RESUMEN
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) during pregnancy has been associated with childhood obesity. Research in which rodent dams have been given high-fat/high-sugar diets has consistently found metabolic alterations in their offspring. However, what remains unclear is the potential impact on the developing fetus of giving sugar in isolation at concentrations similar to SSBs to the mothers. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (Protocol No: 127115 on Prospero) to identify potential relationships between maternal sucrose consumption and metabolic outcomes in offspring of rodent (rat or mouse) models. We analysed studies that provided rodent mothers dams with access to sucrose solutions (8-20% w/v) prior to conception, during pregnancy and/or lactation and that reported offspring outcomes of body weight (BW), body composition and glycaemic control. Following a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus) performed on 15 January 2019, maternal and offspring data from 15 papers were identified for inclusion. Only rat studies were identified. Meta-analyses were performed on standardised mean differences for maternal and offspring BW and fasting glucose levels, with subgroup analyses of strain, sucrose concentration, exposure period and sex of offspring. A bias towards the inclusion of only data from male offspring was identified and this limited interpretation of potential sexually dimorphic outcomes. Maternal sucrose exposure was associated with an increased risk of obesity and poor glucose disposal in adult and aged offspring.
Asunto(s)
Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Sacarosa/efectos adversos , Edulcorantes/efectos adversos , Composición Corporal , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Control Glucémico , Humanos , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Little is known about possible effects of maternal non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption on the metabolic health of a child. Animal models of maternal NNS consumption during pregnancy or weaning have yielded widely varying results, and there appears to be no clear consensus on the consequences for offspring body weight, glycaemic control or sweet preference choices. Moreover, heterogeneity in study design has hampered a clear focus for future research relevant to human health. In an effort to bring clarity, we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (protocol no: CRD42018109509) in animal models (rat or mouse) of maternal NNS feeding (compared to water or basal diet) during pre-gestation, pregnancy or lactation. Four databases were searched from inception to 15th September 2018: PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science. We present maternal and offspring data from 24 included studies, which have been quantitatively analysed after study quality assessment, to identify relationships between maternal diet and offspring body weight (BW), feeding behaviour and glycaemic control. In 11 data sets, exposure to NNS reduced maternal BW during pregnancy, with no effect on litter outcomes. Meta-analyses on offspring BW during weaning (1123 offspring) and adulthood (646 offspring) identified small decreases in BW for both sexes. Subgroup analyses revealed reductions in BW of rat, but not mouse models. High dosage appears to be a potential factor for reduced palatability that could influence BW results; however, a lack of reported data limited our ability to confirm. Despite this, and the fact many papers were predisposed to bias, the balance of evidence suggests a maternal NNS diet during pregnancy or lactation did not increase the body weight in offspring.
Asunto(s)
Edulcorantes no Nutritivos/efectos adversos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/psicología , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Control Glucémico , Ratones , Modelos Animales , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Ratas , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: CD36 is known to be an orosensory receptor for dietary long-chain fatty acids, as well as being involved in the chemosensory mechanisms within the human gut. Recent data have demonstrated an association between CD36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and lipid consumption behaviours in humans. This study aimed to test for associations between CD36 SNPs and response to a high-fat meal in a young healthy Australian cohort. Secondary associations were tested between CD36 gene variants and fasting lipid parameters, body composition, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and measures of oral fat preference. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two SNPs (rs1527479 and rs1984112) were assessed for associations with response to a 75 g saturated fat oral fat tolerance test (OFTT), whole-body substrate oxidation, fasting plasma lipids, CVD risk factors and self-reported habitual diet questionnaires. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Cross-sectional data were collected on 56 individuals (28 m, 28 f; 24.9±3.3 years), with 42 completing participation in a high-fat OFTT. No genotypic associations were evident in anthropometric data or self-reported fat preference measures. AA SNP carriers at rs1984112 exhibited significantly elevated fasting triglyceride when compared with non-carriers (P=0.024). This group also tended to have an elevated response to a high-fat meal (P=0.078). CONCLUSIONS: Although these data show the potential pleiotropic influence of CD36 SNP rs1984112 on lipoprotein accumulation in a young healthy cohort, further assessment in a larger cohort is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD36/genética , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/genética , Grasas de la Dieta , Preferencias Alimentarias , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Comidas , Composición Corporal , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Registros de Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Gales del Sur , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Although iron deficiency is common in women especially during dieting, weight management trials rarely examine the longitudinal impact of genetics on iron. This study examined the associations between the TMPRSS6 rs855791 polymorphism and iron indices at baseline and after a 12-month trial comparing two weight loss diets (higher-protein, higher-haem iron (HPHI) vs lower-protein, lower-haem iron (LPLI)). A total of 76 young overweight women (18-25y; BMI⩾27.5 kg/m(2)) were included at baseline, with 27 (HPHI: n=15; LPLI: n=12) completing the 12-month trial. At baseline, C allele homozygotes exhibited higher serum iron (P=0.047) and lower hepcidin (P=0.023) compared with T allele carriers. After 12 months, no genotypic differences were observed for ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor, although C homozygotes on HPHI showed higher serum iron and transferrin saturation (P<0.05). Results indicate that rs855791 can influence iron metabolism to some extent, but its impact on storage and functional iron status is small relative to dietary protein/iron manipulation.
Asunto(s)
Restricción Calórica , Hierro de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Sobrepeso/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Anemia Ferropénica/sangre , Anemia Ferropénica/dietoterapia , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Dieta Reductora , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ferritinas/sangre , Frecuencia de los Genes , Hepcidinas/sangre , Humanos , Hierro de la Dieta/sangre , Estudios Longitudinales , Sobrepeso/sangre , Polimorfismo Genético , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Clinical research on weight management in young women is limited. This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of two iso-energetically restricted (5600 kJ) diets [higher protein (HP): 32% protein, 41% carbohydrate, 25% fat or higher carbohydrate (HC): 20, 58, 21%, respectively] in 71 (HP: n = 36; HC: n = 35) young healthy women (18-25 years; body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) for weight (kg; percent weight loss), body composition, metabolic and iron changes assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. DATA: mean (95% CI). In HP completers at 6 months, percent weight loss was higher [HP: 9.3 (5.6-13.1); HC: 5.1 (2.3-7.9)%; p = 0.06]; although, this did not reach statistical significance. Absolute weight [HP: 8.9 (5.3-12.5); HC: 4.6 (2.2-7.0) kg; p = 0.034] and fat loss [HP: 8.0 (4.4-11.5); HC: 3.4 (1.3-5.6) kg; p = 0.022] were significantly greater. No significant between-diet differences were observed at 12 months. Biochemistry remained within normal ranges with HP showing superior preservation of ferritin at 6 months [HP: 53 (40-66); HC: 46 (30-61) µg/l; p = 0.029]. Both diets supported clinically meaningful weight loss with HP tending to be more effective in the medium-term.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Reductora/métodos , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Sobrepeso/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Humanos , Sobrepeso/sangre , Resultado del Tratamiento , Pérdida de PesoRESUMEN
The mechanistic link between obese parents and obese offspring and the relative role of genes, and a shared environment is not completely understood. Animal models help us to differentiate between genetic and environmental factors, and the interaction between the two. However, the willingness of researchers to blend results from multiple models makes it difficult for clear mechanisms to be identified for specific hypothesis-driven research. As such we conducted a systematic review of animal models of maternal high fat feeding in an effort to identify the affect on the offspring glycaemic control. Maternal and offspring outcomes are reported in an effort to identify possible relationships to facilitate and focus on future research. We present here data from 11 studies investigating glycaemic control in offspring exposed to a high fat diet (HFD) during maternal gestation only or gestation and lactation. Studies in this review identify a real risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity in male offspring exposed to a maternal HFD. Poor glycaemic control in the offspring appears to be independent of maternal obesity, birth weight or post-weaning macronutrient intake. Inconsistencies between studies however, limit our capacity to identify mechanisms for the developmental origin of these diseases in animal models of overnutrition.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales , Obesidad/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso al Nacer/fisiología , Femenino , Lactancia , Masculino , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , DesteteRESUMEN
The benefits of dietary creatine supplementation on muscle performance are generally related to an increase in muscle phosphocreatine content. However, creatine supplementation may benefit endurance sports through increased glycogen re-synthesis following exercise. This study investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on muscle glycogen content, submaximal exercise fuel utilisation and endurance performance following 4 weeks of endurance training. Thirteen healthy, physically active, non-vegetarian subjects volunteered to take part and completed the study. Subjects were supplemented with either creatine monohydrate (CREAT, n = 7) or placebo-maltodextrin (CON, n = 6). Submaximal fuel utilisation and endurance performance were assessed before and after a 4 week endurance training program. Muscle biopsies were also collected before and following training for assessment of muscle creatine and glycogen content. Training increased quadriceps glycogen content to the same degree (approximately 20%) in both groups (P = 0.04). There was a significant training effect on submaximal fuel utilisation and improved endurance performance. However, there was no significant treatment effect of creatine supplementation. Creatine supplementation does not effect metabolic adaptations to endurance training.