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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multisystem disorder and presents several aspects related to dentistry. The purpose of this review is to present current perspectives about oral health in patients with PWS. Delay development, hyperphagia, foamy and highly viscous saliva raise the risk of caries and contribute to tooth wear. Cariogenic foods uncontrolled consumption allows to obesity and dental problems progress worsening systemic disorders. These factors can be controlled. The success in follow-ups with caries free and oral health controlled demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary team intervention corroborated by support at home from birth to adulthood. Thereby, current perspective on the disease is that there is possibility of proper maintenance of oral health in PWS patients. Guided care interferes positively with the overall well-being and quality of life of the individual with PWS and their family. A multidisciplinary team with a focus on teaching patients and family members will help minimize eventual problems.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the effects of annual maintenance over a 7-year period on the peri-implant health of patients rehabilitated with overdentures using clinical and radiographic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to be considered for inclusion in the study, patients had to have been rehabilitated with overdentures that had at least two implants placed in the mandible and four implants in the maxilla. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised individuals who had undergone annual maintenance over the previous 7 years, and group 2 comprised those who had not attended any dental appointment over the previous 7 years. All patients were submitted to clinical peri-implant examinations and radiographic assessments. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients received 396 implants of the external hexagon type, 132 in the mandible and 264 in the maxilla. Group 1 (44 patients with 264 implants) had a mean probing depth of 2.72 mm, while group 2 (22 patients with 132 implants) had a mean probing depth of 3.10 mm. It can be concluded that the mean of the variable probing depth is influenced by the presence of bleeding (P = .0005) and the implementation of maintenance (P = .0188), whereas plaque and local variables were not otherwise significant (P = .0605 and .0796, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this study, it was possible to observe better clinical conditions in individuals who had attended annual appointments for maintenance purposes.

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In the search for the ideal treatment of periodontal disease various non-surgical techniques should be considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of full-mouth scaling (FMS) by clinical and microbiological parameters. 670 individuals were evaluated with 230 subjects meeting the selection criteria and were divided into two groups; 115 subjects treated with FMS and 115 treated with weekly sessions of scaling and root planning (SRP). The patient population had a mean age of 51.67 years, with moderate chronic periodontitis. Subjects were evaluated prior to treatment (T1) and 90 days after execution of therapy (T2), with regards to: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and microbial detection for the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) and Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) by culture method and confirmed by biochemical tests. Subjects treated in the FMS group also rinsed with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for seven days following treatment. The results were analyzed using statistical Student's t-test and chi-square test. No statistically significant differences were observed for PD and CAL between T1 and T2 in both groups. For GI and PI significant difference was observed between the groups. For the evaluated microbial parameters was observed reduction of P.g. and P.i., but only for P.g. with a significant reduction in both groups. The full mouth scaling technique with the methodology used in this study provided improved clinical conditions and reduction of P.g. in subjects with moderate periodontitis, optimizing the time spent in the therapeutic execution.

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Este relato de caso demonstra a utilização de implantes cerâmicos de zircônia na região do remanescente radicular cariado 21, extraído atraumaticamente. O implante cerâmico traz uma nova opção para as reabilitações em regiões em que a estética é essencial. Como método de preenchimento alveolar foi utilizado L-Plasma Rico em Fibrina (L-PRF), juntamente com um material aloplástico biocompatível e homogêneo, que tem sido largamente difundido na Odontologia. A instalação imediata da coroa temporária realizada logo após o procedimento de enxertia fez com que todo o alvéolo em sua porção cervical fosse ocupado, servindo de proteção e vedação para o enxerto de L-PRF e o biomaterial inserido na porção vestibular do alvéolo, bem como devolvendo a função estética e bem-estar do paciente. Um planejamento virtual adequado e a preservação das estruturas de sustentação no momento cirúrgico, bem como a utilização dos implantes de zircônia em dentes de região anterior em condições desfavoráveis, aumentam a previsibilidade, sendo uma alternativa de sucesso para a reabilitação com implantes.

This case report demonstrates the use of zirconia dental implants for a decayed, atraumatically extracted tooth # 21. The ceramic implant brings a new option for rehabilitation in regions where aesthetics is essential. In addition, the Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) was added with a biocompatible alloplastic and homogeneous material, which has been widely disseminated in dentistry. The immediate installation of the temporary crown shortly after grafting procedure provided volume at the cervical portion of the alveolar socket, serving as a protection and barrier for L-PRF and the biomaterial inserted at the buccal aspect to retrieve aesthetics and well-being. Appropriate virtual planning and the preservation of supporting structures on surgery, as well as the use of the zirconia implants in anterior region under unfavorable conditions increase the predictability, being an alternative of success for implant rehabilitation.

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Abstract In the search for the ideal treatment of periodontal disease various non-surgical techniques should be considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of full-mouth scaling (FMS) by clinical and microbiological parameters. 670 individuals were evaluated with 230 subjects meeting the selection criteria and were divided into two groups; 115 subjects treated with FMS and 115 treated with weekly sessions of scaling and root planning (SRP). The patient population had a mean age of 51.67 years, with moderate chronic periodontitis. Subjects were evaluated prior to treatment (T1) and 90 days after execution of therapy (T2), with regards to: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and microbial detection for the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) and Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) by culture method and confirmed by biochemical tests. Subjects treated in the FMS group also rinsed with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for seven days following treatment. The results were analyzed using statistical Student's t-test and chi-square test. No statistically significant differences were observed for PD and CAL between T1 and T2 in both groups. For GI and PI significant difference was observed between the groups. For the evaluated microbial parameters was observed reduction of P.g. and P.i., but only for P.g. with a significant reduction in both groups. The full mouth scaling technique with the methodology used in this study provided improved clinical conditions and reduction of P.g. in subjects with moderate periodontitis, optimizing the time spent in the therapeutic execution.

Resumo Na busca do tratamento ideal da doença periodontal varias são técnicas não-cirúrgicas que podem ser consideradas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da técnica de desinfecção total de boca (FMD, na sigla em Inglês) por parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos. Foram avaliados 670 indivíduos com 230 indivíduos atendendo aos critérios de seleção e divididos em dois grupos; 115 indivíduos tratados com FMD e 115 tratados com sessões semanais de raspagem e alisamento corono radicular (SRP, na sigla em Inglês). A população avaliada tinha idade média de 51,67 anos, com periodontite crônica moderada. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes do tratamento (T1) e 90 dias após a execução da terapia (T2), quanto à profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), índice de placa (IP), índice gengival (IG) e detecção microbiana da presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) e Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) por método de cultura e confirmada por testes bioquímicos. Os indivíduos tratados no grupo FMD também realizaram bochechos com clorexidina 0,12% durante sete dias após o tratamento. Os resultados foram analisados ​​utilizando o teste estatístico t de Student e o teste de qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para PS e NIC entre T1 e T2 em ambos os grupos. Para IG e IP observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos. Para os parâmetros microbianos avaliados foi observada redução de P.g. e P.i., mas apenas para P.g. com uma redução significativa em ambos os grupos. A técnica FMD com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo proporcionou condições clínicas melhoradas e redução da P.g. Em indivíduos com periodontite moderada, otimizando o tempo gasto na execução terapêutica.

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Prader-Willi syndrome described in 1956 has a genetic origin, affecting both genders, varying in presence and intensity from individual to individual. A precocious diagnosis, before the manifestation of symptoms, has brought some improvement in the quality of life of the carriers in the last years. The objective of this case report was to describe the treatment realized in a 3-year-old boy who presented grade II obesity, difficulty of locomotion, hypotonia, and history of cardiopathy. A dental treatment under general anesthesia was defined, allowing an oral adequation in a single section, in which it was planned the extraction of the element 74 and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique in the other teeth. The precocious intervention in this 3-year-old patient by the therapy realized with ART under general anesthesia was done with success, avoiding unnecessary extractions, preserving dental elements, and maintaining the oral cavity in adequate function.

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Bone resorption of the posterior mandible can result in diminished bone edge and, therefore, the installation of implants in these regions becomes a challenge, especially in the presence of the mandibular canal and its contents, the inferior alveolar nerve. Several treatment alternatives are suggested: the use of short implants, guided bone regeneration, appositional bone grafting, distraction osteogenesis, inclined implants tangential to the mandibular canal, and the lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve. The aim was to elucidate the success rate of implants in the lateralization technique and in inferior alveolar nerve transposition and to determine the most effective sensory test. We conclude that the success rate is linked to the possibility of installing implants with long bicortical anchor which favors primary stability and biomechanics.

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Vários fatores biológicos têm sido estudados como biomarcadores da condição periodontal. O óxido nítrico (NO) faz parte de uma família de radicais livres envolvidos com a homeostasia, resposta imunológica, atividade cardiovascular e neurotransmissão. O NO pode ser produzido pelo organismo humano via óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) dependente ou via NOS independente. No mecanismo NOS independente a produção de NO envolve um ciclo entero-salivar de redução do nitrato (NO3-) em nitrito (NO2-) e a sua subsequente conversão em NO. Os estímulos inflamatórios presentes na doença periodontal também são capazes de induzir a formação de NO e há relatos na literatura de que o mesmo possa atuar interferindo na progressão da periodontite. No osso, assim como em outros tecidos, a produção de NO pode ser estimulada por lipopolisacarídeos (LPS) bacterianos. Nesse mecanismo tem sido sugerida uma importante participação das bactérias bucais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar por meio de revisão da literatura a relação do óxido nítrico, nitrato e nitrito com a condição periodontal e se procedimentos terapêuticos periodontais podem interferir com esses fatores. O óxido nítrico é um importante mediador de várias atividades biológicas. Os níveis de NO2- parecem estar aumentados na periodontite, comparativamente à gengivite e saúde gengival. Apesar da produção de NO ter um papel primário bactericida, é provável que essa produção em altas concentrações resulte em danos aos tecidos periodontais do hospedeiro. Nas lesões periodontais quantidades consideráveis de NO são geradas principalmente por macrófagos, neutrófilos polimorfonucleares, linfócitos e fibroblastos induzidos pelas citocinas e por LPS. A oferta dietética de NO3- influencia a síntese de NO e a produção de NO2-. Não está completamente elucidada a real influência do tratamento periodontal sobre os níveis de NO2.(AU)

Several biological factors have been studied as biomarkers of periodontal condition. Nitric oxide (NO) is part of a family of free radicals related to homeostasis, immunological response, cardiovascular activity, and neurotransmission. NO can be produced by human body via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dependent or an pathway independent of NOS. In the independent pathway NO production involves an enterosalivary cycle by which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-) followed by its subsequent conversion to NO. The inflammatory stimuli present in periodontal disease are also able to induce the formation of NO and there are reports in the literature that the same may act by interfering on the progression of periodontitis. In bone, like other tissues, NOproduction may be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from bacteria. In this mechanism it has been suggested an important role of oral bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate through a literature review the relationship between NO, NO3- and NO2- and periodontal condition. Also whether periodontal therapeutic procedures can interfere in NO, NO3- and NO2- or not. NO is an important mediator in various biological activities. NO2- levels seem to be high in periodontitis when compared to gingivitis and gingival health. Although NOproduction has a bactericidal primary role, probably in high concentrations its production results in damage to host periodontal tissues. In periodontal lesions greater amounts of NO are generated primarily by macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lymphocytes and fibroblasts and induced by cytokines and LPS. NO3-from diet influences the synthesis and production of NO and NO2-. It is not completely understood the real influence of periodontal treatment on the levels of NO2- (AU)

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aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of periodontal scaling and oral hygiene instruction for patients with mild chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis through clinical periodontal parameters and laboratory tests for CRP (C- reactive protein) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Twelve individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and 12 healthy individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 45.38 and 46.75 respectively, all female and with mild, chronic periodontitis. The participants were evaluated clinically and periapical radiographs were taken (T1), after which periodontal treatment was instituted. After ninety days (T2), new clinical and laboratory data were obtained. Probing depth, bleeding index, and plaque indexes were observed in both groups, and the results demonstrated reductions but no statistical differences. Laboratory tests for CRP and ESR produced higher values for the rheumatoid arthritis group with T1- T2 reductions on the average, but the values were still higher than in the health group. We conclude that periodontal therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and mild chronic periodontitis showed a improvement in the periodontal clinical parameters and laboratory tests that were evaluated.

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O conceito de procedimentos minimamente invasivos pode ser estendido a todas as áreas da odontologia, mas a periodontia, em especial, temresultados benéficos quando da utilização desta modalidade terapêutica. Dessa forma, esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo descrevera utilização dos procedimentos minimamente invasivos em cirurgias periodontais, seus conceitos, aplicações e possiveis beneficios. Para estarevisão de literatura, foram avaliados 682 artigos publicados entre 1950 e 2012 que abordaram o tema cirurgia periodontal minimamenteinvasiva. Destes 682 artigos, 668 não descreveram claramente os procedimentos realizados não atendendo aos critérios de inclusão e portantoforam descartados. Cuidados como iluminação adequada promovem um aumento da acuidade visual durante os procedimentos cirurgicos,assim favorecendo a precisão associada aos instrumentos microcirúrgicos especificamente concebidos e permitindo uma manipulação maisprecisa e minimamente traumática dos tecidos moles e duros. Além disso, auxilia na melhora do acesso cirúrgico, evita a remoção desnecessáriade tecidos, a optimização do desbridamento, melhora a vascularização e, por conseguinte, a possibilidade de obtenção de cicatrizaçãoprimária de feridas cirúrgicas. A abordagem microcirúrgica pode melhorar a previsibilidade dos diferentes procedimentos periodontais,proporcionar melhores resultados estéticos e causar menor desconforto pós-operatório. No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados commetodologias estabelecidas sobre o uso de instrumentos que promovam procedimentos minimamente invasivos em periodontia. Portanto, sãonecessários estudos para determinar se as técnicas microcirúrgicas podem levar a uma diferença significativa no prognóstico da terapeuticaproposta. A maioria dos estudos encontrados na literatura são baseados em observações e experiências dos autores, que mostram claramenteque há vantagens em uma melhor iluminação, melhor visão e técnica mais controlada e menos traumática.

The concept of minimally invasive procedures can be extended to all s of dentistry. Periodontics, in particular, has been reported as oneof the areas with great benefits. This review aims to describe the use of minimally invasive procedures in periodontal surgery, its concepts,applications, and possible benefits from its use. For that, 682 articles published between 1950 and 2012 focused on minimally invasiveperiodontal surgery were evaluated. Of them, 669 studies did not describe clearly the procedures, and did not attend the inclusion criteria.The results showed that proper lighting promotes increased visual acuity during surgical procedures, favoring the precision associated withmicrosurgical instruments specifically designed, allowing a more accurate manipulation of the soft and hard tissues. Surgical access avoidsunnecessary tissues removal, optimizing the debridement, improving vascularisation, and therefore the possibility of obtaining primary healingof surgical wounds. The microsurgical approach can improve the predictability of different periodontal procedures, providing better resultsand cause less postoperative discomfort. However, few controlled methodologies on the use of instruments to promote minimally invasiveprocedures in periodontics have been found in literature. Therefore, studies are needed to determine whether microsurgical techniques can leadto a significant difference in the successful outcome. Most of the studies are based on observations and experiences of the authors, which clearlyshow that there are advantages in having better lighting, better vision, and a more controlled and less traumatic technique.

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A etiologia do sorriso gengival é multifatorial, e o correto diagnóstico determinará o plano de tratamento adequado. A erupção passiva alterada ocorre quando, durante a fase final de erupção dentária, não existe a migração apical dos tecidos periodontais estabelecendo uma distância maior que 2 mm entre a crista óssea alveolar e a junção cemento-esmalte. Essa alteração leva ao encurtamento da coroa clínica, podendo levar à exposição gengival excessiva. Para seu tratamento existe a necessidade da remoção combinada tanto de tecido gengival como ósseo. Este artigo discorre sobre a literatura acerca do assunto e relata um caso clínico em que foi necessária a realização de cirurgia plástica periodontal para correção do sorriso gengival...

The etiology of the gingival smile is multifactorial and the correct diagnosis will determine a successful treatment planning. Altered passive eruption occurs during the final stages of tooth eruption, when apical migration of the periodontal tissues does not occur, resulting in a distance > 2 mm between the alveolar crest and the cement-enamel junction. This change leads to the shortening of the clinical crown and even further may lead to excessive gingival exposure. For treatment, there is a necessity for the combined removal of gingiva and bone tissue. This article discusses the literature on the issue and reports a case where periodontal plastic surgery was performed for the correction of a gingival smile...

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Teeth with vertical root fracture (VRF) have complete or incomplete fractures that begin in the root and extend toward the occlusal surface. The most frequent causes of VRF originate from physical trauma, occlusal prematurity, inadequate endodontic treatment, and iatrogenic causes. Diagnose is difficult and delay can cause stomatognathic system problem. The purpose of this case report was to evaluate immediate implant placement after extraction of teeth with vertical root fracture. For the 1st case, the VRF in 1st left lower molar was confirmed during surgical flap and at the same time, the tooth was removed and immediate implant was placed. For the 2nd case, the VRF 1st left lower molar was confirmed during endodontic access and at the same appointment, the tooth was removed and the immediate implant is placed. Several studies have shown that immediate implants have similar success rates when compared with late implants. Consider that this approach is a safe procedure with favorable prognosis. In cases of VRF, the main factor to be considered is the presence of adequate bone support and immediate implants can preserve the vertical bone height, adding the fact that good patient compliance reduces the number of surgical interventions and promotes the functionality of stomatognathic system.

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O acúmulo de biofilme dental proporcionado pela presença dos aparelhos ortodônticos pode, em alguns casos, iniciar ou manter quadros patológicos de gengivite e periodontite. Com o aprimoramento das técnicas e materiais, surgiram no mercado os braquetes autoligáveis que não necessitam de ligaduras elásticas ou metálicas para manter o fio em posição. Sabe-se que a presença e a degradação elástica podem acentuar a quantidade de biofilme acumulado. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar qual o grau de comprometimento periodontal verificado com o uso de braquetes convencionais (de ligadura elástica) e braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados 32 voluntários: 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes convencionais e 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos periodontais como profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG). Os resultados mostraram valores de PS semelhantes, sem diferença entre os grupos. Para IP e IG foi observada diferença estatística apenas quando avaliada a presença de biofilme junto ao braquete, sendo maior nos indivíduos com aparelhos convencionais (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a retenção de biofilme junto ao braquete é maior nos aparelhos convencionais, devido à necessária incorporação de elementos de ligadura no sistema de união braquete-fio e que avaliações em longo prazo permitirão verificar condições semelhantes em pacientes com uso estendido de aparelhos ortodônticos

The accumulation of biofilm provided by the presence of orthodontic appliances may, in some cases, initiate or maintain pathological gingivitis and periodontitis. With the improvement of techniques and materials, have emerged in the market ligating that do not require metal or elastic bandages to keep the wire in place. It is known that the presence and elastic degradation can enhance the amount of accumulated biofilm. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of periodontal involvement checked using conventional brackets (for ligation) and ligating. We evaluated 32 subjects: 16 individuals with devices with conventional brackets and 16 individuals with ligating appliances. We evaluated clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). The results showed similar values of PS, with no difference between groups. For IP and IG, statistical difference was observed only when the presence of biofilm assessed by the bracket, being higher in individuals with braces (p <0.05). Concluded that the retention bracket along the biofilm is higher in conventional devices, because the necessary incorporation of elements of the system ligation bracket-wire bonding, and long-term evaluations will check conditions similar in patients with extended use of apparatus orthodontics.

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A busca pela terapêutica periodontal ideal faz com que diferentes técnicas não cirúrgicas para o tratamento da doença periodontal sejam avaliadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e validade da terapêutica periodontal denominada desinfecção total de boca (full mouth disinfection) por meio de parâmetros clínicos periodontais e microbianos. Foram avaliados 470 indivíduos e de acordo com os critérios a dotados 38 indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo, com media de idade de 35,86 anos, portadores de periodontite crônica leve e moderada, e que foram avaliados em dois tempos; no início (TI) e 60 dias após execução da terapêutica (T2), observando: profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clinica (NIC), índice de placa (lP), índice gengival (IG) e parâmetros microbianos por meio da presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.) e Prevotella intermedia (Pi.), identificados pelo método de cultura e testes bioquímicos. Utilizou-se enxaguatório a base de clorexidina O, 12% por sete dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos t-student mann-whitneye qui-quadrado (p≤ 0,05). Com relação aos parâmetros clínicos foi observada redução sem diferença estatística para PS, NIC lP quando comparados TI e T2. Para IG foi observada diferença significativa. Para os parâmetros microbianos avaliados foi observada redução de Pg. e Pi., mas apenas para Pg. com redução significativa quando comprados TI e T2. A técnica de desinfecção total de boca com a metodologia aplicada neste estudo proporcionou melhora nas condições clínicas e na redução de P. gingivalis em indivíduos com periodontite leve/moderada

The search for the perfect periodontal therapy causes various non-surgical techniques for the treatment of periodontal disease are evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and validity of periodontal therapy called full-mouth disinfection (full mouth disinfection) through microbial and periodontal clinical parameters. And 470 individuals were evaluated according to the exclusion criteria 38 subJects were enrolled, with a mean age of 35.86 years, patients with mild and moderate chronic periodontitis, which were evaluated in two stages: in the beginning (T1) and 60 days after implementation of therapy (T2), noting: probing depth (PO), clinical attachment level (NIC), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and microbiological parameters through the presence of Porphyromonas gingiva/is (Pg.) andPrevotel/a intermedia (Pi), identified by the culture method. We used the basis of chlorhexidine mouthwash 0. 12% for seven days. The results were analyzed using the statistical t -student mann-whitney and chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05). With respect to clinical parameters was not statistically significant reduction observed for PS, NIC IP compared T1 and T2. For IG significant difference was observed. For the parameters evaluated was observed microbial reduction of Pg. and Pi , but only for Pg. significant reduction when purchased with T1 and T2. The technique of full-mouth disinfection with the methodology applied in this study provided an improvement in clinical condition and reduction of P gingiva/is in periodontitis patients with mild I moderate.

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Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. A total of 555 (mean age 33.04 +/- 12.45) individuals, living in two large areas of the São Paulo State, namely "Baixada Santista" and "Vale do Paraíba", and diagnosed with mild [180 (mean age 29.59 +/- 10.94)], moderate [241 (mean age 31.18 +/- 11.45)] or severe [134 (mean age 33.04 +/- 12.45)] chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey. Clinical exams including measurements of Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss, Plaque and Gingival indices and subgingival microbiological assessments were performed at all population. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction from periodontal pocket samples. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans among chronic periodontitis subjects as well as its association with age and gender were statistically analysed using the Chi-square and Odds Ratio tests. The significance of differences was established at 5% (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 102 (18.37%) individuals: 29 (16.11%) mild; 42 (17.42%) moderate; and 31 (23.13%) severe chronic periodontitis with no statistical difference among groups. A higher occurrence of the searched bacterium was found both in the youngest group (p < 0.05) as well as in the female group (p < 0.05). This study elucidated that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbored subgingival pockets of our target group of chronic periodontitis subjects and that this bacterium seems to be inversely related to age, but related to the female gender.

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Studies have suggested that A. actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as in chronic periodontitis. This study was aimed at elucidating the occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population with chronic periodontitis. A total of 555 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45) individuals, living in two large areas of the São Paulo State, namely "Baixada Santista" and "Vale do Paraíba", and diagnosed with mild [180 (mean age 29.59 ± 10.94)], moderate [241 (mean age 31.18 ± 11.45)] or severe [134 (mean age 33.04 ± 12.45)] chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey. Clinical exams including measurements of Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Loss, Plaque and Gingival indices and subgingival microbiological assessments were performed at all population. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction from periodontal pocket samples. The occurrence of A. actinomycetemcomitans among chronic periodontitis subjects as well as its association with age and gender were statistically analysed using the Chi-square and Odds Ratio tests. The significance of differences was established at 5 percent (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 102 (18.37 percent) individuals: 29 (16.11 percent) mild; 42 (17.42 percent) moderate; and 31 (23.13 percent) severe chronic periodontitis with no statistical difference among groups. A higher occurrence of the searched bacterium was found both in the youngest group (p < 0.05) as well as in the female group (p < 0.05). This study elucidated that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbored subgingival pockets of our target group of chronic periodontitis subjects and that this bacterium seems to be inversely related to age, but related to the female gender.

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OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is involved in the aetiology of aggressive periodontitis as well as chronic periodontitis. In addition, some authors have also reported that serotype-specific antigens of A. actinomycetemcomitans determine the severity of disease. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in Brazilian subjects with chronic periodontitis. DESIGN: A total of 486 individuals were enrolled in this survey. All patients received clinical examinations that included periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque, and gingival indexes. Subgingival samples were taken for microbial analysis. The genomic DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans was provided by PCR. RESULTS: Out of 486 subjects examined, A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated in 85 (17.5%) individuals. Out of 85 positive samples, 68 were infected by at least 1 serotype, 7 by mixed infection, and 10 were non-serotyped. Serotypes d and f were not detected. Serotype c showed the highest prevalence (52.9%), followed by serotype a (31.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Intragroup analysis revealed that, in slight/moderate periodontitis, serotypes c and a were significantly more prevalent than serotypes b and d-f; the prevalence of serotype c in severe periodontitis was significantly greater than that of serotypes a and b. Our data were similar in Asian and Eurasian populations.

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This longitudinal study evaluated the response to periodontal treatment by subjects infected with either JP2 (n = 25) or non-JP2 (n = 25) Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans. Participants were treated during the first 4 months by receiving (i) scaling and root planing, (ii) systemic antibiotic therapy, and (iii) periodontal surgery. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival and plaque indices (GI and PI, respectively) were monitored at baseline and at 12 months, along with DNA-PCR-based subgingival detection of JP2 or non-JP2 A. actinomycetemcomitans. At baseline, PD, CAL, and GI scores were statistically higher in the JP2 strain-positive group than the non-JP2-strain-positive group. At 12 months, PD, CAL, and GI scores had decreased significantly for both groups, but the reduction rates of PD and CAL were higher in the non-JP2-strain-positive group. Among JP2-strain-positive patients in the baseline, patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months showed significantly higher GIs than did the patients who had lost the detectable JP2 clone. Patients who remained JP2 strain positive at 12 months appeared to be more resistant to mechanical-chemical therapy than did those who were still non-JP2 strain positive, while the elimination of JP2 A. actinomycetemcomitans remarkably diminished gingival inflammation. Early identification and elimination of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans will enable practitioners to effectively predict the outcome of treatments applied to periodontal patients.

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