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RESUMEN Las actividades académicas, como los congresos, son muy importantes para la investigación y el desarrollo; sin embargo, las emisiones de carbono derivadas de la realización de eventos presenciales han mostrado estar muy por encima de las que producen eventos en línea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar las emisiones generadas por el 5º Congreso Nacional y 1º Internacional de Ciencias Ambientales "Las Ciencias Ambientales en el Antropoceno", celebrado virtualmente, en su mayor parte. Se estimaron las emisiones del uso directo de computadores y de software (emisiones de los computadores, emisiones de la transferencia de los datos) y las emisiones de otras fuentes (reuniones de los organizadores, búsquedas y visitas a la página Web, uso de monitores externos y lámparas), así como las emisiones evitadas por transporte aéreo y terrestre. El congreso emitió 4,8 tCO2eq y evitó 33 tCO2eq. El desarrollo de eventos online o híbridos es más sostenible ambientalmente y podría ser más accesibles, a un mayor número de personas.
ABSTRACT Academic activities such as conferences are very important for research and development, however, carbon emissions derived from face-to-face events have been shown to be much higher than those produced by online events. The aim of this work was to estimate CO2 emissions generated by the 5th National Congress and 1st International Congress of Environmental Sciences "Environmental Sciences in the Anthropocene". Emissions from direct use of computers and software (emissions from computers, emissions from data transfer) and emissions from other sources (meetings of the organizers, searches and visits to the website, use of external monitors and lamps), as well as emissions avoided by air and land transport. The congress emitted 4.8 tCO2eq and avoided 33 tCO2eq. The development of online or hybrid events is more environmentally sustainable and could be more accessible to a greater number of people.
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We developed a conceptual framework that describes the key role of ecosystem services in urban ecological infrastructure. From this framework we analyze how research on ecosystem services has been addressed in cities of Latin America and the Caribbean, in order to discuss their incorporation into policies of urban planning, in the context of nature-based solutions and sustainable development goals. Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Argentina represent 90% of research in urban ecosystem services, all of them except Colombia had carried out studies considering green, blue and gray-hybrid infrastructures. However, green-hybrid infrastructure clustered most of the studies. Ecosystem service supply component and intermediate beneficiaries are the most studied. Our results show that most studies have not been developed from the perspective of the biophysical, sociocultural or economic assessment of ecosystem services, on the contrary we recognized or deduced them from proxy variables found within the studies. Our findings suggest that the study of urban ecosystem services in Latin America and the Caribbean is in development and has begun to increase in the last decade. However, we found that the incorporation of urban ecosystem services in urban planning is low, but at the same time, it is in a promising development related to the application of innovative actions such as nature-based solutions and in support of the new global urban agenda.
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BACKGROUND: We describe the database of trees and shrubs of tropical dry forest patches of the Magdalena upper river basin in Colombia, preserved in the Herbarium of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales. The dataset includes 211 taxa, from which 156 were identified to species. We reported 48 families and 137 genera. The most species rich and abundant families were Fabaceae and Rubiaceae and the most abundant species was Talisia stricta (Sapindaceae). We found differences in diversity between north and south zones of the study area. NEW INFORMATION: The Magdalena river upper watershed region is an important tropical dry forest conservation area. Twenty nine species and 4 genera recorded in this study have not been reported in previous reviews of the region. Additionally, Oxandra espintana is reported in literature as critically endangered and Aspidosperma polyneuron is reported as endangered, but there are no studies about their conservation status in the region. Our results suggest the strong need to develop additional inventories of plants that contribute to the knowledge of the plant diversity of this ecosystem in the region and studies of their conservation status.
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RESUMEN Se estudió la diversidad vegetal en parcelas de bosques de galería, bosques de vega, morichales, matas de monte, bancos de sabana, bajos de sabana y esteros, así como de inventarios ad libitum. En total, se registraron 318 especies y 206 géneros de 80 familias, siendo la más diversa la familia Poaceae, con 29 especies, seguida de Euphorbiaceae, con 17 especies. Los géneros más diversos fueron Phyllantus y Panicum, con siete especies. Los tipos de vegetación con mayor riqueza fueron los bosques de galería, los bajos de sabana y los morichales. La composición, a nivel de familias en los bosques, es similar a la reportada en otros estudios, pero las especies son diferentes, sugiriendo dominancia local, debida a la heterogeneidad espacial. Con este estudio, se incrementó el número de especies registradas para el departamento de Casanare, de 1.479 a 1.562.
SUMMARY We studied plant diversity in forest plots of bosques de galería, bosques de vega, morichales, matas de monte, bancos de sabana, bajos de sabana y esteros, as well as ad libitum inventories. A total of 318 species and 80 genera of 206 families were found, being Poaceae the most diverse family with 29 species, followed by Euphorbiaceae with 17 species. The most diverse genera were Phyllantus and Panicum with seven species. The types of vegetation with the greatest diversity were bosques de galería, bajos de sabana and morichales. The composition of families in forests is similar to that reported in other studies, but species composition is different suggesting local dominance due to spatial heterogeneity. With this study, there was an increase in the number of species recorded for the department of Casanare from 1479 to 1562.
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BACKGROUND: In Colombia, ethnobotanical studies regarding plant cultural significance (CS) in tropical dry forests are scarce and mainly focused on the Caribbean region. Different authors have indicated that the plants with the most uses are those of greater cultural importance. Additionally, gender differences in knowledge and interest in natural resources has been widely recorded. This study evaluated the cultural significance of plants in the Doche community, in the Department of Huila. Furthermore, it evaluates the richness of plant knowledge among local inhabitants, looking for testing the hypothesis that the CS of plants positively correlates to the number of uses people inform about, and that there are significant differences on the richness of ethnobotanical knowledge between men and women in this community. METHODS: The ethnobotanical categories: "food," "condiment," "economy," "fodder," "firewood," "timber", "medicine," and "others" were established to carry out semi-structured interviews, social cartography, and ethnobotanical walks. The frequency of mention was calculated as a measure of CS. The richness of knowledge of each collaborator was obtained. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine whether differences between the numbers of mentioned species existed between genders and ethnobotanical categories. Finally, Pearson correlation tests determined the relationship between CS and the number of ethnobotanical categories. RESULTS: A hundred useful species were registered in crops and forests. The most abundant categories were medicinal (45 species), firewood (30), and fodder (28). The most culturally significant species according to frequency of mention were Pseudosamanea guachapele, Guazuma ulmifolia, Manihot esculenta, and Musa balbisiana. The species with the most registered uses (five) were Guazuma ulmifolia and Gliricidia sepium. We found a correlation between CS and the number of uses per ethnobotanical category, but no significant difference between genders regarding ethnobotanical knowledge. CONCLUSION: Frequency of mention provides relevant information about the CS of species. Furthermore, it aids to establish sustainable use of tropical dry forests without loss of resources parting from strategies designed from within the Doche community and based on their ethnobotanical knowledge. We found that the number of uses of a plant is correlated with its degree of cultural importance. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between genders regarding ethnobotanical knowledge; that is, both men and women have similar roles in the community, which allows them to recognize the same uses per species.