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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between fatalistic beliefs, self-care, and glycemic control among Mexican men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is a cross-sectional study in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 18 to 59 years of age from the Northeast of Mexico. Fatalistic beliefs, self-care, medication adherence, and HbA1C were evaluated. Patients were divided into glycemic control (<7% HbA1c) and without glycemic control (>7% HbA1c). Tests were performed to compare 2 independent groups, Student's t and U Mann Whitney. Correlation tests and multiple linear regression models were also performed. For statistical analysis, the SPSS v27 program was used. Forty-nine percent of the men had glycemic control (<7% HbA1c). Fatalistic beliefs were negatively correlated with self-care and medication adherence, but not with HbA1c. In multiple linear regression models, fatalistic beliefs were a negative predictor of self-care and medication adherence. In the model for HbA1c, the pessimism subdimension and self-care were the predictors. Fatalistic beliefs negatively affect self-care compliance and medication adherence, while the pessimism subdimension was related to the increase in HbA1c.

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The goal of this research was to determine the personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural predictors of condom use among rural Indigenous adolescents. Predictor variables were selected from Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and Leininger's Transcultural Theory. The sample consisted of 419 Nahuas adolescents randomly selected from the total number of neighborhood blocks in a rural community in Puebla, Mexico. The instruments had acceptable psychometric characteristics (Cronbach alpha and validity scores). Multiple linear regression models were used. Results: 56.8% of participants were female, and 50.40% were students. Mean age was M = 17.5 (SD = 0.97), and the majority (63%) identified as Catholic. Age at menarche/first ejaculation (ß = -1.2, p = 0.038), attitude toward condom use (ß = 0.13, p < 0.001), ethnic identity (ß = 0.21, p < 0.001), and ability to negotiate condom use (ß = 0.13, p = 0.003) predicted (R2 = 22.3) condom use. This study provided a basis for integration of the cultural values of Indigenous adolescents within interventions for sexual health promotion.

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Resumen: Objetivo: De este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala breve de opinión sexual en población migrante. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 249 personas que migran, para medir al Erotofobia-erotofilia se utilizó la escala de opinión sexual, para examinar la validez de constructo, se adaptó la escala a un lenguaje coloquial, participaron 62 voluntarios para leer y expresar si entendieron cada una de las preguntas. Posteriormente, se analizó la validez interna y externa del SOS. Los participantes fueron seleccionados entre la población de migrantes mediante muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Resultados: El 85.4% eran hombres, provenientes en su mayoría de México (84.7%). Para la validación interna, se obtuvo alfa de Cronbach .763, presenta una estructura unidimensional, con respecto a la validez convergente se correlacionó con asertividad sexual. Conclusiones: Las mediciones obtenidas en la SOS en su versión breve de 6 ítems han mostrado valores de consistencia interna débiles, presenta una estructura unidimensional en muestra de migrantes, la escala ha mostrado ser estable en diferentes países como España, Colombia y El Salvador.

Abstract: Objective: Of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the brief sexual opinion scale in the migrant population. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 175 people who migrate, to measure Erotophobia-erotophilia, the sexual opinion scale was used, to examine the construct validity, the scale was adapted to a colloquial language, 62 volunteers participated to read and Express if they understood each of the questions. Subsequently, the internal and external validity of the SOS was analyzed. The participants were selected from the population of migrants through non-probabilistic sampling, for convenience. Results: 85.4% were men, mostly from Mexico (84.7%). For internal validation, Cronbach's alpha .763 was obtained, it presents a unidimensional structure, with respect to convergent validity it was correlated with sexual assertiveness. Conclusions: The measurements obtained in the SOS in its brief version of 6 items have shown weak internal consistency values, it presents a one-dimensional structure in a sample of migrants, the scale has shown to be stable in different countries such as Spain, Colombia and El Salvador.

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Background: Middle-aged and older adults often mistakenly underestimate the risk to which they are exposed when they engage in risky sexual behaviors. Furthermore, a reliable and valid measurement of the construct is necessary to capture its scope and meaning. Objective: To validate the structure of the Perceived Risk Scale for STIs in middle-aged and older adults, identify their perceived risk of STIs, and identify their relationship with some sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The sample was composed of 295 middle-aged and older adults. A virtual online sampling was used. Males and females aged 50 years and older, sexually active in the last 12 months, were included. To measure the perceived risk of STIs, the scale of perceived risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was adapted, and a confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed three-factor structure was carried out. Results: The proposed structure of the scale was found to present acceptable adjustment rates (X 2= 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). 28.1% of the participants presented low perceived risk; 46.8%, medium perceived risk; and 25.1%, high perceived risk. Association between marital status and perceived risk of STIs was identified. Conclusion: The Perceived Risk Scale for STIs is a reliable and valid instrument for capturing perceived risk of STIs in middle-aged and older adults. An appropriate measurement is considered important to accurately examine the relationship between perceived risk and behavior.

Antecedentes: Los adultos de mediana y tercera edad suelen subestimar erróneamente el riesgo al que se exponen cuando realizan conductas sexuales de riesgo, además, es necesaria una medición fiable y válida del constructo para captar su alcance y significado. Objetivo: Validar la estructura de la Escala de Riesgo Percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera, identificar su riesgo percibido a las ITS e identificar su relación con algunas características sociodemográficas. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 295 adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se utilizó un muestreo virtual en línea. Se incluyeron hombres y mujeres de 50 años o más, se-xualmente activos en los últimos 12 meses. Para medir el riesgo percibido a las ITS se adaptó la escala de riesgo percibido al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio de la estructura propuesta conformada por tres factores. Resultados: Se comprobó que la estructura propuesta de la escala presentaba mostró índices de ajuste aceptables (X2 = 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). El 28.1% de los participantes presentó un riesgo percibido bajo, el 46.8% un riesgo percibido medio y el 25.1% un riesgo percibido alto. Se identificó la asociación entre el estado civil y el riesgo percibido de ITS. Conclusiones: La Escala de Riesgo Percibido de ITS es un instrumento fiable y válido para captar el riesgo percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se considera importante una medición adecuada para examinar con precisión la relación entre el riesgo percibido y la conducta.

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RESUMEN Profundizar en la historia es necesario para reforzar los valores identitarios que nos distinguen. Se describen los aspectos más relevantes de la Federación Estudiantil Universitaria en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, desde 1989 hasta principios de 2021. Los apuntes recopilados evocan la labor de sus líderes y otros estudiantes de diferentes generaciones, quienes se destacaron en actividades políticas, docentes, científicas, culturales, deportivo-recreativas y de extensión universitaria...(AU)

ABSTRACT To delve in history is necessary to reinforce the identity values identifying people. The most relevant aspects of the University Students Federation in the Matanzas University of Medical Sciences, from 1989 to early 2021 are described. The collected notes evoke the work of the leaders and other students of different generations who excelled in political, teaching, scientific, cultural, sport-recreational, and university extension activities...(AU)

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Las mujeres trans enfrentan un riesgo desproporcionado de adquirir el VIH. Este estudio analiza cualitativamente el riesgo del VIH en mujeres trans mexicanas desde el género como estructura social. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado en el noreste de México. Se hicieron 15 entrevistas a mujeres trans de entre 22 y 69 años y se realizó un análisis temático. El análisis de las entrevistas reveló tres categorías temáticas: construcciones sociales del VIH y estigma, el género y el VIH en las relaciones interpersonales, y el género y el VIH en las instituciones y la política. Los resultados muestran que las construcciones sociales del VIH se tejen en el colectivo, a partir de la interacción con otras mujeres trans. El VIH es un fenómeno atravesado por la temporalidad sociohistórica y, en ese sentido, se generan las percepciones de riesgo frente a él. El género como estructura de opresión se vincula con las experiencias de estigma y discriminación, así como la búsqueda de la legitimación del género a través de las relaciones con parejas sexuales. Las instituciones y la política pública se relacionan con el acceso a los servicios de salud, además se identifican y analizan las barreras institucionales, personales y colectivas a partir de la identidad de género. La política sostiene y refuerza la marginalización de las mujeres trans impactando en el riesgo del VIH. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo del VIH es un fenómeno multicausal basado en el género como estructura de opresión con implicaciones sistémicas.

Trans women experience disproportionate risk of HIV infection. The study performed a qualitative analysis of HIV risk in Mexican trans women from the perspective of gender as social structure. The qualitative study was performed in Northeast Mexico. Fifteen interviews were performed with trans women 22 to 69 years of age, followed by thematic analysis. The analysis revealed three thematic categories: social constructs of HIV and stigma, gender and HIV in interpersonal relations, and gender and HIV in institutions and policy. The results show that social constructs of HIV are produced collectively based on interaction with other trans women. HIV is a phenomenon traversed by sociohistorical temporality, generating risk perceptions. Gender as a structure of oppression is linked to experiences of stigma and discrimination and the search for gender legitimization through relations with sex partners. Institutions and public policy relate to access to health services, and institutional, personal, and collective barriers are identified and analyzed based on gender identity. The policy sustains and reinforces the marginalization of trans women, impacting HIV risk. HIV risk is a multicausal phenomenon based on gender as a structure of oppression with systemic implications.

As mulheres trans enfrentam um risco desproporcional de adquirir HIV. Este estudo analisa qualitativamente o risco do HIV em mulheres trans mexicanas a partir do gênero como estrutura social. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado no nordeste de México. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas com mulheres trans, com idade entre 22 e 69 anos, além de uma análise temática. A análise das entrevistas revelou três categorias temáticas: construções sociais do HIV e estigma, gênero e HIV nas relações interpessoais, e gênero e HIV nas instituições e a política. Os resultados mostram que as construções sociais do HIV se consolidam no coletivo, a partir da interação com outras mulheres trans. O HIV é um fenómeno atravessado pela temporalidade socio histórica e, neste sentido é que são geradas as percepções de risco frente a ele. O gênero como estrutura de opressão está relacionado às experiências de estigma e discriminação, e a busca da legitimação do gênero através das relações com parceiras sexuais. As instituições e a política pública são relacionadas com o acesso aos serviços de saúde e se identificam e analisam as barreiras institucionais, pessoais e coletivas, a partir da identidade de gênero. A política apoia e reforça a marginalização das mulheres trans, impactando o risco do HIV. Os resultados mostram que o risco do HIV é um fenómeno multicausal baseado gênero como estrutura de opressão com desdobramentos sistémicos.

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A scoping literature review to identify the multilevel HIV serosorting related elements was developed. Articles from EBSCO, PubMed, PsyNET and Science Direct with serosort* or serosorting at the tittle or abstract, written in English or Spanish were included. No restriction in type of population or design were applied. 239 records were retrieved after duplicates removed, but 181 references were extracted for full-text review. Individual level: HIV knowledge, serostatus, risk perceptions, abilities to disclose and for condom use negotiation, motivations, use of drugs, stigma, attitudes toward condom use, and perceptions/beliefs about the HIV and related treatments, HIV infection rates/testing and behavioral factors. Interpersonal level: social networks, abilities (sexual behavior negotiation, and communication). Community level: stigma, social norms, access to HIV related services. Structural level: political context, HIV related funding and public policies. HIV Serosorting is not solely an interpersonal behavior it involves multilevel elements that must be acknowledged by professionals and stakeholders.

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Abstract A scoping literature review to identify the multilevel HIV serosorting related elements was developed. Articles from EBSCO, PubMed, PsyNET and Science Direct with serosort* or serosorting at the tittle or abstract, written in English or Spanish were included. No restriction in type of population or design were applied. 239 records were retrieved after duplicates removed, but 181 references were extracted for full-text review. Individual level: HIV knowledge, serostatus, risk perceptions, abilities to disclose and for condom use negotiation, motivations, use of drugs, stigma, attitudes toward condom use, and perceptions/beliefs about the HIV and related treatments, HIV infection rates/testing and behavioral factors. Interpersonal level: social networks, abilities (sexual behavior negotiation, and communication). Community level: stigma, social norms, access to HIV related services. Structural level: political context, HIV related funding and public policies. HIV Serosorting is not solely an interpersonal behavior it involves multilevel elements that must be acknowledged by professionals and stakeholders.

Resumen Se desarrolló una revisión de alcance de la literatura para identificar elementos multinivel relacionados a la seroclasificación de VIH. Se incluyeron artículos de EBSCO, PubMed y Science Direct con serosort* o serosorting en título o resumen, escritos en Inglés o Español. No se aplicaron restricciones por tipo de población y diseño. Después de remover duplicados, se recuperaron 239 records, solo 181 referencias se extrajeron para revisión a texto completo. Nivel individual: Conocimiento del VIH, seroestado, percepciones de riesgo, habilidades para develar el seroestado y negociar el condón, motivaciones, uso de drogas, estigma, actitudes sobre uso del condón, y percepciones/ creencias acerca del VIH y tratamientos, tasas de infección y tamizaje de VIH, factores conductuales. Nivel interpersonal: redes sociales, habilidades (negociación de la conducta sexual, y comunicación). Nivel comunitario: Estigma, normas sociales, acceso a servicios de VIH. Nivel estructural: contexto político, políticas públicas y financiamiento relacionado al VIH. La seroclasificación de VIH no es solamente una conducta interpersonal, incluye elementos multinivel que deben ser reconocidos por los profesionales de salud y tomadores de decisiones.

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BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause infant brain and eye abnormalities and has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed infants. Evidence is limited on ZIKV's effects on children infected postnatally within the first year of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether any adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes occurred in early childhood for children infected postnatally with ZIKV during infancy, given the neurotoxicity of ZIKV infection and the rapid brain development that occurs in infancy and early childhood. METHODS: The Colombia Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) conducted health and developmental screenings between September and November 2017 to evaluate 60 children at ages 20-30 months who had laboratory-confirmed symptomatic postnatal ZIKV infection at ages 1-12 months. We examined the frequency of adverse neurologic, hearing, eye, and developmental outcomes as well as the relationship between age at Zika symptom onset and developmental outcomes. RESULTS: Nine of the 60 (15.0%) children had adverse outcomes on the neurologic, hearing, or eye examination. Six of the 47 (12.8%) children without these adverse findings, and who received a valid developmental screening, had an alert score in the hearing-language domain which signals the need for additional developmental evaluation. CONCLUSION: Neurologic, hearing, eye, and developmental findings suggest reassuring results. Since the full spectrum of neurodevelopmental outcomes in children postnatally infected with ZIKV remains unknown, routine paediatric care is advised to monitor the development of these children to ensure early identification of any adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

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Resumen Introducción: En el año 2015, 17,5 millones de personas fallecieron por enfermedades cardiovasculares, el 31% de todas las defunciones a nivel mundial. Este aumento en la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares responde a factores como el envejecimiento, sobrepeso y obesidad, hipertensión arterial (HTA), sedentarismo, entre otros. Objetivo: Revisar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad en pacientes adultos con falla cardiaca. Materiales y métodos: Revisión sistemática con análisis descriptivo y cronología retrospectiva, de artículos científicos publicados entre Enero del año 2015 a Enero del año 2019 en 5 bases de datos. Los estudios se identificaron y selecciona- ron mediante las recomendaciones de la Declaración de PRISMA y la Colaboración Cochrane, además, se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos en la revisión a través de la Escala de PEDro. Resultados: Se incluyeron finalmente 13 ensayos clínicos para desarrollar el análisis descriptivo. Se contó con una mues- tra de 554 sujetos con falla cardiaca, con una fracción de eyección reducida entre 27±9% y 65±5%; se intervinieron 275 pacientes y 279 se controlaron. El entrenamiento de alta intensidad fue desarrollado mediante bloques con intervalos entre 30 segundos y 4 minutos con ciclos de trabajo hasta del 100% y hasta alcanzar una frecuencia cardiaca máxima entre 75% y 95%. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad durante 12 semanas podría mejorar la capacidad física en pacientes con falla cardiaca. Sin embargo, tiene mayores efectos si se acompaña de ejercicios de fuerza o resistencia.

Abstract Effects of high intensity intervalic training in adult patients with heart failure: systematic review Introduction: In 2015, 17.5 million people died from cardiovascular diseases, 31% of all deaths worldwide. This increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases responds to factors such as aging, overweight and obesity, hypertension (HBP), sedentary lifestyle, among others. Objective: To review the effects of high-intensity interval training in adult patients with heart failure. Materials and methods: Systematic review with descriptive analysis and retrospective chronology, of scientific articles published between January of the year 2015 to January of the year 2019 in 5 databases. The studies were identified and selected by means of the recommendations of the PRISMA Declaration and the Cochrane Collaboration, in addition, the methodological quality of the studies included in the review was evaluated through the PEDro Scale. Results: Finally, 13 clinical trials were included to develop the descriptive analysis. There was a sample of 554 subjects with heart failure, with a reduced ejection fraction between 27 ± 9% and 65 ± 5%; 275 patients were intervened and 279 were controlled. The high-intensity training was developed by blocks with intervals between 30 seconds and 4 minutes with work cycles of up to 100% and until reaching a maximum heart rate between 75% and 95%. Conclusions: High-intensity interval training for 12 weeks could improve physical capacity in patients with heart failure. However, it has greater effects if it is accompanied by strength or resistance exercises.

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La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) es un problema de salud pública mundial con consecuencias negativas. La vulnerabilidad a este virus está asociada con factores sociales y contextuales que experimentan los hombres y que pueden influir en la conducta sexual. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica y sintetizar la información disponible sobre los factores socioculturales asociados con las conductas sexuales de riesgo del VIH, en hombres adultos latinoamericanos. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica disponible en 11bases de datos, PubMed, EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Elite, Fuente Academica y MedicLatina), Ovid, Springer, Web of Sicence, Scopus, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library. Se tomó en cuenta las guías de PRISMA y se elaboró una estrategia de búsqueda para garantizar la reproducibilidad. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron nueve artículos de un total de 1210 recuperados inicialmente, se realizaron en hombres adultos identificados como heterosexuales, homosexuales, bisexuales. Se encontró que el apoyo social, el desempleo, estar en una relación, la violencia física, el uso de redes sociales, consumo de alcohol y uso de drogas son factores asociados con las conductas sexuales de riesgo del VIH. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayoría de los estudios están enfocados en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, sin embargo, es importante considerar las conductas sexuales de los hombres heterosexuales y bisexuales, una población culturalmente importante enla toma de decisiones para llevar a cabo conductas sexuales de riesgo o seguras.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global public health problem withnegative consequences. Vulnerability to this virus is associated with social and contextual factors that men experience and that can influence sexual behavior. OBJECTIVE:To conduct a bibliographic review and synthesize the available information on sociocultural factors associated with sexual risk behaviors of HIV in Latin American adult men. METHOD: A systematic review of the available scientific literature was carried out in 11 databases, PubMed, EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Elite, Academic Source and MedicLatina), Ovid, Springer, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library. PRISMA guidelines were taken into account and a search strategy was developed to ensure reproducibility. RESULTS: Nine articles out of a total of 1210 initially recovered were included, they were carried out in adult men identified as heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual. It was found that social support, unemployment, being in a relationship, physical violence, andthe use of social networks, alcohol consumption and drug use are factors associated with sexual risk behaviors of HIV. CONCLUSION: Most studies are focused on men who have sex with men, however, it is important to consider the sexual behaviors of heterosexual and bisexual men since they are a culturally important population in making decisions to carry out risky sexual behaviors or safe.

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Se han utilizado aplicaciones móviles para promover el uso del condón que carecen de fundamento teórico y no consideran la opinión de los usuarios en su desarrollo por lo que han sido evaluadas negativamente. El objetivo fue desarrollar y evaluar una aplicación móvil para promover el uso correcto y consistente del condón en jóvenes mexicanos con riesgo de VIH, basado en enfoque de pensamiento de diseño centrado en el usuario. Utilizando metodología cualitativa se realizaron tres fases. En la primera fase, inspiración, se identificaron las necesidades de 9 jóvenes con respecto al uso del prototipo. En la segunda fase, ideación, se transformaron estas necesidades en soluciones y se validaron en 15 jóvenes. En la tercera fase, implementación, se realizó una prueba de usabilidad en otros 15 jóvenes. En conclusión, este enfoque ofreció una solución práctica para el desarrollo de un prototipo móvil para fomentar el uso de condón en jóvenes(AU)

Mobile applications have been used to promote the use of condoms, but those have no theoretical basis and do not consider the opinion of users in their development, which is why they have been evaluated negatively. The objective was to develop and evaluate a mobile application to promote the correct and consistent use of the condom in youth at risk of HIV, based on a user-centered design thinking approach. Using qualitative methodology, three phases were carried out. In the first phase, inspiration, the needs of 9 young people were identified with respect to the use of the prototype. In the second phase, ideation, these needs were transformed into solutions and validated in 15 youths. In the third phase, implementation, a usability test was conducted on other 15 youths. In conclusion, this approach offered a practical solution for the development of a mobile prototype to encourage the use of condoms in young people(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: Sexual self-esteem has generated results that make clear their impact on sexual health, which is forged by interactions with other people. For this reason, the goal of this study is to evaluate if the variables time spent with the partner, number of sexual partners, support of the couple, sexual assertiveness and partner violence predict sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Predictive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 605 women users of primary health care centers. As inclusion criteria, it was considered that participants were between 18 and 40 years of age (M=27.68; TD=6.52), who maintained a relationship of at least three months and with sexual activity within that relationship. RESULTS: Couple support, partner violence and sexual assertiveness behaved as predictive factors, accounting for 32% of sexual self-esteem in women (F=52.410, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal factors are key elements in the understanding and evaluation of sexual self-esteem in women. These findings will support the improvement of the sexual health of this population, who are a vulnerable group to sexual problems in Mexico.

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Objetivo: determinar la validez del cuestionario de conductas sexuales en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Método: se realizó una investigación instrumental con un diseño ex post-facto transversal. Se usó un muestreo dirigido por entrevistados para reclutar a 133 HSH mexicanos. Resultados: los ocho ítems de frecuencia de relaciones sexuales definieron dos escalas independientes: sexo con mujeres (α ordinal = .926) y sexo con hombres (α ordinal = .898). Ambos modelos unidimensionales mostraron ajustes aceptables. La escala de sexo desprotegido tuvo una estructura de tres factores con ajuste aceptable: con trabajadores/as sexuales (α ordinal = .961), con parejas ocasionales (α ordinal = .849) y con pareja estable (α ordinal = .858). Conclusión: el cuestionario muestra consistencia interna y validez estructural.(AU)

Objective: to determine the validity of the sexual behavior questionnaire in men who have sex with men (MSM). Method: an instrumental research was carried out with an ex-post-facto cross-sectional design. Respondent driven sampling was used to recruit 133 MSM Mexican. Results: the eight items of frequency of sexual relations defined two independent scales: sex with women (α ordinal = .926) and sex with men (α ordinal = .898). Both one-dimensional models showed acceptable adjustments. The unprotected sex scale had a structure of three factors with acceptable adjustment: with sex workers (α ordinal = .961), with occasional partners (α ordinal = .849) and with a stable partner (α ordinal = .858). Conclusion: the questionnaire shows internal consistency and structural validity.(AU)

Objetivo: determinar a validade do questionário de comportamento sexual de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Método: uma investigação instrumental foi realizada com um design ex-post-facto de seção transversal. Uma amostra dirigida por entrevistados foi usada para recrutar 133 HSH mexicanos. Resultados: os oito itens de frequência de relações sexuais definiram duas escalas independentes: sexo com mulheres (α ordinal = .926) e sexo com homens (α ordinal = 0,898). Ambos os modelos unidimensionais mostraram ajustes aceitáveis. A escala sexual desprotegida tinha uma estrutura de três fatores com ajustamento aceitável: com profissionais do sexo (α ordinal = 0,961), com parceiros ocasionais (α ordinal = 0,849) e com um parceiro estável (α ordinal = 0,858). Conclusão: o questionário mostra consistência interna e validade estrutural.(AU)

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The perceived risk to HIV and the decisional balance (pros and cons) towards HIV testing are fundamental aspects for understanding the motivation of men who have sex with men to engage in behaviours that reduce or increase the risk of infection with the virus. OBJECTIVES: To describe the perceived risk of HIV and the decisional balance towards HIV testing and determine the association between perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing of men who have sex with men. METHOD: Descriptive correlational design, we used respondent-driven sampling, with which we recruited 202 men who have sex with men. RESULTS: Mean age of 27.79 (SD=8.13), 66.3% reported low perceived risk to HIV. The most significant pros were: "If I had HIV I would not want to infect anyone else" (95%) and "I would like to be sure I did not have HIV to tell my sexual partner" (90.6%). The most significant cons were: "I am afraid of the needle used for the HIV test" (53%), "people could reject me if they had HIV" (78.7%). Finally, there was a correlation between the perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing (rs=.759, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given such data, in future interventions it is important to consider information about the importance of HIV testing on a regular basis, as well as actions to increase the perception of vulnerability to HIV in this population.

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En México, la población indígena supera los siete millones de habitantes, en Puebla el grupo más representativo es el Náhuatl. Sin embargo, las condiciones de vida, salud, educación y transporte son precarias para esta población. En los adolescentes, las responsabilidades como el matrimonio, la familia y los compromisos ante la comunidad, favorecen conductas de riesgo sexual que dificultan su desarrollo económico, social y reproductivo. El objetivo fue proponer un modelo explicativo del uso del condón en adolescentes nahuas. Método. Bajo el marco de la teoría social cognitiva, el concepto de valores culturales de Leininger y el proceso de la sustracción teórica, se desarrolló este artículo. Se muestran las relaciones del modelo con las proposiciones y los factores que influyen en el uso del condón para este grupo específico. Finalmente, el modelo explica las variables de interés, los niveles de abstracción y las relaciones entre sí en el contexto náhuatl. El siguiente paso será implementar los indicadores empíricos para conocer el grado de influencia de los factores personales y ambientales hacia el uso del condón en adolescentes nahuas. Resultados que aportarán información para el desarrollo del conocimiento en enfermería y la reducción de riesgo sexual de esta población.

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INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the border region of Mexico due to the flow of migrants under desperate conditions, encouraging casual and unprotected sex. Since this has become a binational public health problem, it is important to understand the factors that predict these sexual behaviors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the facilitators and inhibitors of transition in the sexual behavior of migrants from two border regions on the Mexico-United States (US) border. METHODS: This was a predictive and cross-sectional study. A sample of 256 migrants in shelters for migrants on the border between Mexico and US were selected through systematic random sampling. Predictor variables investigated for effect on the safe sexual behavior (SSB) of the migrant were reasons for having sex; sexual attitudes; sexual machismo; knowledge about HIV; access to health services; and social discrimination. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (89.5%), with 46.1% reporting being single. The average age was 33.38 years (SD = 9.73) and the average number of years of education reported was 8.05 (SD = 3.37). A permissive sexual attitude and sexual machismo both correlated with condom use (rs = 0.130, p < 0.01 and rs = -0.174, p < 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed that a permissive sexual attitude decreased the practice of safe sex (ß = 0.17, t = 4.16, p < 0.001), as did sexual machismo (ß = -0.28, t = -4.83, p < 0.001) and HIV knowledge (ß = -0.11, t = -2.62, p = 0.006). DISCUSSION: It was found that access to health services did not influence the SSB of migrants, as suggested by the literature. However, a permissive sexual attitude, sexual machismo, and HIV knowledge were all variables capable of predicting SSB. It is recommended that the study is extended to study migrant populations from other parts of the border, as well undertaking as a qualitative approach to explore new variables.

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Along the Mexico/United States border, migrants are at increased risk of HIV. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between two process indicators (self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping with sexual risk) and safe sexual behaviors in migrants. A correlational design was used. Migrants were recruited from two cities on the northern border of Mexico. Transition theory informed the measurement of self-efficacy and coping process indicators. Three generalized linear models were built for each safe sexual behavior outcome: (a) partner communication, (b) use of condoms, and (c) safe sex. Of 311 migrants, indicators of self-efficacy and coping with sexual risk were associated with all three outcome measures of safe sexual behavior (p < .05). Process indicators explained 22.5% to 30.6% of the variance in the data. Therefore, self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping ability are important correlates of migrant sexual risk behavior.

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