different from that of their peers, those who felt that their developmental failures were related to their personal medical histories, and those who did not feel that they had the ability to have sexual intercourse and/or children. The last group had significantly smaller testicles than the others. We speculate that the perception of the small size of testicles may trigger the psychological experiences of failed development, leading to narcissistic problems in adolescent development. In order to prevent these harmful consequences it will be necessary for different specialists to work together with the families and patients.

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A relationship appears to exist between prolactin metabolism and psychosexual development. We studied pubertal stage, testicular size, and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin concentrations in 94 adolescent males who had survived malignancies in childhood. Of the patients, 22% had elevated serum prolactin, > 300 mU/L. In multivariate analysis, the only therapeutic agents or treatments found to be independently associated with prolactin concentration were cisplatin and cytosine arabinose. Administration of cisplatin was associated with an increase of 55 m U/L (p < 0.01) and that of cytosine arabinoside with an increase of 23 mU/L (p < 0.01) in serum prolactin concentration. Serum prolactin concentration correlated with serum FSH (r = 0.26, p = 0.16) and LH (r = 0.30, p = 0.005). In 45 of the patients 10 criteria of psychosexual development were evaluated using a personal, semi-structured, and psychodynamically-oriented interview. A significant inverse relation existed between serum prolactin concentration and dating with the opposite sex (p = 0.008); none of the patients with elevated serum prolactin were dating. We conclude that even a slight elevation of serum prolactin above normal is associated with or may be reflected in the psychosexual development of adolescent males who have survived malignancies in childhood.

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We studied the development of psychosexuality and object relationships in 58 young males who had survived malignancies in childhood. Using a psychodynamically oriented, semistructured psychiatric interview, we formed 13 criteria for comparisons between patients over and under 18 years of age. Of these 13 criteria, 12 showed that development was equally problematic for the older and younger patients. Our findings indicate that, in many patients, the adolescent process remains problematic during development, with obvious difficulties in establishing the final sexual organization, separating from internalized primary objects, and making contacts with same-sex and opposite-sex peers.

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We studied psychosexual development in 28 adolescent males who had survived leukemia and compared it with that in 25 adolescent males who had survived other malignancies in childhood. A clinical semistructured psychiatric interview was used to form 8 criteria of psychosexual development. Sexual identity was also assessed using a psychological test. By every criterion, development was more disturbed in patients who had survived leukemia. Attitudes toward adult-type genital sexuality, contact ability with the opposite sex, and the developmental level of sexuality were most significantly affected.

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