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The use of creatine monohydrate (Cr) in professional soccer is widely documented. However, the effect of low doses of Cr on the physical performance of young soccer players is unknown. This study determined the effect of a low dose of orally administered Cr on muscle power after acute intra-session fatigue in young soccer players. Twenty-eight young soccer players (mean age = 17.1 ± 0.9 years) were randomly assigned to either a Cr (n = 14, 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 for 14 days) or placebo group (n = 14), using a two-group matched, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Before and after supplementation, participants performed 21 repetitions of 30 m (fatigue induction), and then, to measure muscle power, they performed four repetitions in half back squat (HBS) at 65% of 1RM. Statistical analysis included a two-factor ANOVA (p ˂ 0.05). Bar velocity at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.22; group: p = 0.0431, ŋp2 = 0.12, time × group p = 0.0744, ŋp2 = 0.02. Power at HBS, time: p = 0.0006, ŋp2 = 0.12; group: p = 0.16, ŋp2 = 0.06, time × group: p = 0.17, ŋp2 = 0.009. At the end of the study, it was found that, after the induction of acute intra-session fatigue, a low dose of Cr administered orally increases muscle power in young soccer players.

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A good muscle quality index (MQI) may have an inverse relationship with psychosocial variables of depression, anxiety, and stress in adolescents. Unfortunately, little scientific evidence has related MQI to psychosocial variables in this population. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the relationship between the MQI and psychosocial variables of depression, anxiety, and stress in Chilean adolescents. In this quantitative correlational design study, sixty adolescents participated voluntarily (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: age 15.11 ± 1.78 years). Anthropometric parameters, prehensile strength, MQI, and psychosocial variables were evaluated. The results showed that adolescents with high levels of MQI presented lower levels of depression (7.50 ± 6.06 vs. 10.97 ± 5.94), anxiety (5.64 ± 4.81 vs. 9.66 ± 5.12), and stress (6.79 ± 5.09 vs. 10 ± 5.58), in addition to reported lower abdominal obesity (WtHR, 0.47 ± 0.07 vs. 0.52 ± 0.07) than those with low levels of MQI. The group with high levels of MQI reported a higher prevalence of nonanxiety (81.3%, p = 0.031) and a lower prevalence of abdominal obesity (55.8%, p = 0.023). Likewise, a significant inverse association was evidenced between MQI and depression (ß; -6.18, 95% CI; -10.11: -2.25, p = 0.003), anxiety (ß; -6.61, 95% CI; -9.83: -3.39, p < 0.001) and stress (ß; -4.90, 95% CI; -8.49: -1.32 p = 0.008). In conclusion, the results suggest that high levels of MQI are associated with a higher prevalence of nonanxiety in adolescents and a significant inverse association between MQI and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress.

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The Y509E mutant of ß-xylosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (XynB2Y509E) (which also bears xylanase activity) has been immobilized in chitosan spheres through either entrapment or covalent bond formation methods. The maximum immobilization yield by entrapment was achieved by chitosan beads developed using a 2% chitosan solution after 1 h of maturation time in CFG buffer with ethanol. On the other hand, the highest value in covalent bond immobilization was observed when employing chitosan beads that were prepared from a 2% chitosan solution after 4 h of activation in 1% glutaraldehyde solution at pH 8. The activity expressed after immobilization by covalent bonding was 23% higher compared to the activity expressed following entrapment immobilization, with values of 122.3 and 99.4 IU.g-1, respectively. Kinetic data revealed that catalytic turnover values were decreased as compared to a free counterpart. Both biocatalysts showed increased thermal and pH stability, along with an improved storage capacity, as they retained 88% and 40% of their activity after being stored at 4 °C for two months. Moreover, XynB2Y509E immobilized by covalent binding also exhibited outstanding reusability, retaining 92% of activity after 10 cycles of reuse. In conclusion, our results suggest that the covalent bond method appears to be the best choice for XynB2Y509E immobilization.

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Sandy beaches are part of an integral social-ecological system whose management has to encompass the natural and societal features of the catchment and the adjacent marine area, as well as the beach itself. Using a multi-use and complex beach system in Uruguay, the La Coronilla and Barra del Chuy resort, we interrogate those natural and societal features by employing the DAPSI(W)R(M) cause-consequence-response cycle and pathways. This identifies the Drivers, Activities, Pressures, State change on the natural system, Impacts (on the Welfare of the human system), and the Responses (requiring management Measures). We contend that this approach is needed for the sustainable development and use of this ecosystem and its biodiversity protection. This also indicates the importance of a holistic and systems approach, which is necessary, valid and valuable for sandy beaches worldwide.

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Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of the Y509E mutant of glycoside hydrolase family 52 ß-xylosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus with dual activity of ß-xylosidase and xylanase (XynB2Y509E) were prepared. Ammonium sulfate was used as the precipitant agent, and glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. The optimum conditions were found to be 90% ammonium sulfate, 12.5 mM glutaraldehyde, 3 h of cross-linking reaction at 25 °C, and pH 8.5. Under these (most effective) conditions, XynB2Y509E-CLEAs retained 92.3% of their original ß-xylosidase activity. Biochemical characterization of both crude and immobilized enzymes demonstrated that the maximum pH and temperature after immobilization remained unchanged (pH 6.5 and 65 °C). Moreover, an improvement in pH stability and thermostability was also found after immobilization. Analysis of kinetic parameters shows that the K m value of XynB2Y509E-CLEAs obtained was slightly higher than that of free XynB2Y509E (1.2 versus 0.9 mM). Interestingly, the xylanase activity developed by the mutation was also conserved after the immobilization process.

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We investigated the ancestral origins of four Ecuadorian ethnic groups-Afro-Ecuadorian, Mestizo, Montubio, and the Indigenous Tsáchila-in an effort to gain insight on the relationship between ancestry, culture, and the formation of ethnic identities in Latin America. The observed patterns of genetic ancestry are largely concordant with ethnic identities and historical records of conquest and colonization in Ecuador. Nevertheless, a number of exceptional findings highlight the complex relationship between genetic ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador. Afro-Ecuadorians show far less African ancestry, and the highest levels of Native American ancestry, seen for any Afro-descendant population in the Americas. Mestizos in Ecuador show high levels of Native American ancestry, with substantially less European ancestry, despite the relatively low Indigenous population in the country. The recently recognized Montubio ethnic group is highly admixed, with substantial contributions from all three continental ancestries. The Tsáchila show two distinct ancestry subgroups, with most individuals showing almost exclusively Native American ancestry and a smaller group showing a Mestizo characteristic pattern. Considered together with historical data and sociological studies, our results indicate the extent to which ancestry and culture interact, often in unexpected ways, to shape ethnic identity in Ecuador.

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Objective: this paper aims to perform diagnostic screening of HPV in healthy Ecuadorian mestizo women, from seven provinces, and compare the findings with other Latin American populations. Material and methods: genotyping was done with two different oligonucleotides MY09 and MY11; a fragment of 450 base pairs was amplified,L1 region of the viral genome. Results: it analyzed 555 women, 35 were positive for HPV (6.3%). Genotypes found in relation to oncogenic risk, were 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 81. 12/35 women (34.3%) presented high-risk genotypes. Four positive cases were also observed in women older than 55 years (0.36%). The 14 published studies of Ecuadorian women showed that the most prevalent genotypes are 16, 18, 31, 52, 53, 56 and 58; while in the eight Latin American Studies the most prevalent are 16, 18, 31, 45, 52 and 58. Conclusion: although there are several studies on HPV genotyping on Latin American populations, there is an important gap related to ethnicity and the prevalence of the virus. In addition, most of them have not compared similar and common subtypes in the population. The general prevalence of HPV in the studied population was 6.3%. It found that genotypes 16, 18, 31, 52, 53, 56 and 58 are the most prevalent in Ecuadorian normal mestizo women. Genotypes 53 and 56 are common in Latino populations. Larger studies, in different ethnic groups are needed to identify other prevalent genotypes in certain geographical areas..(AU)

Objetivo: realizar tamizaje diagnóstico de VPH en mujeres mestizas ecuatorianas sanas, de siete provincias, y comparar los hallazgos con otras poblaciones latinoamericanas. Material y métodos: el genotipado se realizó con dos oligonucleótidos diferentes MY09 y MY11; se amplificó un fragmento de 450 pares de bases, correspondiente a la región L1 del genoma viral. Resultados: se analizó 555 mujeres, 35 fueron positivas para VPH (6,3%). Los genotipos encontrados en relación con el riesgo oncogénico fueron 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 81. 12/35 mujeres (34,3%) presentaron genotipos de alto riesgo. También se observaron cuatro casos positivos en mujeres mayores de 55 años (0,36%). Los 14 estudios publicados de mujeres ecuatorianas mostraron que los genotipos más prevalentes son 16, 18, 31, 52, 53, 56 y 58; mientras que en los ocho estudios latinoamericanos los más prevalentes son 16, 18, 31, 45, 52 y 58. Conclusión: aunque existen estudios sobre la prevalencia de VPH, aún existe una brecha sobre la relación entre la etnicidad y la prevalencia del virus. Además, los estudios en América Latina no han comparado subtipos similares y comunes en la población. La prevalencia general del VPH en la población estudiada fue del 6,3%. Este estudio encontró que los genotipos 16, 18, 31, 52, 53, 56 y 58 son los más prevalentes en las mujeres mestizas ecuatorianas sanas. Los genotipos 53 y 56 son los más comunes en las poblaciones latinas. Se necesitan estudios más grandes, en diferentes grupos étnicos para identificar otros genotipos prevalentes en ciertas áreas geográficas..(AU)

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Objective: to determine the relationship and association of early sepsis with interleukin- 6 measured in umbilical blood, as well as gestational age and birth weight, prenatal history of the mother pathologies during pregnancy, in newborns at the Neonatology Service of Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (Quito). Material and methods: epidemiological, observational, analytical, cross-sectional. 200 newborns were analyzed. IL-6 was determined by Elisa. Results: newborn mean gestational age 38.4±2 weeks, mean weight 2871±532.4 grams, cutoff point interleukin 6 ≤14pg/uL; male sex was 43.9%, female sex 56.1%; preeclampsia of the mother 22.4%, infection of the urinary tract during pregnancy 20.4%; vaginitis/vaginosis 19.4%; IL6 values ≤ 14 pg/uL in 63.3% of patients; IL6 values of >14 pg/uL 36.7%; relationship with sepsis in all, p<0.05; relationship of prenatal pre-maternity of the mother and neonatal sepsis, p<0.05; relationship between vaginitis/vaginosis of the mother with neonatal sepsis; p<0.05; OR: 38.88 IC95% (4.912-307.728); association between sepsis and risk factors, IL6, gestational age in weeks, weight, prenatal preeclampsia and urinary tract infection, vaginitis/vaginosis, p<0.05. Conclusion: it is concluded that there is a correlation of risk factors, such as gestational age in weeks, weight, prenatal preeclampsia, UTI prior to birth, vaginitis/vaginosis, and values of interleukin 6 ≤ 14 pg/uL. The mean gestational age was 38.4 weeks, and average weight 2871 grams in the newborns analyzed..(AU)

Objetivo: determinar la relación de sepsis temprana con interleucina 6 medida en sangre umbilical, así como la edad gestacional y el peso al nacer, antecedentes prenatales de patologías maternas durante el embarazo, en recién nacidos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín (Quito). Material y métodos: estudio epidemiológico, observacional, analítico, transversal. Se analizaron 200 recién nacidos. La IL-6 fue determinada por Elisa. Resultados: edad gestacional promedio del recién nacido 38.4±2 semanas, peso promedio 2871±532.4 gramos, punto de corte interleucina 6 ≤14pg/uL; el sexo masculino fue del 43,9%, el sexo femenino del 56,1%; preeclampsia de la madre 22.4%, infección del tracto urinario durante el embarazo 20.4%; vaginitis/vaginosis 19,4%; Valores promedio de IL6 ≤14 pg/uL en el 63,3% de los pacientes; valores de IL6 de> 14 pg/uL en 36.7% de pacientes; relación con sepsis en total, p<0.05; relación de la pre-maternidad prenatal de la madre y sepsis neonatal con p <0.05; relación entre vaginitis/vaginosis de la madre con sepsis neonatal con p<0.05; OR (verosimilitud): 38,88 IC95% (4.912-307.728); asociación entre sepsis y factores de riesgo, IL6, edad gestacional en semanas, peso, preeclampsia prenatal e infección del tracto urinario, vaginitis/vaginosis, p <0,05. Conclusión: se concluye que existe correlación de factores de riesgo como la edad gestacional en semanas, el peso, la preeclampsia prenatal, la infección de vías urinarias antes del nacimiento, la vaginitis/vaginosis y los valores de interleucina 6 ≤1 4 pg/uL. La edad gestacional media fue de 38,4 semanas y el peso promedio de 2871 gramos en los recién nacidos analizados..(AU)

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Contexto: la investigación biomédica o médica termina también en una publicación escrita, que representa la base de futuras investigaciones o el eslabón de una cadena de producción de conocimientos. Objetivo: realizar un análisis histórico, cronológico de las revistas biomédicas en el Ecuador y su evolución hasta nuestros días, así como identificar las fortalezas y debilidades de las revistas actuales que se encuentran activas. Discusión y resultados: se analiza el tipo de revistas publicadas en el Ecuador a lo largo de 134 años, y se divide el análisis en tres etapas: pasada o era del papel, presente o digital y futura o era electrónica. Conclusión: entre el año 1.883 al 2.017 se han publicado 118 revistas biomédicas. De ellas, a febrero del 2018, tan sólo 23 revistas se encuentran vigentes y activas, considerando que tienen publicado al menos un número de la revista en formato digital en el año 2016 y/o 2017 y cuyo website está disponible al momento. En formato OJS existen apenas 10 revistas y apenas 29 revistas se encuentran indexadas en al menos una base de datos regional (LILACS, Latindex o IMBIOMED). Ninguna revista biomédica está en la base de datos Scielo Ecuador y tan sólo una revista consta en la base de datos Scopus. (AU)

Context: biomedical or medical research ends in a written publication, which represents the basis for future research, or the link in a chain of knowledge production. Objective: to carry out a historical, chronological analysis of the biomedical journals in Ecuador, and their evolution to the present day, as well as to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current journals that are active. Discussion and results: the type of journals published in Ecuador is analyzed over 134 years, and the analysis is divided into three stages: past or era of paper, present or digital, and future or electronic era. Conclusion: between the year 1883 and 2016, 118 biomedical journals have been published. Of these, as of February 2018, only 23 journals are current and active, considering that they have published at least one issue of the journal in digital format in 2016 and / or 2017, and whose website is available at the moment. In OJS format there are only 10 journals, and only 29 journals are indexed in at least one regional database, LILACS, Latindex or IMBIOMED. No biomedical journal is in the Scielo Ecuador database, and only one journal is included in the Scopus database. (AU)

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Contexto: en el Ecuador no existen estudios publicados sobre las horas de sueño por grupos de edad u horarios de inicio de clases enfocados al rendimiento académico de la población, en especial adolescentes. Discusión: al recopilar los datos de estudios realizados en niños y adolescentes, se demuestra que los adolescentes necesitan dormir lo suficiente para funcionar bien a diario y mejorar los efectos cognitivos que se presentan por la falta de sueño. Considerando solo el 14% al 27% de los adolescentes duermen más de 9 horas en las noches escolares, y peor aún, hasta el 25% duermen menos de 6 horas, no es sorprendente que la mayoría de los adolescentes se despierten sintiéndose cansados. Se recomienda planificar las horas de sueño con los padres, horario de tareas en casa y horarios de actividad física, para entrenar la mente y tener una buena higiene del sueño Conclusión: el retraso de la hora de inicio de clases aumenta notablemente el desempeño en los adolescentes, por lo cual se debe cambiar las políticas públicas para permitir que la hora de ingreso a clases sea pasada las 9:00 horas.

Context: In Ecuador, there are no published studies on the hours of sleep by age groups, or start times of classes focused on the academic performance of the population, especially adolescents. Discussion: When collecting data from studies conducted in children and adolescents, adolescents need enough sleep to function well daily, and improve the cognitive effects that occur due to lack of sleep. Considering that only 14% to 27% of adolescents sleep more than 9 hours on school nights, and worse, up to 25% sleep less than 6 hours, it is not surprising that most adolescents wake up feeling tired. It recommends to plan the sleep hours with parents, homework schedule, and physical activity schedules, to train the mind and have good sleep higiene Conclusion: The delay of the start time of classes significantly increases the performance in adolescents, so public policies have be changed to allow the time of entry to classes to be past 9 am.

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Objetivo: los metales presentes en las fases gaseosa y particulada del humo del tabaco ambiental, son considerados nefrotóxicos. En esta investigación se evaluó la función renal y niveles urinarios de cadmio y plomo en niños expuestos al humo de tabaco ambiental en una comunidad del municipio Naguanagua (Carabobo, Venezuela). Materiales y métodos: la muestra estuvo conformada por 43 niños (21 expuestos y 22 no expuestos), a quienes se les determinó en orina puntual índices urinarios cadmio/creatinina, plomo/creatinina, albúmina/creatinina, calcio/creatinina, fosfatasa alcalina/creatinina y ß-2-microglobulina/creatinina. Resultados: en el grupo expuesto existe una correlación positiva y significativa entre ß-2-microglobulina/creatinina y albúmina/creatinina independientemente del género y la edad. Los valores absolutos de los marcadores nefrotóxicos correlacionaron positiva y significativamente con sus índices, lo que indica que es útil la corrección con creatinina, con excepción de la Fosfatasa Alcalina la cual refleja mejor su utilidad diagnóstica en valores absolutos. Plomo/creatinina, ß-2-microglobulina y Calcio/creatinina mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al estratificar la muestra según grupo etario. La excreción urinaria de cadmio, tanto el grupo expuesto como el control supera ciertos puntos de corte descritos en investigaciones internacionales. Conclusiones: la evaluación de la toxicidad renal debe contar con el monitoreo de varios marcadores, dado que algunos serán más sensibles a los cambios precoces debido a exposiciones crónicas..(AU)

Objective: metals presents at the gaseous and particulate phases of environmental tobacco smoke are considered nephrotoxic. In this research, urinary levels of cadmium,lead and renal function were evaluated in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in a community of the Naguanagua municipality (Carabobo, Venezuela). Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 43 children (21 exposed and 22 not exposed), whom were determined urinary indices in spot urine: cadmium/creatinine, lead/creatinine, albumin/creatinine, calcium/creatinine, alkaline phosphatase/creatinine y ß-2-microglobulin/creatinine. Results: in the exposed group there is a positive and significant correlation between ß-2-microglobulin/creatinine and albumin/creatinine regardless gender and age. Absolute values of the nephrotoxic markers correlated positive and significantly with their indices, which indicates that correction with creatinine is useful, the exception of alkaline phosphatase, that better reflects its diagnostic utility in absolute values. lead/creatinine, ß-2-microglobulin and calcium/creatinine showed statistically significant differences when stratifying the sample according to age. Urinary excretion of Cadmium, both exposed and control group exceeds certain cut points described in international researchs. Conclusions: renal toxicity evaluations should count on the monitoring of several markers, because some will be more sensitive to early changes due to chronic exposures..(AU)

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Objetivos: se propone identificar y revisar aquellas estrategias potenciales que incluyan un enfoque multifacético a la hora de hacer frente a la obesidad en niños escolarizados. De acuerdo a la evidencia más reciente, las intervenciones más efectivas para combatir la obesidad infantil son aquellas que involucran actividad física, educación nutricional y entornos de apoyo. Así, en esta revisión nos centramos en buscar dichas intervenciones, que además incluyan seguimientos a medio y largo plazo, monitoreo y evaluación, que son críticos para mantener una acción efectiva. Material y métodos: se incluyó una revisión de artículos científicos publicados en bases de datos especializadas como Pubmed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), ScienceDirect, Scielo, La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus y la página web de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (http://www.who.int). Resultados: de 199 artículos potenciales, sólo 8 fueron incluidos en esta revisión. Los resultados mostraron que aquellas intervenciones multi-componente y de largo plazo tienen beneficios sobre IMC, actividad física y elecciones alimentarias. Sin embargo, pocos estudios mostraron cambios significativos sobre los hábitos alimentarios generales y sobre la prevalencia de la obesidad. También, se observó que las intervenciones multicomponente que se llevaron a cabo tanto en países en desarrollo de Latinoamérica, como en países desarrollados tuvieron resultados similares. Conclusión: esta revisión demuestra que pueden ocurrir cambios sobre las medidas antropométricas, la actividad física y las elecciones alimentarias cuando se llevan a cabo intervenciones multicomponente en ambientes a nivel de la educación académica primaria, sin importar la localización geográfica, pero manteniendo similar metodología y materiales (AU)

Objective: it is proposed to identify and review potential strategies that include a multifaceted approach when dealing with obesity in school children. According to the most recent evidence, the most effective interventions to combat childhood obesity are those that involve physical activity, Nutrition education, and supportive environments. Thus, in this review we focus on looking for such interventions, which also include Monitoring in the medium and long term, monitoring and evaluation, which are critical to maintain effective action. Material and methods: a review of scientific articles published in specialized databases such as Pubmed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), ScienceDirect, Scielo, The Cochrane Library Plus and the website of the World Health Organization (http://www.who.int). Results: of 199 potential articles, only 8 were included in this review. The results showed that multi-component and long-term interventions have benefits on BMI, physical activity and food choices. However, few studies showed significant changes in generaldietary habits and the prevalence of obesity. Also, it was observe that the multicomponent interventions that were carried out both in developing countries in Latin America, and in developed countries had similar results. Conclusion: this review demonstrates that changes can occur on anthropometric measures, physical activity and food choices when multicomponent interventions are carried out in environments at the level of primary academic education, regardless of geographical location, but maintaining similar methodology and materials.(AU)

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Introdução: O envelhecimento é um processo natural de todo o ser humano, que acaba desencadeando modificações funcionais e anatômicas no corpo como a diminuição da palatabilidade. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o perfil nutricional de idosos hospitalizados com anemia. Métodos: O estudo do tipo transversal, desenvolvido com idosos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos internados em um hospital do município de Santa Maria/RS. Foram coletados dos prontuários: motivo de internação, diagnóstico e doenças associadas e dados antropométricos: peso, altura, IMC, circunferência do braço, dobra cutânea tricipital e espessura do músculo adutor do polegar, além de dados bioquímicos como o hemograma. Resultados: Em relação aos dados antropométricos, não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa no peso atual, dobra cutânea tricipital e espessura do músculo adutor do polegar, apesar de esses parâmetros estarem mais altos em idosos sem anemia, em comparação aos idosos com anemia. No entanto, a circunferência do braço foi significativamente maior em pacientes sem anemia, em relação aos sem anemia. Os valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio e hemoglobina corpuscular média foram estatisticamente menores em idosos com anemia. Verificou-se correlação positiva significativa do peso com a hemoglobina dos idosos hospitalizados e da circunferência do braço com a hemoglobina desses idosos. Conclusões: Conclui-se que os parâmetros antropométricos possuem uma importante associação com o hemograma e, desta forma, a avaliação nutricional completa pode contribuir para realizar um diagnóstico e tratamento mais precoce, a fim de diminuir o tempo de internação desses pacientes (AU)

Introduction: Aging is a natural process of every human being, one which eventually triggers a number of functional and anatomical changes in the body such as reduction of palatability. The aim of this study was to identify the nutritional profile of hospitalized elderly patients with anemia. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out with elderly patients of both sexes aged 60 years or over admitted to a hospital in the city of Santa Maria, RS. The following data were collected from the medical records: reason for hospitalization, diagnosis and associated diseases, and anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and thumb adductor muscle thickness) as well as biochemical data such as complete blood count. Results: No statistically significant difference was found for current weight, triceps skinfold thickness and thumb adductor muscle thickness, although these parameters were higher in the elderly without anemia than in the elderly with anemia. However, arm circumference was significantly higher in patients without anemia, compared to those without anemia. The values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were statistically lower in the elderly patients with anemia. There was a significant positive correlation of weight with hemoglobin and of arm circumference with hemoglobin in these hospitalized elderly. Conclusions: It is concluded that the anthropometric parameters have an important association with total blood count, so a complete nutritional evaluation can contribute to earlier diagnosis and treatment, in order to reduce the hospitalization time of these patients (AU)

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Objetivo: el presente diseño de educación y promoción para la salud, dirigido a los adultos mayores para el mantenimiento de su movilidad, tiene como objetivo fomentar y sensibilizar a los adultos mayores, a sus cuidadores y familiares, para incrementar los conocimientos dirigidos hacia la modificación de conductas, situaciones e identificación oportuna de riesgos relativos que comprometan la salud de los adultos mayores. Metodología: este diseño educativo se implementó en dos asilos de la ciudad de Chihuahua (México); los participantes fueron 30 adultos mayores, 10 cuidadores y familiares, y se desarrolló en dos sesiones. Para la implementación del diseño educativo se retoma a Paulo Freire, que permite fomentar el proceso educativo y enfatizar una pedagogía emancipadora, dentro de un ambiente de respeto, libertad y compromiso, integrando a ello valores imprescindibles en el acto educativo. Posteriormente, cada responsable del diseño educativo realizó un diario de campo y un reporte en el cual se expuso la experiencia vivida. Resultados: se obtuvo un aprendizaje significativo al relacionar “acto de la vida diaria y del cuidado” con los nuevos conocimientos para fomentar la acción y cambios de conductas que preservaran la funcionalidad, movilidad, salud y plenitud del adulto mayor. Discusión/conclusión: entre las limitaciones para la ejecución del diseño educativo en asilos está el alto número de adultos mayores que residen ahí y que presentan un deterioro físico y cognitivo, factores importantes para la adquisición de conocimientos y mantenimiento de la funcionalidad.

Abstract:

Purpose: the present design for health education and promotion in elderly people for mobility maintenance aims at promoting and increasing awareness among elderly people, caregivers and relatives, in order to increase their knowledge and modify their behavior, condition and timely recognition of potential risks involving elderly health.

Methods: the present educational design was implemented in two nursing homes at Chihuahua, Mexico; participants were 30 elderly individuals, 10 caregivers and relatives; and the study involved two sessions. Educational design implementation was based on revisiting Paulo Freire proposals, which allowed the educational process to be promoted. Emancipating teaching, in a respectful, free, and committed atmosphere was used and integrative appropriate values for educational processed were applied. Later on, a field diary and a report on the personal experience were elaborated by every individual in charge of the program. Results: a significant learning was achieved by relating daily life and healthcare actions to such a novel understanding, in order to implement actions and behavior changes to preserve functioning, mobility, health, and plenitude in elderly people. Discussion/conclusion: limitations to implement an educational design in nursing homes include a high number of residents and the physical and cognitive impairment they show. Such factors are important in knowledge acquisition and function maintenance.

Objetivo: este projeto de educação e promoção da saúde endereçado para os idosos para manter a sua mobilidade, tem como objetivo promover e sensibilizar os idosos, seus cuidadores e familiares para aumentar o conhecimento orientado para a mudança de comportamento, situações e identificação dos riscos relativos que ponham em causa a saúde dos adultos mais velhos. Metodologia: este projeto educacional foi implementada em duas casas de repouso da cidade de Chihuahua, os participantes foram 30 idosos, 10 cuidadores e familiares, realizou-se em duas sessões. Para a execução do projeto educacional é retomado para Paulo Freire, permitindo que o processo educativo enfatizando promover uma pedagogia emancipatória, dentro de um ambiente de respeito, à liberdade e compromisso, integrando esses valores essenciais no ato educativo. Posteriormente, cada um responsável por projeto educacional, realizou um diário de campo e um relatório em que discutiu a experiência. Resultados: a aprendizagem significativa foi obtida relacionar ato da vida diária e os cuidados com novos conhecimentos para implantar ação e mudança de comportamento que vai preservar a funcionalidade, mobilidade, saúde e plenitude dos idosos Discussão/conclusão: entre os constrangimentos para a implementação do projeto no asilos, é relacionada ao alto número de pessoas idosas que vivem lá e que têm uma deficiência física e cognitiva, são fatores importantes para a aquisição conhecimento e manutenção de funcionais.

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El benceno es un hidrocarburo frecuentemente utilizado en la industria química, considerado de alto riesgo toxicológico, por lo que el monitoreo biológico de los trabajadores expuestos es una importante medida para la prevención de la intoxicación ocupacional. El objetivo fue evaluar los niveles de ácido trans, trans-mucónico (t,t-MA) en orina como indicador biológico de exposición a benceno y el perfil hepático, hematológico y renal en trabajadores de gasolineras de San Felipe, estado Yaracuy. Se realizó un estudio de diseño no experimental, tipo descriptivo, correlacional, transversal y de campo; participaron 41 trabajadores expuestos (E) al benceno y 31 trabajadores no expuestos (NE). La determinación del biomarcador se realizó mediante la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia en orina tomada al final de la jornada laboral, y los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos en muestras de sangre completa y suero. Los resultados mostraron valores de t,t-MA significativamente mayores en E comparados con los (NE) (3,00 vs. 0,23 mg/g creatinina), correlación significativa entre los valores de t,t-MA de los E con el tiempo de exposición (r = 0,565; p<0,001). Los valores de transaminasas, fosfatasa alcalina y bilirrubina estuvieron dentro del rango de referencia en los E, a excepción de gamma glutamil transferasa y creatinina, que fueron estadísticamente superiores a los NE. Los parámetros hematológicos se observaron dentro del rango de referencia, sin diferencias entre los grupos. En conclusión, se observó aumento de los valores de t,t-MA en los E, correlacionados con el tiempo de exposición, sin alteraciones hepáticas, hematológicas y renales.

Benzene is a hydrocarbon frequently used in the chemical industry and considered to have high toxicological risk. For this reason, biological monitoring of exposed workers is an important preventive measure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate urinary trans, trans-muconic acid levels (t,t- MA) as a biological indicator of benzene exposure and associated hepatic, renal and hematological profiles in workers at a gas station in San Felipe, Yaracuy State, using a cross-sectional study design. Forty-one benzene exposed (E) workers and 31 non-exposed workers (NE) voluntarily participated. Measurement of urinary t,t-MA was performed post-shift, and analyzed by high efficiency liquid chromatography technique (HPLC). Routine blood samples were obtained to determine the hematological and biochemical parameters. Results showed t,t-MA levels were significantly higher in E versus NE workers (3.00 vs. 0.23 mg/g creatinine) and a positive significant correlation with exposure time was observed in E workers (r=0,565; p<0,001). Transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin) were within the reference range in E); gamma glutamyl transferase and creatinine levels, however, were significantly higher than in NE. Hematological profiles were all within the reference range, with no statistically significant differences between E and NE. In conclusion increasing values of t, t-MA in exposed workers correlated with exposure time, but no liver, blood and kidney impairment was observed.

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Hybrid polyelectrolyte multilayer systems were fabricated on top of planar surfaces and colloidal particles via layer by layer (LbL) assembly of polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) and polybenzyl methacrylate-block-poly(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (PBzMA-b-PDMAEMA) polymersomes. Polymersomes were prepared by self assembly of PBzMA-b-PDMAEMA copolymer, synthesised by group transfer polymerisation. Polymersomes display a diameter of 270 nm and a shell thickness of 11nm. Assembly on planar surfaces was followed by means of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Detailed information on the assembly mechanism and surface topology of the polymersome/polyelectrolyte films was thereby obtained. The assembly of polymersomes and PSS on top of silica particles of 500 nm in diameter was confirmed by ζ-potential measurements. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that polymersome/PSS coated silica particles increase in total diameter up to 3-5µm. This hints toward the formation of densely packed polymersome layers. In addition, CLSM showed that polymersome/PSS films exhibit a high loading capacity that could potentially be used for encapsulation and delivery of diverse chemical species. These results provide an insight into the formation of multilayered films with compartmentalised hydrophilic/hydrophobic domains and may lead to the successful application of polymersomes in surface-engineered colloidal systems.

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El particulado atmosférico de las áreas urbanas contiene mezclas de compuestos contaminantes con diferentes grados de toxicidad como los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs), provenientes de las emisiones de combustión incompleta de diversas fuentes no naturales. Los HAPs pueden provocar cáncer, malformaciones congénitas, trastornos del sistema nervioso, entre otros, al ser absorbidos, ya sea por inhalación o ingesta. El factor de equivalencia de toxicidad (FET), es un parámetro estimativo que relaciona la toxicidad de un compuesto con un componente de referencia, cuyo objetivo es evaluar la toxicidad y el riesgo de diversas sustancias y, en el caso de HAPs, el benzo(a)pireno (BaP) es el compuesto de referencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el riesgo potencial de exposición a HAPs en habitantes de la zona de estudio a través de los FET. Catorce HAPs fueron extraídos del particulado atmosférico colectado en filtros y analizados por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia con detector de fluorescencia. Se determinó la concentración de los HAPs, se calculó la concentración tóxica equivalente para cada compuesto y de la mezcla total de acuerdo al método propuesto por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA) de Estados Unidos. La concentración promedio total de HAPs en el particulado fue de 1,97 ng/m³. La contribución del BaP fue del 2,54% en la mezcla total de HAPs. La concentración tóxica equivalente total fue de 0,08 ng/m³ de la mezcla de aire. Las concentraciones tóxicas equivalentes para cada HAP y para el total en el particulado atmosférico no exceden el valor de 1 ng/m³ en equivalentes de BaP, indicado en diversas regulaciones internacionales.(AU)

The atmospheric particulate from urban areas contains mixtures of contaminants with different degrees of toxicity such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from emissions from incomplete combustion of various natural sources. PAHs can cause cancer, birth defects and nervous system disorders when they are absorbed either by inhalation or ingestion. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) is a parameter that relates the toxicity of a compound with a reference component in order to evaluate the toxicity and risk of various substances. The benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is the reference compound in the case of PAHs mixture. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential risk of exposure to PAHs in people of the study area through the TEF. Fourteen PAHs were extracted from particulate filters and analyzed by liquid chromatography- fluorescence detection. The concentration of PAHs was calculated. The total average concentration of PAHs in the particulate was 1.97 ng/m³. Then, the equivalent toxic concentration of each compound and the total mixture were calculated too according to the method proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The contribution of BaP was 2.54% in the total mixture of PAHs. The total equivalent toxic concentration was 0.08 ng/m³ in the air mixture. The toxic equivalent concentrations for each PAH and the total in the atmospheric particulate were not exceeding the value of 1 ng/m3 in BaP equivalent that is the level indicated in international regulations.(AU)

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El 1-Hidroxipireno es un metabolito del pireno, considerado como un biomarcador de exposición a Hidrocarburos PolicíclicosAromáticos (HPA), compuestos asociados con cáncer en el hombre; y la industria de la goma constituye una fuente de emisión importante de esos compuestos. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación entre 1-Hidroxipireno con edad, antigüedad en la empresa, uso de equipo de protección personal, hábito alcohólico y tabáquico en 30 trabajadores de una industria de la goma del estado Carabobo. La investigación fue descriptiva de corte transversal, los sujetos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos de acuerdo al puesto de trabajo con potencial exposición a HPA: GI, área de pesada y mezcla de materia prima; GII, producción; GIII, mantenimiento y GIV, área administrativa. Se utilizó un cuestionario para conocer las variables independientes y se recolectaron muestras de orina puntual para medir el 1-Hidroxipireno, por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión con detección por fluorescencia. El valor promedio total de 1-Hidroxipireno de los cuatro grupos fue de 1,28 μg/g de creatinina y 1,71 y 0,89 μg/g de creatinina en fumadores y no fumadores, respectivamente. En el grupo II de mayor exposición a HPA se encontró un valor de 1,96 μg/g de creatinina superior al promedio total, pero no se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre 1-hidroxipireno y el resto de las variables en los trabajadores investigados. Los resultados demuestran la potencial utilidad del 1-Hidroxipireno como biomarcador de exposición a HPA.

1-hydroxypyrene is a metabolite of pyrene, and considered to be a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), compounds associated with human carcinogenicity. The rubber industry is considered an important source of emissions of these compounds. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between 1-hydroxypyrene and age, seniority, use of personal protective equipment, and alcoholic and smoking habits in 30 workers at a rubber plant in the State of Carabobo (Venezuela). The study design was cross-sectional; subjects were divided in four groups according to potential exposure to PAH: GI, weighing and mixing of raw materials; GII, production; GIII, maintenance and GIV, administrative area. A questionnaire was used to gather data on independent variables, and spot urine samples were obtained and assayed for 1-hydroxypyrene, by high pressure liquid chromatography with detection by fluorescence. The overall mean concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene for the four groups was 1.28 μg/g of creatinine and 1.71 and 0.89 μg/ g of creatinine in smokers and non-smokers, respectively. In GII, the value was 1.96 μg/g of creatinine, higher than the overall mean value, but no statistically significant associations were found between 1-hydroxypyrene and the remaining study variables. These results demonstrate the potential usefulness of 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of exposure to PAH.

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El particulado atmosférico de las áreas urbanas contiene mezclas de compuestos contaminantes con diferentes grados de toxicidad como los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs), provenientes de las emisiones de combustión incompleta de diversas fuentes no naturales. Los HAPs pueden provocar cáncer, malformaciones congénitas, trastornos del sistema nervioso, entre otros, al ser absorbidos, ya sea por inhalación o ingesta. El factor de equivalencia de toxicidad (FET), es un parámetro estimativo que relaciona la toxicidad de un compuesto con un componente de referencia, cuyo objetivo es evaluar la toxicidad y el riesgo de diversas sustancias y, en el caso de HAPs, el benzo(a)pireno (BaP) es el compuesto de referencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el riesgo potencial de exposición a HAPs en habitantes de la zona de estudio a través de los FET. Catorce HAPs fueron extraídos del particulado atmosférico colectado en filtros y analizados por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Eficiencia con detector de fluorescencia. Se determinó la concentración de los HAPs, se calculó la concentración tóxica equivalente para cada compuesto y de la mezcla total de acuerdo al método propuesto por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA) de Estados Unidos. La concentración promedio total de HAPs en el particulado fue de 1,97 ng/m³. La contribución del BaP fue del 2,54% en la mezcla total de HAPs. La concentración tóxica equivalente total fue de 0,08 ng/m³ de la mezcla de aire. Las concentraciones tóxicas equivalentes para cada HAP y para el total en el particulado atmosférico no exceden el valor de 1 ng/m³ en equivalentes de BaP, indicado en diversas regulaciones internacionales.

The atmospheric particulate from urban areas contains mixtures of contaminants with different degrees of toxicity such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from emissions from incomplete combustion of various natural sources. PAHs can cause cancer, birth defects and nervous system disorders when they are absorbed either by inhalation or ingestion. The toxic equivalency factor (TEF) is a parameter that relates the toxicity of a compound with a reference component in order to evaluate the toxicity and risk of various substances. The benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is the reference compound in the case of PAHs mixture. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential risk of exposure to PAHs in people of the study area through the TEF. Fourteen PAHs were extracted from particulate filters and analyzed by liquid chromatography- fluorescence detection. The concentration of PAHs was calculated. The total average concentration of PAHs in the particulate was 1.97 ng/m³. Then, the equivalent toxic concentration of each compound and the total mixture were calculated too according to the method proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The contribution of BaP was 2.54% in the total mixture of PAHs. The total equivalent toxic concentration was 0.08 ng/m³ in the air mixture. The toxic equivalent concentrations for each PAH and the total in the atmospheric particulate were not exceeding the value of 1 ng/m3 in BaP equivalent that is the level indicated in international regulations.

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La isotretinoína es un retinoide empleado en el tratamiento del acné. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar colesterol, triglicéridos, transaminasa glutámico oxalacética, transaminasa glutámico pirúvica y fosfatasa alcalina, pretratamiento, trimestralmente durante el tratamiento y postratamiento en pacientes tratados con isotretinoína oral procedentes de consultas dermatológicas del Estado Carabobo. La edad Promedio de la muestra estudiada fue (19,4 ± 4,7 años), los valores de colesterol mostraron variación estadísticamente significativa para el primer trimestre (P=0,044), Los triglicéridos se incrementaron en el segundo trimestre (P=0,036) para ambos géneros, mientras que para el tercer trimestre solo el género masculino experimentó incremento. Transaminasa glutámico oxalacético en el primer trimestre se incrementó en el género femenino, sin embargo, no fue estadísticamente significativo. En los demás trimetres los valores de las enzimas hepáticas no superaron los valores de referencia. No se evidencian diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los niveles del pretratamiento y postratamiento. Es recomendable monitorear los lípidos séricos y transaminasas durante el primer trimestre de tratamiento aunque los cambios observados fueron discretos en la mayoría de los pacientes

Isotretinoin is a retinoid used to treat acne. The aim of this sindy was to determine cholesterol, triglyceride, seric glutami oxalacetic transaminase, seric glutami pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase pretreatment, quarterly during treatment and post-treatment in patients treated with oral isotretinoin dermatological consultations from Carabobo State. The overage age of the sample was (19.4 ± 4.7 years), cholesterol values showed statistically significant variation in the first quarter (P=0.044). Triglycerides increased in the second quarter (P=0.036) for both genders, while for the third quarter only increase in male. Seric glutami oxalacetic transaminase in the first quarter increased in females, but was not statistically significant. In other quarters the liver enzyme values did not exceed reference values. No statistically significant differences are evident between the levels of pretreatment and postreatment. It is advisable to monitor serum lipids and transaminases during the first quarter of treatment although the observed changes were discrete in most patients

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