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This study aimed to analyze the population dynamics of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a temperate semi-arid climate in Mexico. Ten colonies homogeneous in population, food stores, and levels of mite infestation were used. The mite infestation rate in brood and adult bees, total number of mites, daily mite fall, brood and adult bee population, and food stores were determined periodically for 10 months. There was a significant effect (p < 0.05) of sampling period on the population of V. destructor in adult bees, brood, total mite population, and daily fallen mites. The total mite population increased by 26% on average per colony. The increase in brood amount reduced the mite infestation rate in adult bees, and the opposite occurred when the brood decreased. Monitoring V. destructor populations by recording fallen mites is more reliable than determining mite infestation rates in bees, as mite fall has a dynamic pattern similar to that of the total mite population. The best period to apply an acaricide treatment in the region of study is between November and December because most mites were in the phoretic phase, since there was less brood in the colonies compared to other times.

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In this work, we consider the design of power-constrained networked control systems (NCSs) and a differential entropy-based fault-detection mechanism. For the NCS design of the control loop, we consider faults in the plant gain and unstable plant pole locations, either due to natural causes or malicious intent. Since the power-constrained approach utilized in the NCS design is a stationary approach, we then discuss the finite-time approximation of the power constraints for the relevant control loop signals. The network under study is formed by two additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels located on the direct and feedback paths of the closed control loop. The finite-time approximation of the controller output signal allows us to estimate its differential entropy, which is used in our proposed fault-detection mechanism. After fault detection, we propose a fault-identification mechanism that is capable of correctly discriminating faults. Finally, we discuss the extension of the contributions developed here to future research directions, such as fault recovery and control resilience.

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PURPOSE: Evaluate the structural damage and the changes in the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of aquatic lirium leaves caused by ultrasound (US) irradiation in search of environmentally friendly methodologies for the control of this weed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aquatic lirium plants were extracted from Xochimilco water canals in Mexico City. A part of the group of plants was selected for irradiation, and the rest formed the control group. The irradiation plants group was exposed to US irradiation of 17 kHz frequency and 30 W × 4 output power for 2 h, at noon and 25 °C room temperature. The structural analysis was done with a MOTICAM 1 digital camera, 800 × 600 pixels, incorporated into the MOTIC PSM-1000 optical microscope and edited with Motic Images Plus 2.0 ML software. The total stomata density and the damaged stomata density were determined by dividing the numbers of total and damaged stomata by the visual field area (67,917 mm2), respectively. The leaves' photosynthesis and transpiration rates were measured using an LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System. RESULTS: Significant damage was observed in the stomata and epidermal cells, finding that the average ratio between the damaged and total stomata densities as a function of time (days) showed an exponential increase described by a Box-Lucas equation with a saturation value near unity and a maximum rate of change of the density of damaged stomata on zero-day (immediately after irradiation), decreasing as the days go by. The transpiration rate showed a sudden increase during the first hour after irradiation, reaching a maximum of 36% of its value before irradiation. It then quickly fell during the next 6 days and more slowly until the 21st day, decreasing 79.9% of its value before irradiation. The photosynthetic rate showed similar behavior with a 37.7% maximum increment and a 73.6% minimum decrease of its value before irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of structural stomata damage on the ultrasound-irradiated aquatic lirium leaves are consistent with an excessive ultrasound stimulation on stomata's mechanical operation by guard cells that produce the measured significant increase of the photosynthetic and transpiration rates during the first hour after irradiation. The initial high evaporation could alter the water potential gradient, with a possible generation of tensions in the xylem that could cause embolism in their conduits. The loss of xylem conductivity or hydraulic failure would be consistent with the observed significant fall in the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the aquatic lirium leaves after its sudden rise in the first hour after irradiation.

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The understanding of the dynamical behavior of seismic phenomena is currently an open problem, mainly because seismic series can be considered to be produced by phenomena exhibiting dynamic phase transitions; that is, with some complexity. For this purpose, the Middle America Trench in central Mexico is considered a natural laboratory for examining subduction because of its heterogenous natural structure. In this study, the Visibility Graph method was applied to study the seismic activity of three regions within the Cocos plate: the Tehuantepec Isthmus, the Flat slab and Michoacan, each one with a different level of seismicity. The method maps time series into graphs, and it is possible to connect the topological properties of the graph with the dynamical features underlying the time series. The seismicity analyzed was monitored in the three areas studied between 2010 and 2022. At the Flat Slab and Tehuantepec Isthmus, two intense earthquakes occurred on 7 and 19 September 2017, respectively, and, on 19 September 2022, another one occurred at Michoacan. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamical features and the possible differences between the three areas by applying the following method. First, the time evolution of the a- and b-values in the Gutenberg-Richter law was analyzed, followed by the relationship between the seismic properties and topological features using the VG method, the k-M slope and the characterization of the temporal correlations from the γ-exponent of the power law distribution, P(k) ∼ k-γ, and its relationship with the Hurst parameter, which allowed us to identify the correlation and persistence of each zone.

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Non-extensive statistical mechanics (or q-statistics) is based on the so-called non-additive Tsallis entropy. Since its introduction by Tsallis, in 1988, as a generalization of the Boltzmann-Gibbs equilibrium statistical mechanics, it has steadily gained ground as a suitable theory for the description of the statistical properties of non-equilibrium complex systems. Therefore, it has been applied to numerous phenomena, including real seismicity. In particular, Tsallis entropy is expected to provide a guiding principle to reveal novel aspects of complex dynamical systems with catastrophes, such as seismic events. The exploration of the existing connections between Tsallis formalism and real seismicity has been the focus of extensive research activity in the last two decades. In particular, Tsallis q-statistics has provided a unified framework for the description of the collective properties of earthquakes and faults. Despite this progress, our present knowledge of the physical processes leading to the initiation of a rupture, and its subsequent growth through a fault system, remains quite limited. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the non-extensive interpretation of seismicity, along with the contributions of the Tsallis formalism to the statistical description of seismic events.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has lately been driven by Omicron. This work aimed to study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages during the third and fourth waves of COVID-19 in Argentina. Molecular surveillance was performed on 3431 samples from Argentina, between EW44/2021 and EW31/2022. Sequencing, phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed. A differential dynamic between the Omicron waves was found. The third wave was associated with lineage BA.1, characterized by a high number of cases, very fast displacement of Delta, doubling times of 3.3 days and a low level of lineage diversity and clustering. In contrast, the fourth wave was longer but associated with a lower number of cases, initially caused by BA.2, and later by BA.4/BA.5, with doubling times of about 10 days. Several BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 sublineages and introductions were detected, although very few clusters with a constrained geographical distribution were observed, suggesting limited transmission chains. The differential dynamic could be due to waning immunity and an increase in population gatherings in the BA.1 wave, and a boosted population (for vaccination or recent prior immunity for BA.1 infection) in the wave caused by BA2/BA.4/BA.5, which may have limited the establishment of the new lineages.

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BACKGROUND: Hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection (STEC-HUS) generally shows a favorable outcome. Few cases develop extra-renal complications, since neurological involvement is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of complement in STEC-HUS has been recently highlighted, and the use of eculizumab in severe cases has been communicated. HUS results from environmental and genetic factors, but the simultaneous occurrence of STEC and complement mutations remains undetermined. METHODS: A pediatric case with severe STEC-HUS carrying CFH mutations, with favorable response to eculizumab is analyzed. RESULTS: STEC-HUS was diagnosed in a 4-year-old girl with classic HUS, including low C3. Peritoneal dialysis was started due to hypertension, oligoanuria, and pleural effusion. She evolved with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and required mechanical ventilation. MRI reported multiple supra- and infratentorial ischemic lesions with laminar/striatal cortical necrosis and leukoencephalopathy. After two eculizumab doses, a significative stabilization in diuresis, blood pressure, creatinine, and C3 was achieved. At the third week, episodes of massive digestive bleeding and a life-threatening condition required a colectomy thus preserving the ileocecal valve. Due to atypical evolution, a genetic study was considered, identifying two heterozygous variants (CFH S1191L/V1197A). CONCLUSION: STEC-HUS in patients with a genetic predisposition has been previously reported, but the low frequency of occurrence makes it a rare disease. As in the present case, patients with atypical course might benefit from genetic analysis to evaluate early eculizumab initiation and to better understand its phenotype. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

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With the growing need to obtain information about power consumption in buildings, it is necessary to investigate how to collect, store, and visualize such information using low-cost solutions. Currently, the available building management solutions are expensive and challenging to support small and medium-sized buildings. Unfortunately, not all buildings are intelligent, making it difficult to obtain such data from energy measurement devices and appliances or access such information. The internet of things (IoT) opens new opportunities to support real-time monitoring and control to achieve future smart buildings. This work proposes an IoT platform for remote monitoring and control of smart buildings, which consists of four-layer architecture: power layer, data acquisition layer, communication network layer, and application layer. The proposed platform allows data collection for energy consumption, data storage, and visualization. Various sensor nodes and measurement devices are considered to collect information on energy use from different building spaces. The proposed solution has been designed, implemented, and tested on a university campus considering three scenarios: an office, a classroom, and a laboratory. This work provides a guideline for future implementation of intelligent buildings using low-cost open-source solutions to enable building automation, minimize power consumption costs, and guarantee end-user comfort.

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After the M8.2 main-shock occurred on 7 September 2017 at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, the spatial distribution of seismicity has showed a clear clusterization of earthquakes along the collision region of the Tehuantepec Transform/Ridge with the Middle America Trench off Chiapas. Furthermore, nowadays, the temporal rate of occurrence in the number of earthquakes has also showed a pronounced increase. On the basis of this behavior, we studied the sequence of magnitudes of the earthquakes which occurred within the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico from 2010 to 2020. Since big earthquakes are considered as a phase transition, after the M8.2 main-shock, one must expect changes in the Tehuantepec ridge dynamics, which can be observed considering that the b-value in the Gutenberg-Richter law, has also showed changes in time. The goal of this paper is to characterize the behavior of the seismic activity by using the Gutenberg-Richter law, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, visibility graph and nowcasting method. Those methods have showed important parameters in order to assess risk, the multifractality and connectivity. Our findings indicate, first that b-value shows a dependency on time, which is clearly described by our analyses based on nowcasting method, multifractality and visibility graph.

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RESUMEN Hasta hoy no existe cura para la COVID-19. No obstante, se reportan diversos tratamientos encaminados a prevenir el contagio y a tratar los síntomas y complicaciones de la misma. La Medicina Natural y Tradicional ha sido usada frente a diversas dolencias, pero la información de su aplicación en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el uso de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en la prevención y el tratamiento de la COVID-19. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda de información utilizando recursos disponibles a través de Infomed (PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, EBSCO, ClinicalKey) y Google Académico, lo que permitió realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional en la infección por COVID-19. A pesar de los beneficios conocidos de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional, esta ha sido subvalorada como tratamiento frente a la COVID-19. Múltiples ensayos clínicos han tratado el uso de las diferentes terapias de Medicina Natural y Tradicional. Se informa que en los pacientes sometidos a estas terapias se incrementó la tasa de curación, disminuyó el número de casos graves y la tasa de alta hospitalaria mejoró notablemente. La Medicina Natural y Tradicional no protege directamente contra la enfermedad ni causa la curación de la misma, pero sí contribuye a que el organismo esté fortalecido a la hora de enfrentar la infección, y su empleo es eficaz en la reducción y alivio de los síntomas.

ABSTRACT Up today, there is no cure for COVID-19. Nevertheless, several treatments are reported with regard of preventing contagion and treating its symptoms and complications. Natural and traditional medicine has been used against various illnesses, but the information on its application in patients with SARS-CoV-2 is scarce. The aim of this work was to describe the use of Natural and Traditional Medicine in the prevention and treatments of COVID-19. For that, a search of information was conducted using resources available through Infomed (PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, EBSCO, ClinicalKey) and Google Academic, what allowed to carry out a bibliographic review on the use of Natural and Traditional Medicine in the infection caused by COVID-19. Despite of the known benefits of the Natural and Traditional Medicine, it has been undervalued as a treatment against COVID-19. Numerous clinical trials have treated the use of the different therapies of Natural and Traditional Medicine. It is reported that in patients undergoing these therapies the cure rate increased, the number of severe cases decreased and the hospital discharge rate improved outstandingly. Natural and traditional medicine does not directly protect against disease, or causes its healing, but it does contribute to the body being strengthened at the time of facing the infection, and its use is efficacious in reducing and alleviating the symptoms.

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Introducción: La diabetes mellitus constituye la segunda causa de enfermedad renal crónica en Cuba. La estimación de albuminuria facilitaría la identificación precoz de esta. Objetivo: Determinar el valor predictor de enfermedad renal crónica oculta en la albuminuria de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Las Tunas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de caso-control en 360 pacientes con diabetes mellitus pertenecientes al Policlínico Manuel Fajardo Rivero, en el período de enero de 2019 a febrero de 2020. La población en estudio fue dividida en dos grupos, atendiendo a la presencia (casos) o no (controles) de daño renal. El poder discriminatorio de la albuminuria como predictor de enfermedad renal crónica oculta se determinó mediante el área bajo la curva ROC, además se identificó el punto de corte óptimo. Se utilizó el análisis multivariado para identificar los factores predictores independientes de enfermedad renal. Resultados: La albuminuria mayor de 160 mg/24h fue identificada como predictor de enfermedad renal crónica oculta (OR: 2,278; IC de 95 por ciento: 1,637-2,908) junto a la edad ˃ 65 años, los años de evolución de DM ˃ 8 años y la hipoalbuminemia. El poder discriminatorio fue bueno, índice C: 0,843 (IC de 95 por ciento: 0,762-0,929). El punto de corte identificado de 160 mg/24h alcanzó una sensibilidad y especificidad de 90,00 por ciento y 97,60 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La albuminuria pudiese ser un importante predictor independiente de enfermedad renal crónica oculta en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de la Atención Primaria de Salud(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the second cause of chronic kidney disease in Cuba. Albumin estimates would facilitate its early identification. Objective: To determine the predictive value of albuminuria in hidden chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes mellitus at primary healthcare level in Las Tunas. Methods: An analytical case-control study was carried out in 360 patients with diabetes mellitus belonging to Manuel Fajardo Rivero Polyclinic, in the period from January 2019 to February 2020. The study population was divided into two groups: occurrence (cases) or not (controls) of kidney damage. The discriminatory power of albuminuria as a predictor of hidden chronic kidney disease was determined by the area under the ROC curve, while its optimal cut-off point was also identified. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent predictors of kidney disease. Results: Albuminuria over 160 mg on 24 hours was identified as a predictor of hidden chronic kidney disease (OR: 2.278; 95 percent CI: 1.637-2.908) together with age over 65 years, evolution of diabetes mellitus over 8 years, and hypoalbuminemia. The discriminatory power was good: The C index was 0.843 (95 percent CI: 0.762-0.929). The identified cut-off point of 160 mg in 24 hours reached a sensitivity and specificity of 90.00 percent and 97.60 percent, respectively. Conclusions: Albuminuria could be an important independent predictor of hidden chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus at primary healthcare level(AU)

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Introducción: La COVID-19 se presenta como una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior. Entre sus diversas manifestaciones extrapulmonares se encuentra el daño cardiovascular, y estas son las que se asocian a la morbimortalidad. Se realizó una búsqueda de información científica utilizando recursos de las bases de datos PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, Ebsco, ClinicalKey y Scopus. Las estrategias de búsqueda formuladas fueron: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, complicaciones cardiovasculares; en inglés y español. Objetivo: Describir las complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con la COVID-19. Desarrollo: Existe una amplia diversidad de criterios en la literatura científica acerca del daño cardiovascular en el contexto de la infección por la COVID-19. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares reportadas son: la lesión miocárdica aguda, miocarditis aguda, arritmias cardiacas, síndrome coronario agudo, insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, daño valvular cardiaco, enfermedad tromboembólica venosa y shock. Conclusiones: Se describen las complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con la COVID-19. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 ocasiona daño directo o indirecto en el miocardio, las válvulas cardiacas y el resto del sistema cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 typically presents as a lower respiratory tract infection. Among its various extrapulmonary manifestations is cardiovascular damage, and these are the ones that are most associated with morbidity and mortality. A search for scientific information was carried; resources were obtained from databases PubMed, PubMed Central, SciELO, Ebsco, ClinicalKey, and Scopus. The search strategies formulated were: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Cardiovascular complications; as well as its translations into the English language. Objective: To describe the cardiovascular complications in patients with the COVID-19. Development: There is a wide diversity of criteria in the scientific literature regarding cardiovascular damage in the context of COVID-19 infection. Frequently reported cardiovascular complications are acute myocardial injury, acute myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure, heart valve damage, venous thromboembolic disease, and shock. Conclusions: Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 carriers were described. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes direct or indirect damage to the myocardium, heart valves and the rest of the cardiovascular system(AU)

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This study aimed to perform a molecular survey and identification of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in domestic South American Camelids from Southern Chile. Conventional PCR (cPCR) for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. based on 16S rRNA gene (620bp fragment) was performed in 87 EDTA-blood samples taken from 48 llamas (Lama glama) and 39 and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from to Temuco, La Araucanía region and Valdivia, Los Rios region, Southern Chile. 16S rRNA hemotropic Mycoplasma PCR-positive were sequenced for species identification, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses, and further tested by cPCR targeting a fragment (160-210 bp) of the RNaseP (rnpB) gene. Based upon 16S rRNA cPCR results, the overall hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. occurrence in Southern camelids was 9.2% (8/87 [95% CI (4.0-17.3%)]), with five positive alpacas (12.8%; 5/39 [95% CI (4.3-27.4%)]) and three llamas (6.3%; 3/48 [95% CI (1.7-17.2%)]). All 16S rRNA PCR-positive samples were negative for the rnpB gene. Obtained 16S sequences presented high identity (99-100%) by BLASTn analysis to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae' from an alpaca in the United Kingdom. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of the 16s rRNA gene showed high similarity among 'Candidatus M. haemolamae' sequences of this study and the ones from North America, Europe, and Asia evidencing a low diversity of Chilean samples, with only one haplotype detected (#1). Haplotype #1 from South American Camelids in Chile was worldwide distributed and observed in North America, Europe, and Asia. 'Candidatus M. haemolamae' detected for the first time in South American camelids in Southern Chile had low diversity and was worldwide spread.

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BACKGROUND: One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a relatively novel technique with excellent outcomes, comparable to most accepted procedures. Our aim was to compare OAGB and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in terms of percent of excess weight lost (%EWL) and resolution of comorbidities. METHODS: Thirty-three patients were randomly assigned (1:2) to two groups (OAGB = 9 and RYGB = 24). Patients were analyzed prospectively. RESULTS: The 5-year follow-up was 85% (28 patients). Both groups were comparable preoperatively in age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and excess weight. One intraoperative complication in OAGB group and no major postoperative complications for both groups were recorded. Progressive decrease in weight, BMI, and %EWL was observed at 1, 6, 12 months, and 5 years, with no differences between groups. Regarding comorbidities, we registered complete remission in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia with OAGB. RYGB group reported complete remission in T2DM, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mean operative time were 113.3 min ± 41.2 and 143.7 min ± 21.85 for OAGB and RYGB respectively. Mean number of reloads used was 5 for OAGB and 7 for RYGB, which demands further investigations. Postoperative pain was significantly higher in RYGB group. Hospital stay was 3 days for both groups. CONCLUSION: At 5-year follow-up, patients of both techniques achieved similar outcomes in terms of %EWL and resolution of comorbidities, without early or mid-term major complications and no mortality. OAGB demonstrated less use of surgical stapling and unexplainably less postoperative pain compared to RYGB.

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Este artículo reflexiona, en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, sobre las prácticas sociales y culturales de la medicina tradicional de los pueblos originarios bribri ­ cabecar de Costa Rica para enfrentar las enfermedades contagiosas. Para lograr este objetivo, revisamos fuentes bibliográficas en antropología, lingüística e historia, pero sobre todo, volvimos a revisar las entrevistas que habíamos realizado durante muchos años a varios a médicos de los pueblos originarios, bribris y cabécares. Todo ello nos ha permitido descubrir que, muchas prácticas sociales y culturales, que prevalecen aún en estos dos pueblos originarios, esconden un complejo sistema de conceptos y protocolos médicos, que garantizan un saber hacer y un saber actuar ante enfermedades contagiosas. Conceptos como cuarentena, aislamiento, familiar o comunal, el tener cuidado de no tocar ciertos objetos, aparecen con total nitidez, en una concepción de mundo que privilegia la reflexión sobre la salud y la enfermedad.

This article reflects, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, on the social and cultural practices of the traditional medicine of the Bribri and Cabecar native peoples of Costa Rica in dealing with contagious diseases. In order to accomplish this objective, we reviewed bibliographic sources in Anthropology, Linguistics and History, but above all, we reviewed again the interviews we had done for many years, to various the people dedicated to medicine in the indigenous Bribri and Cabecar towns. All this has allowed us to discover that many social and cultural practices, which still prevail in the Bribri and Cabecar native peoples, hide a complex system of medical concepts and protocols, which guarantee a know-how and a knowledge of how to act in the face of contagious diseases. Concepts such as quarantine, isolation, family or communal, being careful not to touch certain objects, appear with total clarity, in a conception of the world that privileges reflection on health and illness.

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One of the most important subduction zones in the world is located in the Mexican Pacific Coast, where the Cocos plate inserts beneath the North American plate. One part of it is located in the Mexican Pacific Coast, where the Cocos plate inserts beneath the North American plate with different dip angles, showing important seismicity. Under the central Mexican area, such a dip angle becomes practically horizontal and such an area is known as flat slab. An earthquake of magnitude M7.1 occurred on 19 September 2017, the epicenter of which was located in this flat slab. It caused important human and material losses of urban communities including a large area of Mexico City. The seismicity recorded in the flat slab region is analyzed here in natural time from 1995 until the occurrence of this M7.1 earthquake in 2017 by studying the entropy change under time reversal and the variability ß of the order parameter of seismicity as well as characterize the risk of an impending earthquake by applying the nowcasting method. The entropy change ΔS under time reversal minimizes on 21 June 2017 that is almost one week after the observation of such a minimum in the Chiapas region where a magnitude M8.2 earthquake took place on 7 September 2017 being Mexico's largest quake in more than a century. A minimum of ß was also observed during the period February-March 2017. Moreover, we show that, after the minimum of ΔS, the order parameter of seismicity starts diminishing, thus approaching gradually the critical value 0.070 around the end of August and the beginning of September 2017, which signals that a strong earthquake is anticipated shortly in the flat slab.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la COVID-19 es una enfermedad nueva con repercusión directa sobre el sistema cardiovascular. Objetivo: describir los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos involucrados en el daño cardiovascular en pacientes portadores de COVID-19. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, mediante artículos recuperados en PubMed, SciELO, Ebsco y ClinicalKey. Se emplearon 27 referencias. Desarrollo: diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos se asocian al daño cardiovascular en pacientes con COVID-19, entre ellos la injuria miocárdica directa, invasión viral de los cardiomiocitos, alteración del índice suministro-demanda del miocardio, ruptura de la placa de ateroma y trombosis coronaria, inflamación sistémica, desequilibrios hidroelectrolíticos. Conclusiones: determinar los mecanismos involucrados en el daño cardiovascular es un pilar fundamental como estrategia preventiva y de tamizaje en estos pacientes. La respuesta inflamatoria, los cambios hemodinámicos secundarios al proceso viral, así como la hipoxemia, constituyen mecanismos de repercusión negativa sobre la salud cardiovascular, llevando al desarrollo de lesión cardiaca aguda.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 is a new disease which provokes damage to human health, with direct impact on the cardiovascular system. Objective: to describe the pathophysiogenic mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients. Method: a literature review was carried out, through articles retrieved in PubMed, SciELO, EBSCO and ClinicalKey, using 27 references. Development: different pathophysiogenic mechanisms are associated with cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients; among them direct myocardial injury, viral invasion of cardiomyocytes, alteration of myocardial supply-demand index, atheroma-plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis, systemic inflammation and electrolyte imbalances. Conclusions: determining the mechanisms involved in cardiovascular damage is a fundamental pillar as a preventive and screening strategy in COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory response, secondary hemodynamic changes to the viral process, as well as hypoxemia, are mechanisms of negative impact on cardiovascular health, leading to the development of acute cardiac injury.

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Introducción: La COVID-19 no presenta distinción de edades, razas y sexo, los niños y jóvenes representan un sector de la población que no escapa a esta realidad. Identificar precozmente la enfermedad favorece a un mejor pronóstico. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, utilizando las bases de datos (PubMed, SciELO, Ebsco y Clinical Key). Los descriptores utilizados fueron: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, COVID-19 en niños. La búsqueda aportó 77 artículos, de los cuales se descartaron 47 por no cumplir con de los criterios de inclusión. Se tomaron para citar el trabajo 30, el 100 por ciento del año 2020, son citados. Objetivo: Describir aspectos generales de la COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos. Desarrollo: Para caracterizar la enfermedad existen abundantes artículos científicos a nivel mundial, los pacientes en edades pediátricas son igualmente afectados que el resto de la población. La pertinencia de identificar la enfermedad precozmente, justifica la dispersión existente en la literatura. Conclusiones: A pesar de los avances científicos realizados en múltiples investigaciones, existen todavía elementos de la enfermedad que deben estudiarse a fondo. Aunque generalmente los pacientes pediátricos presentan una mejor evolución probablemente influida por la ausencia de comorbilidades existentes en la población adulta, la COVID-19 tiene similar comportamiento(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 does not present a distinction of ages, races and sex, children and youth represent a sector of the population that does not escape this reality. Early identification of the disease favors a better prognosis. Objective: To describe general aspects of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. Methods: A bibliographic review was performed, using the databases (PubMed, Scielo, Ebsco and Clinical Key). The search descriptors used were: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and COVID-19 in children. The search yielded 77 articles, of which 47 were discarded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. 30, 100 percent of the year 2020, were taken to cite the work. The analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical methods were used. Development: to characterize the disease, there are abundant scientific articles worldwide, pediatric patients are equally affected than the rest of the population. The relevance of identifying the disease early, justifies the dispersion existing in the literature. Conclusions: Despite the scientific advances made in multiple investigations, there are still elements of the disease that must be studied in depth. Although pediatric patients generally present a better evolution, probably influenced by the absence of existing comorbidities in the adult population, COVID-19 has similar behavior(AU)

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Objetivo.Evaluar la calidad de atención recibida por las mujeres embarazadas en el Centro de Salud Monimbó, Municipio de Masaya, durante el período de Agosto-Septiembre del 2008.vDiseño. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa descriptiva de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 107 usuarias externas y 5 usuarios internos que cumplieron los criterio de inclusión. Se usaron 4 instrumentos para recolectar la información. El procesamiento de los datos se hizo con el paquete estadístico EPIINFO 3.3.2. Resultados. La edad de las usuarias que predominó fue el grupo de 20-29 años con un 55 (51,4%).La Procedencia urbana fue de 84(78,5%),la unión libre fue 66 (61,7%), La ocupación más frecuente fue ama de casa 70( 65,4%). La escolaridad predomino algún año de secundaria sin completarla con un 68(63,6%). En relación al trato general recibido por el Centro de salud el 80(74,7%) manifestó como regular. En cuanto si las usuarias externas regresarían a chequeo el 77(72%) manifestó que no y un 72(67,3%) no desean ser atendidas por mismo usuario interno. Conclusiones. La accesibilidad organizacional estuvo limitada por no haber información sobre los horarios de atención. La disponibilidad de equipamiento, infraestructura e insuficientes recursos humanos estuvo presente. Hay servicios que presentaron tiempo de espera prolongado, siendo percibido por las usuarias como regular dicho comportamiento. En este estudio se manifestó un clima laboral de tipo regular, asociado a las malas relaciones interpersonales y la poca satisfacción de los usuarios internos en las funciones que realizan

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It has been shown that some dynamic features hidden in the time series of complex systems can be unveiled if we analyze them in a time domain termed natural time. In this analysis, we can identify when a system approaches a critical point (dynamic phase transition). Here, based on natural time analysis, which enables the introduction of an order parameter for seismicity, we discuss a procedure through which we could achieve the identification of the occurrence time of the M8.2 earthquake that occurred on 7 September 2017 in Mexico in Chiapas region, which is the largest magnitude event recorded in Mexico in more than a century. In particular, we first investigated the order parameter fluctuations of seismicity in the entire Mexico and found that, during an almost 30-year period, i.e., from 1 January 1988 until the M8.2 earthquake occurrence, they were minimized around 27 July 2017. From this date, we started computing the variance of seismicity in Chiapas region and found that it approached the critical value 0.070 on 6 September 2017, almost one day before this M8.2 earthquake occurrence.