RESUMEN

The aquaculture showed high growth along with the increase in the consumption of animal protein from this sector. The processing industries facilitate the preparation of fish for the consumer; however, they generate large volumes of effluents with a high polluting potential. Environmental legislation establishes norms for the release of effluents, making it necessary to implement treatment systems to reduce the pollutants generated. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a compartmentalized anaerobic reactor (ABR) followed by an anaerobic filter (AF) treating fish processing effluent. The work was carried out in a slaughterhouse that had an effluent treatment station consisting of a static sieve, grease box, ABR reactor and anaerobic filter. Monitoring consisted of physical-chemical and biological analyzes of samples collected from the influent and effluents from each stage of treatment. The parameters evaluated were ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, NTK, phosphate and coliforms. The average results of the removal efficiency of these parameters, respectively, for the ABR reactor were 5, 40, 69, -19, -25 and 83%, and for the AF -0.5, 73, 53, 10, -17 and -17%. The system composed by the ABR reactor followed by the Anaerobic Filter showed high removal of nitrite, nitrate, and coliforms.

A atividade de aquicultura apresentou elevado crescimento, juntamente com o aumento do consumo de proteína animal proveniente desse setor. As indústrias de processamento facilitam o preparo do pescado ao consumidor, todavia geram grandes volumes de efluentes de alto potencial poluidor. A legislação ambiental estabelece normas para o lançamento de efluentes, tornando necessária a implementação de sistemas de tratamento para a redução dos poluentes gerados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio compartimentado (ABR) seguido por filtro anaeróbio (FA), tratando efluente de processamento de pescado. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em um frigorífico que possuía uma estação de tratamento de efluentes composta por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator ABR e filtro anaeróbio. O monitoramento consistiu em análises físico-químicas e biológicas de amostras coletadas do afluente e dos efluentes de cada etapa do tratamento. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: amônia, nitrito, nitrato, NTK, fosfato e coliformes. Os resultados médios da eficiência de remoção desses parâmetros, respectivamente, do reator ABR foram de 5, 40, 69, -19, -25 e 83%, e do FA -0,5, 73, 53, 10, -1, e -17%. O sistema composto pelo reator ABR seguido pelo filtro anaeróbio apresentou alta remoção de nitrito, nitrato e coliformes.

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The significant growth of the industrial sector in recent decades has led to an increase in the volume of waste, which if not properly destined, could cause serious environmental problems. In the context of aquaculture, liquid effluents with a high organic content are generated in large quantities in the fish processing industries, and if their disposal is carried out improperly, serious damage to the environment is caused. The general objective of this study is to evaluate: the efficiency of removal of COD and BOD, in addition to the influence on pH; alkalinity; chlorides; ammonia; nitrite; nitrate; phosphate; turbidity; total, fixed and volatile solids, from the effluent of fish processing treated by coagulation and sedimentation using the natural chitosan coagulant. pH 5.5 followed by pH 6 showed better results for the use of chitosan coagulant in the process of treatment by effluent coagulation of fish processing industry. Chitosan does not act on the parameters TVS, alkalinity, chlorides, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate, regardless of the dosage used. However, it acts on BOD, COD, TS, TFS and turbidity. Thus, the best dosage of chitosan is 0.25 g L-1 in optimized activity at pH of 5.5.

O crescimento expressivo do setor industrial nas últimas décadas acarretou o aumento do volume de resíduos, que, se não forem destinados adequadamente, poderão causar sérios problemas ambientais. No contexto da aquacultura, efluentes líquidos com um alto teor orgânico são gerados em grandes quantidades nas indústrias de processamento de pescado, e, se seu descarte for realizado de maneira inadequada, há sérios prejuízos ao ambiente. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar: a eficiência de remoção de DQO e DBO, além da influência sobre o pH, a alcalinidade, os cloretos, a amônia, o nitrito, o nitrato, o fosfato, a turbidez, os sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, bem como do efluente do processamento de pescado tratado por coagulação e da sedimentação, utilizando-se o coagulante natural quitosana. O pH 5,5, seguido pelo pH 6, apresentou melhores resultados para uso do coagulante quitosana no processo de tratamento por coagulação de efluente de indústria de processamento de pescado. A quitosana não atua sobre os parâmetros STV, alcalinidade, cloretos, amônia, nitrito, nitrato e fosfato, independentemente da dosagem utilizada. Mas atua sobre DBO, DQO, ST, STF e turbidez. Assim, a melhor dosagem de quitosana é 0,25 g L-1 em atividade otimizada no pH de 5,5.

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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the performance of a compartmentalized anaerobic reactor (CAR) followed by anaerobic filter in real scale, effluent treatment from fish fridge processing. The work was developed in a fish fridge located in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, which has an effluent treatment plant composed of static screen, grease removal device, CAR reactor and anaerobic filter. The monitoring happened trough physical-chemical parameters of fluids and effluents from all sampling points of the plant biweekly. The parameters evaluated were temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alkalinity. Operational problems found in the primary treatment were not limiting for the system performance, which managed to meet the parameters of environmental legislation in Minas Gerais according to the efficiency of removal of COD, BOD and VSS from wastewater from fish processing.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de reator anaeróbio compartimentado (RAC) seguido por filtro anaeróbio em escala real tratando efluentes do processamento de frigorífico de pescado. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em um frigorífico de pescado localizado no sul do estado de Minas Gerais, que possui uma estação de tratamento de efluentes composta por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator ABR e filtro anaeróbio. O monitoramento do sistema consistiu em um conjunto de análises físico-químicas dos afluentes e efluentes de todos os pontos de coleta de amostras da estação de tratamento coletados quinzenalmente. Os parâmetros avaliados foram temperatura, pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), ácidos voláteis totais (AVT) e alcalinidade. Problemas operacionais encontrados no tratamento primário não foram limitantes para o sistema, que conseguiu atender parâmetros da legislação ambiental de Minas Gerais quanto à eficiência de remoção de DQO, DBO e SSV das águas residuárias do processamento de pescado. O sistema de tratamento é uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de efluentes do processamento de pescado.

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Physical inactivity is one of the main causes of chronic diseases; however, strenuous exercise can induce immunosuppression. Several studies suggest that moderate amounts of exercise lead to a Th1 response, favoring the resolution of infections caused by intracellular microorganisms, while high volumes of exercise tend to direct the response to Th2, favoring infection by them. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease promoted by parasites of the Leishmania genus, with clinical manifestations that vary according to the species of the parasite and the immune response of the host. The experimental Leishmania major-BALB/C mouse model provides a good model for the resistance (Th1 response) or susceptibility (Th2 response) that determines the progression of this infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training at different volumes on modulation of in vitro macrophage infection by L. major, as well as to assess the effect of high volume (HV) aerobic training on the development of L. major in vivo in BALB/c mice. Uninfected animals were submitted to various exercise volumes: none (SED), light (LV), moderate (MV), high (HV), very high (VHV), and tapering (TAP). The macrophages of these animals were infected by L. major and the LV and MV groups showed a decrease in the infection factor, while the VHV showed an increase in the infection factor, when treated with LPS. The cytokine concentration pattern measured in the supernatants of these macrophages suggested a predominant Th1 response profile in the LV and MV groups, while the Th2 profile predominated in the VHV and TAP groups. Groups of BALB/C mice infected with L. major were subjected to high volume (iHV) or non-periodized high volume (iNPHV) exercise or kept sedentary (iSED). The exercised animals suffered a significant increase in injuries caused by the parasites. The animals in the group submitted to high volume exercise (iHV) showed visceralization of the infection. These data strongly suggest that a very high volume of aerobic training increased the susceptibility of BALB/C mice to L. major infection, while moderate distribution of training loads promoted immunological balance, better controlling the infection by this parasite.

RESUMEN

AIM: The current study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic relatedness of Aeromonas sp. isolated from healthcare and urban effluents, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and river water. METHODS AND RESULTS: We detected the presence of genes conferring resistance to ß-lactam, quinolone and aminoglycoside. Multilocus sequence typing was carried out to differentiate the strains, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis was used to identify the species. A total of 28 cefotaxime-resistant Aeromonas sp. strains were identified, harbouring uncommon Guiana-extended-spectrum (GES)-type ß-lactamases (GES-1, GES-5, GES-7 and GES-16). Multidrug-resistant Aeromonas sp. were found in hospital wastewater, WWTP and sanitary effluent, and A. caviae was identified as the most prevalent species (85·7%). CONCLUSION: The release of untreated healthcare effluents, presence of antimicrobials in the environment, in addition to multidrug-resistant Aeromonas sp., are all potential factors for the spread of resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We identified a vast repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas sp. from diverse aquatic ecosystems, including those that encode enzymes degrading broad-spectrum antimicrobials widely used to treat healthcare-associated infections. Hospital and sanitary effluents serve as potential sources of bacteria harbouring ARG and are a threat to public health.

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Given the increase of women with excess weight or obesity and its possible effects on birth weight, the present study aimed to investigate the association between pregestational maternal body mass index (BMI) and birth weight in a birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. This was a prospective study conducted on 1362 mother-child pairs involving singleton births. The women were evaluated using standardized questionnaires during the second trimester of pregnancy and at the time of childbirth. Information about the newborns was obtained from their medical records. The dependent variable was birth weight, categorized as low, adequate, or high. The independent variable was pregestational maternal BMI, categorized as malnutrition, adequate weight, overweight, and obesity. A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the crude and adjusted relative risk (RR) of low and high birth weight. A high frequency of pregestational excess weight (39.6%) was detected and found to be independently associated with high birth weight (RR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.19-3.80 for overweight and RR=3.34, 95%CI: 1.80-6.19 for obese pregnant women). There was no association between pregestational malnutrition and low birth weight (RR=1.70; 95%CI: 0.81-3.55). The present data showed a high rate of women with excess pregestational weight, supporting the hypothesis that pregestational BMI may contribute to high birth weight babies and indicating the need for actions aiming to prevent excessive weight in women at reproductive age.

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During pregnancy, metabolic changes that develop in women may increase the risk of diseases and conditions that may also harm the life of the growing fetus. The aim of the present study was to identify and compare the metabolic profile (MP) during pregnancy in two birth cohorts in 2010 in the cities of Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São Luís (SL), Brazil. Pregnant women (1393 in RP and 1413 in SL) were studied; information was obtained through questionnaires in addition to anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure measurements. Data are presented as means and proportions. To compare the characteristics of pregnant women in both cities, chi-squared and Student's t-tests were applied, with 5% significance level. Ribeirão Preto presented higher mean values than SL for pre-gestational body mass index (24.5 vs 23 kg/m2, P<0.001), systolic (108.4 vs 102.8 mmHg, P<0.001) and diastolic (65.9 vs 61.8 mmHg, P<0.001) blood pressure, total cholesterol (226.3 vs 213.7 mg/dL, P<0.001) and fractions, and glycemia (84.5 vs 80.2 mg/dL, P<0.001), except for triglycerides (P=0.135). Women from RP also showed higher rates of pre-gestational overweight and obesity compared with SL (40.1 vs 25.8%). In the present study, pregnant women in RP had a worse gestational metabolic profile than those in SL, with higher pre-gestational excess weight, indicating that nutritional transition was more advanced in the more developed city.

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RESUMEN

Given the increase of women with excess weight or obesity and its possible effects on birth weight, the present study aimed to investigate the association between pregestational maternal body mass index (BMI) and birth weight in a birth cohort from Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. This was a prospective study conducted on 1362 mother-child pairs involving singleton births. The women were evaluated using standardized questionnaires during the second trimester of pregnancy and at the time of childbirth. Information about the newborns was obtained from their medical records. The dependent variable was birth weight, categorized as low, adequate, or high. The independent variable was pregestational maternal BMI, categorized as malnutrition, adequate weight, overweight, and obesity. A multinomial regression model was used to estimate the crude and adjusted relative risk (RR) of low and high birth weight. A high frequency of pregestational excess weight (39.6%) was detected and found to be independently associated with high birth weight (RR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.19-3.80 for overweight and RR=3.34, 95%CI: 1.80-6.19 for obese pregnant women). There was no association between pregestational malnutrition and low birth weight (RR=1.70; 95%CI: 0.81-3.55). The present data showed a high rate of women with excess pregestational weight, supporting the hypothesis that pregestational BMI may contribute to high birth weight babies and indicating the need for actions aiming to prevent excessive weight in women at reproductive age.

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RESUMEN

During pregnancy, metabolic changes that develop in women may increase the risk of diseases and conditions that may also harm the life of the growing fetus. The aim of the present study was to identify and compare the metabolic profile (MP) during pregnancy in two birth cohorts in 2010 in the cities of Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São Luís (SL), Brazil. Pregnant women (1393 in RP and 1413 in SL) were studied; information was obtained through questionnaires in addition to anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure measurements. Data are presented as means and proportions. To compare the characteristics of pregnant women in both cities, chi-squared and Student's t-tests were applied, with 5% significance level. Ribeirão Preto presented higher mean values than SL for pre-gestational body mass index (24.5 vs 23 kg/m2, P<0.001), systolic (108.4 vs 102.8 mmHg, P<0.001) and diastolic (65.9 vs 61.8 mmHg, P<0.001) blood pressure, total cholesterol (226.3 vs 213.7 mg/dL, P<0.001) and fractions, and glycemia (84.5 vs 80.2 mg/dL, P<0.001), except for triglycerides (P=0.135). Women from RP also showed higher rates of pre-gestational overweight and obesity compared with SL (40.1 vs 25.8%). In the present study, pregnant women in RP had a worse gestational metabolic profile than those in SL, with higher pre-gestational excess weight, indicating that nutritional transition was more advanced in the more developed city.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da implantação de pastagem de sorgo forrageiro com diferentes arranjos populacionais no comportamento animal e na estrutura do pasto e de suas relações. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas e duas densidades de sementes ha-1, sendo 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal inicial de 15 meses e 262kg, respectivamente. Os tratamentos E44D24 e E22D12 apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (469,33 e 467,78 minutos, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento E44D24 apresentaram menor taxa de bocado (23,99 bocados minuto-1) em relação ao tratamento E22D24 (32,45 bocados minuto-1). Os animais do tratamento E44D12 apresentaram maior número de estações alimentares minuto-1 (9,21) e maior taxa de deslocamento (11,76 passos minuto-1). O espaçamento entrelinhas de plantio de 22cm aumenta o número de bocados estação-1. O aumento na densidade de sementes (24kg ha-1) e a utilização de maiores espaçamentos entrelinhas de plantio aumentam a densidade de folhas nos estratos inferior (0-30cm) e superior (acima de 60cm) do pasto. Os tratamentos E44D12 e E22D24 apresentaram maiores quantidades de colmos no estrato superior do pasto.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of sorghum pasture implantation with different population arrangements in animal behavior and pasture structure and their relationships. The treatments were the combination of two row lines and two seeds per hectare densities, 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha -1 of seed. 36 heifers at 15 months of age and 262kg body weight were used. The E44D24 and E22D12 treatments showed higher time of grazing (469.33 and 467.78 minutes, respectively). The animals in E44D24 treatment had lower bit rate (23.99 bites minute -1 ) compared to treatment with E22D24, a higher bit rate (32.45 bits min -1 ). The animals in E44D12 treatment presented the largest number of stations minute -1 (9.21) and higher displacement rate (11.76 steps min -1 ). The row spacing of 22cm increases the number of bits station -1 . The increase in seed density and the use of larger planting row spacing's increase the leaf density of the lower (0-30cm) and higher stratum (above 60cm) of pasture. The E44D12 and E22D24 treatment have higher amounts of stems in the upper stratum of the pasture.(AU)

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da implantação de pastagem de sorgo forrageiro com diferentes arranjos populacionais no comportamento animal e na estrutura do pasto e de suas relações. Os tratamentos foram a combinação de dois espaçamentos entrelinhas e duas densidades de sementes ha-1, sendo 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal inicial de 15 meses e 262kg, respectivamente. Os tratamentos E44D24 e E22D12 apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (469,33 e 467,78 minutos, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento E44D24 apresentaram menor taxa de bocado (23,99 bocados minuto-1) em relação ao tratamento E22D24 (32,45 bocados minuto-1). Os animais do tratamento E44D12 apresentaram maior número de estações alimentares minuto-1 (9,21) e maior taxa de deslocamento (11,76 passos minuto-1). O espaçamento entrelinhas de plantio de 22cm aumenta o número de bocados estação-1. O aumento na densidade de sementes (24kg ha-1) e a utilização de maiores espaçamentos entrelinhas de plantio aumentam a densidade de folhas nos estratos inferior (0-30cm) e superior (acima de 60cm) do pasto. Os tratamentos E44D12 e E22D24 apresentaram maiores quantidades de colmos no estrato superior do pasto.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of sorghum pasture implantation with different population arrangements in animal behavior and pasture structure and their relationships. The treatments were the combination of two row lines and two seeds per hectare densities, 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha -1 of seed. 36 heifers at 15 months of age and 262kg body weight were used. The E44D24 and E22D12 treatments showed higher time of grazing (469.33 and 467.78 minutes, respectively). The animals in E44D24 treatment had lower bit rate (23.99 bites minute -1 ) compared to treatment with E22D24, a higher bit rate (32.45 bits min -1 ). The animals in E44D12 treatment presented the largest number of stations minute -1 (9.21) and higher displacement rate (11.76 steps min -1 ). The row spacing of 22cm increases the number of bits station -1 . The increase in seed density and the use of larger planting row spacing's increase the leaf density of the lower (0-30cm) and higher stratum (above 60cm) of pasture. The E44D12 and E22D24 treatment have higher amounts of stems in the upper stratum of the pasture.(AU)

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Objetivou-se comparar os parâmetros morfogênicos de pastagens de milheto e capim sudão na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, manejadas com pastejo contínuo, subdivididos em dois períodos de avaliação. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Milheto = pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) e Sudão = pastagem de capim sudão (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense); ambos tratamentos submetidos ao pastejo contínuo com vacas de descarte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos e 2 períodos. A altura de dossel (32,69 vs 20,29 cm), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,147 vs 0,080), número total de folhas por perfilho (4,74 vs 3,06), número de folhas vivas (4,26 vs 2,55), número de folhas jovens (1,92 vs 1,47) e número de folhas adultas (2,34 vs 1,08) foram superiores aos perfilhos de pastagens de milheto, enquanto a taxa de senescência foi superior em perfilhos de capim sudão (0,511cm) do que nos perfilhos de milheto (0,495cm). O número total de folhas (4,28 vs 3,53) e número de folhas mortas (0,58 vs 0,38) foram maiores no ciclo inicial de pastejo. Pastagens de milheto apresentam maior potencial vegetativo, ao pastejo, em comparação a pastagens de capim sudão.

The aim of this study was to compare morphogenetic parameters of sudangrass and millet pastures in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul, managed by continuous grazing. The pastures were subdivided into two periods of evaluation. The treatments consisted of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) and sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), both submitted to continuous grazing by culling cows. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and two periods. The canopy height (32.69 vs 20.29 cm), leaf appearance rate (0.147 vs 0.080), total number of leaves per tiller (4.74 vs 3,06), number of green leaves (4.26 vs 2.55), number of young leaves (1.92 vs 1.47) and number of mature leaves (2.34 vs 1.08) were higher in millet tillers, while the rate of senescence was higher in sudangrass tillers (0.511 cm) compared to millet tillers (0.495 cm). The total number of leaves (4.28 vs 3.53) and the number of dead leaves (0.58 vs 0.38) were higher during the initial grazing cycle. Millet pastures have a greater vegetative growth potential during grazing than sudangrass pastures.

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Objetivou-se comparar os parâmetros morfogênicos de pastagens de milheto e capim sudão na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, manejadas com pastejo contínuo, subdivididos em dois períodos de avaliação. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Milheto = pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) e Sudão = pastagem de capim sudão (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense); ambos tratamentos submetidos ao pastejo contínuo com vacas de descarte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos e 2 períodos. A altura de dossel (32,69 vs 20,29 cm), taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,147 vs 0,080), número total de folhas por perfilho (4,74 vs 3,06), número de folhas vivas (4,26 vs 2,55), número de folhas jovens (1,92 vs 1,47) e número de folhas adultas (2,34 vs 1,08) foram superiores aos perfilhos de pastagens de milheto, enquanto a taxa de senescência foi superior em perfilhos de capim sudão (0,511cm) do que nos perfilhos de milheto (0,495cm). O número total de folhas (4,28 vs 3,53) e número de folhas mortas (0,58 vs 0,38) foram maiores no ciclo inicial de pastejo. Pastagens de milheto apresentam maior potencial vegetativo, ao pastejo, em comparação a pastagens de capim sudão.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare morphogenetic parameters of sudangrass and millet pastures in the Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul, managed by continuous grazing. The pastures were subdivided into two periods of evaluation. The treatments consisted of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) and sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), both submitted to continuous grazing by culling cows. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and two periods. The canopy height (32.69 vs 20.29 cm), leaf appearance rate (0.147 vs 0.080), total number of leaves per tiller (4.74 vs 3,06), number of green leaves (4.26 vs 2.55), number of young leaves (1.92 vs 1.47) and number of mature leaves (2.34 vs 1.08) were higher in millet tillers, while the rate of senescence was higher in sudangrass tillers (0.511 cm) compared to millet tillers (0.495 cm). The total number of leaves (4.28 vs 3.53) and the number of dead leaves (0.58 vs 0.38) were higher during the initial grazing cycle. Millet pastures have a greater vegetative growth potential during grazing than sudangrass pastures.(AU)

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes arranjos populacionais na implantação de sorgo forrageiro nas características morfogênicas e estruturais do pasto. Os tratamentos foram 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. O método de pastoreio foi contínuo. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal médios de 15 meses de 262kg. As variáveis morfogênicas não foram influenciadas significativamente (P>0,05) pelos arranjos populacionais e pelos períodos de avaliação, sendo obtidos taxa de alongamento e senescência foliar de 1,43 e 1,11cm dia-1afilho-1, respectivamente, taxa de aparecimento foliar e intervalo de surgimento de folhas de 0,28 folhas dia-1afilho-1 e 3,81 dias, filocrono e duração de vida foliar de 72,99 e 351,68 graus dia, nessa ordem. As características estruturais do pasto foram influenciadas pelos períodos de avaliação. Do primeiro para o terceiro período de avaliação, foi verificada uma redução de 65,53% no número de folhas em alongamento e de 47,79% no número de folhas vivas.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of using different population arrangements in the implementation of sorghum in the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pasture. The treatments were 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha-1 of seed. The grazing method was continuous. The sample consisted of 36 heifers with an average age of 15 months and average body weight of 262kg. Morphogenic variables were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by population arrangements and evaluation periods, elongation rate and leaf senescence of 1.43 and 1.11cm afilho-1 day-1 being obtained, respectively, and leaf appearance rate of leaf appearance leaves the range of 0.28 day-1 and 1afilho 3.81 days, phyllochron and leaf duration of life of 72.99 and 351.68 degree day, in that order. The structural characteristics of the pasture were influenced by evaluation periods. From the first to the third evaluation period, a reduction of 65.53% in the number of leaves in stretching and 47.79% in the number of living leaves was verified.(AU)

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RESUMEN

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes arranjos populacionais na implantação de sorgo forrageiro nas características morfogênicas e estruturais do pasto. Os tratamentos foram 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. O método de pastoreio foi contínuo. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal médios de 15 meses de 262kg. As variáveis morfogênicas não foram influenciadas significativamente (P>0,05) pelos arranjos populacionais e pelos períodos de avaliação, sendo obtidos taxa de alongamento e senescência foliar de 1,43 e 1,11cm dia-1afilho-1, respectivamente, taxa de aparecimento foliar e intervalo de surgimento de folhas de 0,28 folhas dia-1afilho-1 e 3,81 dias, filocrono e duração de vida foliar de 72,99 e 351,68 graus dia, nessa ordem. As características estruturais do pasto foram influenciadas pelos períodos de avaliação. Do primeiro para o terceiro período de avaliação, foi verificada uma redução de 65,53% no número de folhas em alongamento e de 47,79% no número de folhas vivas.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of using different population arrangements in the implementation of sorghum in the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pasture. The treatments were 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha-1 of seed. The grazing method was continuous. The sample consisted of 36 heifers with an average age of 15 months and average body weight of 262kg. Morphogenic variables were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by population arrangements and evaluation periods, elongation rate and leaf senescence of 1.43 and 1.11cm afilho-1 day-1 being obtained, respectively, and leaf appearance rate of leaf appearance leaves the range of 0.28 day-1 and 1afilho 3.81 days, phyllochron and leaf duration of life of 72.99 and 351.68 degree day, in that order. The structural characteristics of the pasture were influenced by evaluation periods. From the first to the third evaluation period, a reduction of 65.53% in the number of leaves in stretching and 47.79% in the number of living leaves was verified.(AU)

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RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior and the displacement patterns of cutting steers kept in millet or sorghum pastures. The treatments consisted of: millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum Leeke) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), both undergoing continuous stocking. Eighteen steers Charolais × Nellore breeding cross, with initial age of 14 months, and initial body weight of 195 kg, were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replicates and plots subdivide in time and by periods, and the data were submitted to variance analysis through the MIXED proc with P≤0,05. Grazing time was not inÁ uenced by forage species. The animals grazed longer in the third evaluation period (613.3 minutes) than the À rst period (555.5 minutes), both of which did not differ from the grazing time presented in the second period (568.9 minutes). The rumination and idle times were similar among the pastures evaluated, however, leisure time decreased and rumination increased with the advancement of the periods. Forage species did not influence the variables related to the displacement strategies. As the pasture cycle progressed, the time for 10 seasons and the time of rumination per cake increased, while the number of seasons per minute and per day, and the number of times animals water decreased. The use of millet or sorghum pastures does not alter the ingestive behavior and the displacement and feeding patterns of beef steers. The structural variation of the pastures throughout the vegetative cycle, alter the strategies of feeding and consumption, which are closely associated with the productive characteristics of the pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de novilhos de corte mantidos em pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo. Os tratamentos consistiam em: pastagem de milheto ( Penniselum americanum Leeke) ou pastagem de sorgo ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), ambos submetidos à lotação contínua. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos, oriundos do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade média inicial de 14 meses, e peso corporal inicial de 195 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas subdivididas no tempo em 3 períodos, sendo os dados submetidos a análise de variância através do proc MIXED com P≤0,05. O tempo de pastejo não foi inÁ uenciado pelas espécies forrageiras. Os animais pastejaram por mais tempo no terceiro período de avaliação (613,3 minutos) em relação ao primeiro (555,5 minutos), sendo que ambos não diferiram do tempo de pastejo apresentado no segundo período (568,9 minutos). Os tempos de ruminação e ócio foram semelhantes entre as pastagens avaliadas, no entanto, o tempo de ócio diminuiu e o de ruminação aumentou com o avanço dos períodos. As espécies forrageiras não inÁ uenciaram as variáveis relacionadas às estratégias de deslocamento. Com o avanço do ciclo das pastagens, o tempo para 10 estações e o tempo de ruminação por bolo regurgitado aumentaram, enquanto que o número de estações por minuto e por dia, e o número de vezes que os animais ingeriram água diminuíram. O uso de pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo não altera o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento e alimentação de novilhos de corte. A variação estrutural das pastagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo, alteram as estratégias de alimentação e consumo, as quais, estão intimamente associadas às características produtivas da pastagem.

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RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior and the displacement patterns of cutting steers kept in millet or sorghum pastures. The treatments consisted of: millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum Leeke) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), both undergoing continuous stocking. Eighteen steers Charolais × Nellore breeding cross, with initial age of 14 months, and initial body weight of 195 kg, were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replicates and plots subdivide in time and by periods, and the data were submitted to variance analysis through the MIXED proc with P≤0,05. Grazing time was not inÁ uenced by forage species. The animals grazed longer in the third evaluation period (613.3 minutes) than the À rst period (555.5 minutes), both of which did not differ from the grazing time presented in the second period (568.9 minutes). The rumination and idle times were similar among the pastures evaluated, however, leisure time decreased and rumination increased with the advancement of the periods. Forage species did not influence the variables related to the displacement strategies. As the pasture cycle progressed, the time for 10 seasons and the time of rumination per cake increased, while the number of seasons per minute and per day, and the number of times animals water decreased. The use of millet or sorghum pastures does not alter the ingestive behavior and the displacement and feeding patterns of beef steers. The structural variation of the pastures throughout the vegetative cycle, alter the strategies of feeding and consumption, which are closely associated with the productive characteristics of the pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de novilhos de corte mantidos em pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo. Os tratamentos consistiam em: pastagem de milheto ( Penniselum americanum Leeke) ou pastagem de sorgo ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), ambos submetidos à lotação contínua. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos, oriundos do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade média inicial de 14 meses, e peso corporal inicial de 195 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas subdivididas no tempo em 3 períodos, sendo os dados submetidos a análise de variância através do proc MIXED com P≤0,05. O tempo de pastejo não foi inÁ uenciado pelas espécies forrageiras. Os animais pastejaram por mais tempo no terceiro período de avaliação (613,3 minutos) em relação ao primeiro (555,5 minutos), sendo que ambos não diferiram do tempo de pastejo apresentado no segundo período (568,9 minutos). Os tempos de ruminação e ócio foram semelhantes entre as pastagens avaliadas, no entanto, o tempo de ócio diminuiu e o de ruminação aumentou com o avanço dos períodos. As espécies forrageiras não inÁ uenciaram as variáveis relacionadas às estratégias de deslocamento. Com o avanço do ciclo das pastagens, o tempo para 10 estações e o tempo de ruminação por bolo regurgitado aumentaram, enquanto que o número de estações por minuto e por dia, e o número de vezes que os animais ingeriram água diminuíram. O uso de pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo não altera o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento e alimentação de novilhos de corte. A variação estrutural das pastagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo, alteram as estratégias de alimentação e consumo, as quais, estão intimamente associadas às características produtivas da pastagem.(AU)

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O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de aves do mundo e se destaca na exportação de carne de frango, que tem papel relevante na economia do país. Como resultado do crescimento da indústria de processamento do frango, há também um significativo aumento na geração de efluentes. Uma alternativa interessante para o tratamento desses resíduos são os reatores anaeróbios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do sistema reator UASB-Filtro anaeróbio no tratamento de efluentes de abate de frangos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um abatedouro avícola, situado na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O sistema de tratamento foi composto por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. A vazão média diária de efluentes do abatedouro foi de 30m³/dia. A carga orgânica aplicada no reator UASB foi de 0,71kg DQO/m³.d. O monitoramento do sistema foi realizado por meio de análises físico-químicas do afluente e dos efluentes da caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), e sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV). Os valores efluentes médios encontrados para DBO, DQO e SST foram 106, 290 e 56mg/L, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção do sistema para DBO variou de 83 a 99%, e para DQO de 50 a 98%. A eficiência de remoção média de SST e SSV foi de 92%. Conclui-se que o sistema reator UASB seguido de filtro anaeróbio apresentou alto desempenho na remoção de sólidos e carga orgânica. Dessa forma, esses reatores tornam-se uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de águas residuárias de frigoríficos, já que oferecem bons resultados de remoção de poluentes.

Brazil is one of the largest poultry producers in the world and stands out in exportation of chicken meat, which plays an important role in the economy. As a result of the growth of the poultry processing industry, there is also a significant increase in the generation of wastewater. An interesting alternative for the treatment of such wastes is anaerobic. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the system UASB reactor-anaerobic filter on wastewater treatment of slaughtering chickens. The study was conducted in a poultry slaughterhouse located in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The treatment system was composed of static sieve, grease trap, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The daily average flow of effluent from the abattoir was 30m³/day. The organic load applied to the UASB reactor was 0.71kg COD/m³.d. The monitoring system was performed by means of physico-chemical analysis of the influent and effluent of fat, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The parameters evaluated were: temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS). The mean values for effluent BOD, COD and SS were 106, 290 and 56mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD to the system ranged 83-99% for COD and 50-98%. The average removal efficiency of SS and SSV were 92%. We conclude that the system UASB reactor followed by anaerobic filter showed high performance in removing solids and organic load. Thus, these reactors become a viable alternative for treating wastewater slaughterhouses, offering good results in removing pollutants.

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RESUMEN

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de aves do mundo e se destaca na exportação de carne de frango, que tem papel relevante na economia do país. Como resultado do crescimento da indústria de processamento do frango, há também um significativo aumento na geração de efluentes. Uma alternativa interessante para o tratamento desses resíduos são os reatores anaeróbios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do sistema reator UASB-Filtro anaeróbio no tratamento de efluentes de abate de frangos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um abatedouro avícola, situado na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O sistema de tratamento foi composto por peneira estática, caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. A vazão média diária de efluentes do abatedouro foi de 30m³/dia. A carga orgânica aplicada no reator UASB foi de 0,71kg DQO/m³.d. O monitoramento do sistema foi realizado por meio de análises físico-químicas do afluente e dos efluentes da caixa de gordura, reator UASB e filtro anaeróbio. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: temperatura, pH, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), e sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV). Os valores efluentes médios encontrados para DBO, DQO e SST foram 106, 290 e 56mg/L, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção do sistema para DBO variou de 83 a 99%, e para DQO de 50 a 98%. A eficiência de remoção média de SST e SSV foi de 92%. Conclui-se que o sistema reator UASB seguido de filtro anaeróbio apresentou alto desempenho na remoção de sólidos e carga orgânica. Dessa forma, esses reatores tornam-se uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de águas residuárias de frigoríficos, já que oferecem bons resultados de remoção de poluentes.(AU)

Brazil is one of the largest poultry producers in the world and stands out in exportation of chicken meat, which plays an important role in the economy. As a result of the growth of the poultry processing industry, there is also a significant increase in the generation of wastewater. An interesting alternative for the treatment of such wastes is anaerobic. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the system UASB reactor-anaerobic filter on wastewater treatment of slaughtering chickens. The study was conducted in a poultry slaughterhouse located in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The treatment system was composed of static sieve, grease trap, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The daily average flow of effluent from the abattoir was 30m³/day. The organic load applied to the UASB reactor was 0.71kg COD/m³.d. The monitoring system was performed by means of physico-chemical analysis of the influent and effluent of fat, UASB reactor and anaerobic filter. The parameters evaluated were: temperature, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS). The mean values for effluent BOD, COD and SS were 106, 290 and 56mg/L, respectively. The removal efficiency of BOD to the system ranged 83-99% for COD and 50-98%. The average removal efficiency of SS and SSV were 92%. We conclude that the system UASB reactor followed by anaerobic filter showed high performance in removing solids and organic load. Thus, these reactors become a viable alternative for treating wastewater slaughterhouses, offering good results in removing pollutants.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Avaliou-se o desempenho de um sistema de lagoas seriadas que recebeu efluentes de reator UASB, no tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura. O sistema foi composto de reator anaeróbio de chicanas (RAC), reator UASB, em escala real, e uma série de lagoas (uma lagoa facultativa e três de maturação), em escala piloto. As análises físico-químicas realizadas foram: pH, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), sólidos suspensos totais (SST), sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-am.), fósforo total (Pt), coliformes totais (CT) e Escherichia coli (EC). As lagoas de pós-tratamento contribuíram eficientemente para remoção de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e sólidos, fornecendo um efluente com qualidade para o reuso agrícola ou lançamento em corpos d'água.(AU)

The performance of a post-treatment pond for treating swine wastewater from an UASB reactor was evaluated. The system was assembled with an anaerobic baffle reactor (RAC), followed by an UASB reactor (UASB) on a real scale, and a post-treatment pond on a demonstration scale. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), ammonia nitrogen (N-am.), total phosphorus (Pt), total coliforms (CT) and Escherichia coli (E coli.). The post-treatment lagoons contributed efficiently to remove nutrients, organic matter and solids, providing an effluent quality for agricultural reuse or discharge into a body of water.(AU)

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