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Introducción y objetivos: La disfunción eréctil (DE) provoca alteraciones psicológicas, principalmente ansiedad y pérdida de la autoestima. Intentamos conocer los cambios emocionales, basados en la autoestima y las relaciones, en un grupo de varones españoles con DE tras el tratamiento con sildenafilo, utilizando para ello el cuestionario SEAR (Self-Esteem And Resationship). Material y método: De un estudio internacional multicéntrico, randomizado, grupos paralelos, doble ciego y controlado por placebo de sildenafilo diseñado para evaluar la autoestima y relaciones en varones con DE, seleccionamos los pacientes reclutados en España. Se compararon los cambios en los diferentes dominios del cuestionario SEAR (autoestima, actividad sexual, autoconfianza y relaciones generales) que se administró antes y después del tratamiento, así como los diferentes dominios del IIEF. También se calculó la correlación entre el cambio en el dominio autoestima del cuestionario SEAR y el dominio función eréctil del IIEF. El estudio estadístico se basó en un análisis de la covarianza del cambio en las puntuaciones y en un estudio de correlación. Resultados: El grupo español de investigadores incluyó 119 pacientes. La puntuación del dominio función eréctil mostró una mejoría significativamente mayor para el grupo de sildenafilo. La diferencia de cambio en la media de la puntuación total del SEAR tras el tratamiento fue de 16,9 (IC 95%: 8,9; 24,8) a favor de sildenafilo respecto al placebo (p=0,0001), con una mejoría en la puntuación significativamente superior en todos los dominios del SEAR a favor de sildenafilo. Se observó una correlación significativa entre los cambios en el dominio de autoestima del SEAR y el dominio función eréctil del IIEF para ambos grupos de tratamiento. Conclusiones: Se confirma una mejoría emocional en los pacientes tratados con sildenafilo en base a la mejora en la autoestima, autoconfianza y las relaciones. Variaciones en el dominio función eréctil del IIEF muestran correlación con las del dominio autoestima del SEAR (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Erectile dysfunction (ED) leads to psychological disturbances, especially anxiety and loss of self-esteem. We try to understand the emotional changes, based on self-esteem and relationships in a group of Spanish men with ED after sildenafil treatment, with the use of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-Esteem And Relationship). Materials and methods: The patients recruited in Spain, where selected from an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sildenafil study designed to assess self-esteem and relationships in men with ED. We compared the changes in the different domains of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-steem, sexual activity, self-confidence and general relationships) that was administered before and after treatment; the different domains of the IIEF was evaluated aswell. We also calculated the correlation between changes in self-esteem domain of the SEAR questionnaire. The statistical study was based on an analysis of covariance of change in scores and a correlation analysis. Results: The Spanish group of researchers included 119 patients. The erectile function domain score showed significantly greater improvement for the group of sildenafil. The difference in change in total mean score of the SEAR after treatment was 16.9 (95% CI 8.9, 24.8) for sildenafil over placebo (p=0.0001), with a significantly higher score improvement in all the domains of the SEAR for Sildenafil. There was a significant correlation between the changes in the domain of self-esteem of the SEAR and the IIEF erectile function domain for both treatment groups. Conclusions: Emotional improvement was confirmed in patients treated with sildenafil based on improved self-esteem, self-confidence and relationships. Changes in the IIEF erectile function domain correlate with the SEAR self-esteem domain (AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Erectile dysfunction (ED) leads to psychological disturbances, especially anxiety and loss of self-esteem. We try to understand the emotional changes, based on self-esteem and relationships in a group of Spanish men with ED after sildenafil treatment, with the use of the the SEAR questionnaire (Self-Esteem And Relationship). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients recruited in Spain, where selected from an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sildenafil study designed to assess self-esteem and relationships in men with ED. We compared the changes in the different domains of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-steem, sexual activity, self-confidence and general relationships) that was administered before and after treatment; the different domains of the IIEF was evaluated as well. We also calculated the correlation between changes in self-esteem domain of the SEAR questionnaire. The statistical study was based on an analysis of covariance of change in scores and a correlation analysis. RESULTS: The Spanish group of researchers included 119 patients. The erectile function domain score showed significantly greater improvement for the group of sildenafil. The difference in change in total mean score of the SEAR after treatment was 16.9 (95% CI 8.9, 24.8) for sildenafil over placebo (p=0.0001), with a significantly higher score improvement in all the domains of the SEAR for Sildenafil. There was a significant correlation between the changes in the domain of self-esteem of the SEAR and the IIEF erectile function domain for both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional improvement was confirmed in patients treated with sildenafil based on improved self-esteem, self-confidence and relationships. Changes in the IIEF erectile function domain correlate with the SEAR self-esteem domain.

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We present our penile curvature treatment experience in Peyronie's disease and cogenital curvature, using a modificated plication technique of the tunica albuginea with Prolene inverted sutures covered with Vicryl ones. The first suture gives security to the plication and the second one hides the first dots avoiding the nonabsorbable sutures bother.

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Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la incurvación peneana, tanto secundaria a la enfermedad de Peyronie como a la de causas congénitas, mediante una técnica modificada de plicatura de túnica albugínea, utilizando puntos invertidos de Prolene(R), recubiertos de puntos invertidos de Vicryl(R). Los primeros confieren seguridad a la plicatura y los segundos tienen la función de 'enterrar' a los primeros evitando las molestias secundarias al material irreabsorbible

We present our penile curvature treatment experience in Peyronie´s disease and cogenital curvature, using a modificated plication technique of the tunica albuginea with Prolene(R) inverted sutures covered with Vicryl(R) ones. The first suture gives security to the plication and the second one hides the first dots avoiding the nonabsorbable sutures bother

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OBJECTIVE: To compare patient preference for sildenafil citrate (sildenafil) vs. tadalafil and for their respective dosing instructions in a cohort of Spanish patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty four Spanish patients from a multicenter, two period, cross-over, double-blind study (265 patients enrolled in total) were randomized to receive on-demand sildenafil 50 mg or tadalafil 20 mg for 12 weeks and afterwards were crossed over to the alternate regimen for another 12 weeks to assess drug preference in an extension period of the study. Similarly, to evaluate preference for their respective dosing instructions, 30 patients were randomized to one of the 2 arms treated with tadalafil: one with sildenafil (S) dosing instructions and the other with tadalafil (T) dosing instructions. RESULTS: Seventy percent of 56 patients completing the study chose to receive tadalafil treatment versus sildenafil treatment (30%) in the extension period (p<0.01). Correspondingly, 73% of 13 evaluating each drug dosing instructions preferred T dosing instructions (p>0.05). Preference did not vary with age, concomitant diseases and previous use of sildenafil. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 7 out of 10 patients preferred tadalafil and its dosing instructions to sildenafil, for the treatment of their ED.

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Fundamento y objetivo: Comparar la preferencia por sildenafilo vs. tadalafilo, y por sus instrucciones de administración en una cohorte de pacientes españoles con disfunción eréctil (DE). Material y método: 64 pacientes españoles participantes en un estudio multicéntrico, de 2 periodos, cruzado y doble-ciego (con 265 pacientes en total) se distribuyeron aleatoriamente para recibir sildenafilo (50 mg) o tadalafilo (20 mg) a demanda durante 12 semanas, tras lo cual se cruzaron para recibir el régimen alternativo otras 12 semanas, para valorar la preferencia por uno de los dos tratamientos en una fase de extensión del estudio. Igualmente, para valorar la preferencia por las respectivas instrucciones de administración, 13 pacientes se distribuyeron en 2 brazos de tratamiento con tadalafilo 20 mg: uno con las instrucciones de administración de sildenafilo (S) y otro con las de tadalafilo (T). Resultados: De los 56 pacientes que finalizaron el estudio, un 70% eligieron recibir tratamiento con tadalafilo frente a sildenafilo (30%) en la extensión (p0,05). La preferencia no varió con la edad, enfermedades concomitantes o uso previo de sildenafilo. Conclusiones: En este estudio, aproximadamente 7 de cada 10 pacientes prefirieron tadalafilo y sus instrucciones de administración frente a sildenafilo, como tratamiento para su DE

Objective: To compare patient preference for sildenafil citrate (sildenafil) vs. tadalafil and for their respective dosing instructions in a cohort of Spanish patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Material and methods: Sixty four Spanish patients from a multicenter, two period, cross-over, double-blind study (265 patients enrolled in total) were randomized to receive on-demand sildenafil 50 mg or tadalafil 20 mg for 12 weeks and afterwards were crossed over to the alternate regimen for another 12 weeks to assess drug preference in an extension period of the study. Similarly, to evaluate preference for their respective dosing instructions, 30 patients were randomized to one of the 2 arms treated with tadalafil: one with sildenafil (S) dosing instructions and the other with tadalafil (T) dosing instructions. Results: Seventy percent of 56 patients completing the study chose to receive tadalafil treatment versus sildenafil treatment (30%) in the extension period (p0.05). Preference did not vary with age, concomitant diseases and previous use of sildenafil. Conclusions: In this study, 7 out of 10 patients preferred tadalafil and its dosing instructions to sildenafil, for the treatment of their ED

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The urologist/andrologist is the specialist responsible for diagnosis and treatment of health problems related to the genitourinary tract, and his or her participation in comprehensive care for a patient with erectile dysfunction (ED) is fundamental and often indispensable. The urologists/andrologists should characterize the origin of ED because of their knowledge and familiarity of all diagnostic tests and second- and third-line therapy. The origin of ED is important to determine for various reasons, such as young people suitable for etiologic treatment, medicolegal reasons, or patients' wishes for a better understanding of their condition. A review of the diagnostic tests available as well as indications for second- and third-line therapy is presented. The close relationship between ED and urological disorders, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and their treatments, and renal failure, in association with penile conditions like Peyronie's disease, priapism, and possible androgen deficiency in men older than 50 years, places the urologist at the center of integrated treatment of male ED.

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En España, de acuerdo al IIEF el 19 per cent de los varones entre 25 y 70 años presentan algún grado de disfunción eréctil, lo que supone que casi 2.000.000 varones españoles presentan esta patología y pueden requerir atención médica de su problema. Presentamos una actualización de los aspectos más importantes de la disfunción eréctil (fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento). Revisamos con detalle los tratamientos orales y los futuros fármacos que están en fase de experimentación previa a su comercialización. El manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del paciente con disfunción eréctil debe ser individualizado, teniendo en cuenta las expectativas del paciente. Es muy recomendable la realización de una evaluación básica (historia clínica completa, exploración física, determinaciones analíticas recomendadas). Si se descubren enfermedades no diagnosticadas previamente (diabetes, arteriosclerosis, etc.) deben ser tratadas. Deben corregirse los factores de riesgo modificables. Existen numerosas opciones terapéuticas para el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil. La terapia sustitutiva con testosterona debe emplearse únicamente en varones con DE y niveles bajos de dicha hormona y bajo control médico. Actualmente el tratamiento de primera línea son los fármacos de administración oral (sildenafilo, apomorfina). Existen dos nuevos inhibidores de la PDE 5 (tadalafilo y vardenafilo) que serán comercializados en el 2003 y proporcionarán más selectividad. Además están en las fases iniciales de investigación diferentes fármacos de administración oral que actuando a nivel peneano facilitarán la erección. Cuando los fármacos orales están contraindicados, no son eficaces o el paciente no quiere tomarlos, la segunda línea de tratamiento es la inyección intracavernosa. Prostaglandina E1 es el fármaco de elección inicial en pacientes que comienzan tratamiento mediante autoinyección intracavernosa, con una alta eficacia. El implante de prótesis de pene y la revascularización peneana son apropiados para pacientes muy seleccionados. La psicoterapia puede ser una opción para los hombres con DE de origen psicógeno, sola o asociada con sildenafilo o apomorfina. (AU)

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PURPOSE: We determined the prevalence of and risks factors for erectile dysfunction in Spain in a cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 2,476 noninstitutionalized Spanish men 25 to 70 years old were interviewed at home and answered a self-administered questionnaire of 71 items, including 2 instruments to define erectile dysfunction, a simple self-assessment question to estimate erectile function and the International Index of Erectile Function. Data on disease, medication and toxic habits were also obtained. RESULTS: With an overall participation rate of 75% the prevalence of erectile dysfunction according to the simple question was 12.1%. According to the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function the overall prevalence was 18.9%. Several independent risk factors were significantly associated with the probability of erectile dysfunction. Some differences arose according to the tool used to define the condition. However, there was a strong relationship of patient age with frequency or severity no matter which instrument was used to define erectile dysfunction. Diabetes (age adjusted odds ratio 4), high blood pressure (odds ratio 1.58), high cholesterol (1.63), peripheral vascular disorder (2.63), lung disease (3.11), prostate disease (2.93), cardiac problems (1.79), rheumatism (2.37) and allergy (3.08) were significantly associated with erectile dysfunction. Drug intake, which respondents called medication for nerves and sleeping pills, correlated strongly (odds ratio 2.78 and 4.27, respectively), as did tobacco use (2.5) and alcohol consumption (1.53). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data on the prevalence of and risks factors for erectile dysfunction in Spain. The relationship of erectile dysfunction with certain risk factors, such as cardiovascular risk factors and drugs intake, are well known and our study corroborates these associations. Other associations with erectile dysfunction, such as prostate disease, allergy and rheumatism, support findings in previous reports, although to our knowledge the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Estimating the strength of the association of erectile dysfunction with distinct risk factors in terms of odds ratios enabled us to identify the factors to pursue when seeking to prevent erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, the relationship of tobacco with erectile dysfunction, which has been controversial in previous series, was well characterized in our study.

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Traumatic rupture of the corpus cavernosum of the penis is rare, and has been reported infrequently. We present a case with this type of trauma, with immediate surgical management, with good morphologic and functional results.

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La rotura traumática de los cuerpos cavernosos del pene es una urgencia urológica rara. Presentamos un caso de este traumatismo peneano, tratado de forma quirúrgica de urgencia, con buenos resultados morfológicos y funcionales (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results obtained with management by modified plication of the tunica albuginea in patients with congenital penile incurvation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 1992 and December 1996, a modified plication technique of the tunica albuginea was used to correct congenital and acquired penile incurvations; the procedure was performed in 27 cases of patients with congenital penile incurvation and 17 patients with de la Peyronie's disease. Mean age was 22.8 years (range 15-40 years), single ventral incurvation being the most frequent (51.8%) type. A modified technique of tunica albuginea plication was used. RESULTS: Complete correction of the incurvation was achieved in all patients (100%), with a low rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Modified plication of the tunica albuginea is a simple and effective surgical technique to achieve correction of congenital penile incurvations.

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Intracavernous injection of vasodilators has been the greatest diagnostic and therapeutical breakthrough in erectile dysfunction (E.D.). After 15 years experience, these vasodilators have demonstrated efficacy rates over 85%. This suggests that most cases of E.D. are the result of and inability of the smooth muscle to relax. This paper presents an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic use of intracavernous vasodilating drugs. It includes an extensive review of the literature and our personal series with regard to efficacy, indications, contraindications and side-effects of these compounds. Alprostadil i.c. injection (PGE1) is an effective (> 70%) and safe treatment, and its use has been accompanied by an increased quality of life of patients, with very few side effects. Currently, PGE1 is a first choice drug in the treatment of impotence. When no response is seen, or pain develops after PGE1 administration, a number of vasoactive compounds associations can be used instead (phentolamine + PGE1, papaverine + phentolamine, and papaverine + phentolamine + PGE1). The phentolamine + VIP association has shown encouraging results. Prior to prescribe IC treatment with vasoactive drugs it is necessary to conduct a basic diagnostic study, and advise the patient. If treatment is finally accepted, the performance of adequate training and detailed medical follow-up is crucial.

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PURPOSE: To review our series of 416 renal transplants, with special reference to the surgical complications and their management. METHODS: From June, 1986 to October 1997, we are performed 416 heterotopic renal transplants, harvested from cadavers. Reconstruction of the urinary tract reconstruction was by ureteroneocystostomy in practically all the cases. RESULTS: There were some urological complications in 80 patients (19.2%). The most common urological complication was obstruction of the urinary tract arising from stenosis (3.3%), lymphocele (4.3%) and clotting (1.2%). 78.1% of these urological complications were resolved by endourological techniques. Urinary fistula was observed in 12 cases (2.8%). Vascular complications in 22 (6.9%), lithiasis in 5 (1.2%), and eventrations in 11 (2.6%). The treatment of these complications is described. The actuarial survival rates were 87.8% and 77.3% at one and five years respectively for the graft, and 92.4% and 83.5% for the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical complication rate in patients undergoing renal transplantation was 19.2%. The most common complication was urinary tract obstruction from stenosis (3.3%), lymphocele (4.3%) and clotting (1.6%); 78.1% of these obstructive complications were resolved by endourologic techniques. Percutaneous drainage and esclerotherapy of the lymphoceles resolved 66.6% of them. Renal biopsy performed with a 14G needle caused 5 severe hemorrhagic complications. There were no complications when an 18G needle was utilized.

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Presentation of a case reporting an infrequent association of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUT) with a long-standing renal polylithiasis and multifocal metastasis in contralateral kidney. A description is made of the incidence, etiology, prognostic factors as well as diagnosis and therapeutical approach.

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OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) from the dorsal penile nerve and the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) in healthy volunteers and patients with erectile dysfunction in order to establish a model of normality and investigate the abnormal neuro-urophysiological measurements in patients with erectile dysfunction and their relationship with different factors (age, neurological disease). METHODS: 30 healthy volunteers and 102 patients who had consulted for erectile dysfunction underwent neuro-urophysiological diagnostic evaluation (dorsal penile nerve SSEP and BCR). The mean age was 51.2 years (range 27 to 66). RESULTS: The group of healthy volunteers showed SSEP mean latency of 46.374 ms and a BCR mean latency of 43.721 ms. Thirty-four patients (33.33%) had at least one abnormal neuro-urophysiological measurement, the SSEP were abnormal in 7 (20.58%), the BCR in 5 (14.70%) and both in 22 (64.70%). We found an increased SSEP latency and BCR latency in the patients with erectile dysfunction and with no urological disease. Comparison of the older with the younger patients was only statistically significant for increased BCR latency in patients > 60 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed neuro-urophysiological abnormalities in 34 impotent patients (33.33%). The finding of abnormalities in both BCR and SSEP was the most frequent.

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