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UNLABELLED: We present the results of the validation of an inanimate model created for training thoracoscopic treatment of esophageal atresia with lower tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used different domestic materials such as a piece of wood (support), corrugated plastic tubes (PVC) of different sizes to simulate ribs, intercostal spaces, trachea and spine and tubular latex balloons to simulate the esophagus and lungs to make the basic model. This device was inserted into the thoracic cavity of a rubber dummy simulating a 3kg newborn with a work area volume of 50ml. The model was designed taking into account the experience of doing this procedure in neonates. The cost of the materials used was 50 US$. Regular video endoscopic equipment and 3mm instruments were used. Thirty-nine international faculty or pediatric surgeons attending hands on courses with different levels of training in minimal invasive surgery (MIS) repair of EA/TEF performed the procedure in the model. We compared the performance of the practitioners with their experience in thoracoscopic repair of EA. A Likert-type scale was used to evaluate results. Previous experience in MIS, anatomical appearance of the model, surgical anatomy compared to a real patient, and utility as a training method were analyzed. We also used a checklist to assess performance. We evaluated: number of errors and types of injuries, quality of the anastomosis, and duration of procedure. To analyze the results we used a T-test, chi-square test and Excel® database to match up some results. RESULTS: Thirty-nine questionnaires were completed. Seven surgeons were experts (≥30 TEF/EA repairs as surgeon), 10 had intermediate level of experience (5 to 29 repairs as surgeon) and 22 were beginners (less than 5 repairs). To simplify the analysis we divided the respondents into low experience LE (<5 real procedures-beginners; n=22) and high experience HE (intermediate, 10; and experts, 7; n=17). In relation to the anatomical characteristics of the model, 94.48% (n=37) respondents considered that the model has a high degree of similarity or good similarity; in relation to surgical anatomy 88.2% (n=34) respondents considered that the model has a high degree of similarity or good similarity; 87.17% (n=34) respondents considered that the model can generate a good amount of skills and/or can generate great majority of skills to EA/TEF repair; and 12.82% (n=5) respondents consider that it can generate some skills or a few skills, only in relation to trocar placement, one of the surveyed items. The number of errors was 29±7 SD (20 to 51) for the low experience group (LE) and 9±6 SD (1 to 20) for the high experience group (HE) (P value<0.0001). Time in minutes was significantly lower in the HE group (40±9 SD; 26 to 58min), in relation with LE (81±19 SD; 49 to 118min) (P<0.0001, T-test). Deficient or incomplete anastomosis also showed differences: 7 (32%) in the LE group and 1 (6%) in the HE group (P = 0.04, chi-square test). We saw a correlation between the previous experience of the surgeon and their performance in the model considering operating time, quality of anastomosis and peripheral tissue damage. According to the suggestions registered in the questionnaires, we have now improved the model. We have also started using it in a scenario to simulate the whole neonatal MIS operative room setting and team work.

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Pediatricians should acquire multiple skills during their professional training, including procedural skills. Skill acquisition requires knowledge on theoretical bases, direct observation and, lastly, supervised repetitive practice. Training using simulators allows to learn procedures in a controlled setting, ensuring patients' safety, integrating this as a learning stage prior to the actual contact with patients. Here we report on the teaching experience of a simulated lumbar puncture procedure. Training was provided to 112 first year pediatric residents who entered Hospital Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan in the 2013-2014 period. Educational contents included communication with parents regarding the procedure, material preparation, compliance with biosafety standards, sepsis and general patient care, puncture and subsequent cerebrospinal fluid collection, and specimen collection. Strategies included, in a sequential order, the introduction of theoretical aspects using the bibliography and audiovisual resources available at the hospital's online campus and subsequent practice of lumbar puncture in a 3-month-old infant phantom on a lateral recumbent position that allowed to make a puncture and collect cerebrospinal fluid. At each training session, the level of confidence was measured before and after the procedure, and a checklist was developed to verify an adequate compliance with each step of the procedure. The simulated lumbar puncture training model has been introduced as an educational strategy of our Pediatric Residency Program.

Las competencias que debe adquirir un pediatra durante su formación profesional son múltiples; entre ellas, las destrezas en la realización de procedimientos. El proceso para la adquisición de estas destrezas requiere del conocimiento de bases teóricas, de la observación directa y, finalmente, de la práctica repetitiva bajo supervisión. El entrenamiento en simuladores permite aprender procedimientos en un marco controlado que protege la seguridad de los pacientes y que se integra como una instancia de aprendizaje previa a la realidad con el paciente. Reportamos la experiencia en el proceso de enseñanza del procedimiento de punción lumbar mediante simulación. Participaron del entrenamiento 112 residentes de Pediatría, de 1er año, que ingresaron al Hospital Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan durante el ciclo 2013 y 2014. Los contenidos educativos abarcaron la comunicación a los padres sobre el procedimiento, la preparación del material, el cumplimiento de las normas de bioseguridad, asepsia y cuidados generales del paciente, la punción con obtención del líquido cefalorraquídeo y la recolección del material. La estrategia incluyó, en forma secuencial, la incorporación de aspectos teóricos mediante recursos bibliográficos y audiovisuales accesibles en el campus virtual del Hospital y la posterior práctica de la punción en un maniquí correspondiente a un lactante de 3 meses en posición acostado, que permitió la punción y obtención de líquido cefalorraquídeo. En cada entrenamiento se midió el nivel de confianza antes y después, y se elaboró una lista de cotejo para verificar el cumplimiento adecuado de cada paso del procedimiento. El módulo de entrenamiento en punción lumbar con simulación ha sido incorporado como estrategia educativa de nuestro Programa de Residencia en Pediatría

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Introducción. En la actualidad hay escasez de médicos en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). La causa de este déficit es multifactorial, pero el "fenómeno de burnout" o agotamiento profesional se ha descripto como relevante. Objetivo. Analizar la situación del recurso humano en las UCIP de Argentina y medir el grado de agotamiento profesional. Métodos. Estudio observacional de corte transversal, mediante la administración de encuestas por vía electrónica; se usó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se invitó a participar a médicos terapistas pediátricos que se desempeñaran en el sector público o privado de la Argentina durante al menos 24 h por semana. Resultados. Fueron completadas 162 encuestas (tasa de respuesta 60%). Presentaron alto riesgo de burnout en agotamiento emocional 40 terapistas (25%), en realización personal 9 (6%) y en despersonalización 31 (19%). En forma combinada, 66 profesionales (41%) tuvieron riesgo alto de burnout en alguna de las dimensiones; resultaron factores protectores e independientes de este riesgo estar certificado en la especialidad (ORA 0,38 IC 95% 0,19-0,75) y trabajar en UCIP del sector público (ORA 0,31 IC 95% 0,15-0,65), mientras que hacer más de 36 h/semana de guardia aumentó el riesgo (ORA 1,94 IC95% 1,1-3,85). El 31 % afirmó que no planeaba continuar con actividad en cuidados intensivos y 86% no pensaban continuar con guardias en los siguientes años. La mayoría de los encuestados comunicó que modificaciones en la práctica profesional (remuneración, cargos de planta, jubilación temprana, menor carga de guardia), podrían prolongar la expectativa de continuar con actividades en UCIP. Conclusiones. Un porcentaje significativo de médicos que trabajan en las UCIP de la Argentina tienen alto riesgo de burnout y baja expectativa de continuar en la especialidad.

Introduction: there is currently a deficiency of physicians in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). The cause of this deficit is multifactorial, although the burnout phenomenon has been described as relevant. Objective: to analyze the situation of human resource in the pediatric intensive care units in Argentina and measure the level of burnout. Methods: an observational cross-sectional study through surveys administered electronically; the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. Physicians that work at public o private pediatric intensive care units in Argentina during at least 24 hours per week were invited to participate. Results: a total of 162 surveys were completed (response rate 60%). We observed a high risk of burnout in emotional exhaustion in 40 therapists (25%), in fulfillment in 9 (6%), and depersonalization in 31 (19%). In combination, 66 professionals (41%) had a high risk of burnout to some extent; there were independent protective factors of this risk as to be certified in the specialty (ORA 0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75) and work in public sector PICU (ORA 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65), while working more than 36 hours/week on duty increased the risk (ORA 1.94, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.85). Additionally, 31% said that they did not plan to continue working in intensive care, and 86% did not think to continue with on call duties in the following years. Over 60% of respondents reported that changes in professional practice (salary, staff positions, early retirement, fewer loads on call) could prolong the expectation of continuing activities in PICU. Conclusions: a significant percentage of doctors working in the PICU of Argentina have a high risk of burnout syndrome and a low expectation of continuing in the field.

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INTRODUCTION: There is currently a deficiency of physicians in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). The cause of this deficit is multifactorial, although the burnout phenomenon has been described as relevant. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of human resource in the pediatric intensive care units in Argentina and measure the level of burnout. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study through surveys administered electronically; the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. Physicians that work at public o private pediatric intensive care units in Argentina during at least 24 hours per week were invited to participate. RESULTS: A total of 162 surveys were completed (response rate 60%). We observed a high risk of burnout in emotional exhaustion in 40 therapists (25%), in fulfillment in 9 (6%), and depersonalization in 31 (19%). In combination, 66 professionals (41%) had a high risk of burnout to some extent; there were independent protective factors of this risk as to be certified in the specialty (ORA 0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75) and work in public sector PICU (ORA 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65), while working more than 36 hours/week on duty increased the risk (ORA 1.94, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.85). Additionally, 31% said that they did not plan to continue working in intensive care, and 86% did not think to continue with on call duties in the following years. Over 60% of respondents reported that changes in professional practice (salary, staff positions, early retirement, fewer loads on call) could prolong the expectation of continuing activities in PICU. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of doctors working in the PICU of Argentina have a high risk of burnout syndrome and a low expectation of continuing in the field.

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Introduction. There is currently a deficiency of physicians in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). The cause of this deficit is multifactorial, although the burnout phenomenon has been described as relevant. Objective. To analyze the situation of human resource in the pediatric intensive care units in Argentina and measure the level of burnout. Methods. An observational cross-sectional study through surveys administered electronically; the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. Physicians that work at public o private pediatric intensive care units in Argentina during at least 24 hours per week were invited to participate. Results. A total of 162 surveys were completed (response rate 60%). We observed a high risk of burnout in emotional exhaustion in 40 therapists (25%), in fulfillment in 9 (6%), and depersonalization in 31 (19%). In combination, 66 professionals (41%) had a high risk of burnout to some extent; there were independent protective factors of this risk as to be certified in the specialty (ORA 0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75) and work in public sector PICU (ORA 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65), while working more than 36 hours/week on duty increased the risk (ORA 1.94, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.85). Additionally, 31% said that they did not plan to continue working in intensive care, and 86% did not think to continue with on call duties in the following years. Over 60% of respondents reported that changes in professional practice (salary, staff positions, early retirement, fewer loads on call) could prolong the expectation of continuing activities in PICU. Conclusions. A significant percentage of doctors working in the PICU of Argentina have a high risk of burnout syndrome and a low expectation of continuing in the field.

Introducción. En la actualidad hay escasez de médicos en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). La causa de este déficit es multifactorial, pero el "fenómeno de burnout" o agotamiento profesional se ha descripto como relevante. Objetivo. Analizar la situación del recurso humano en las UCIP de Argentina y medir el grado de agotamiento profesional. Métodos. Estudio observacional de corte transversal, mediante la administración de encuestas por vía electrónica; se usó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se invitó a participar a médicos terapistas pediátricos que se desempeñaran en el sector público o privado de la Argentina durante al menos 24 h por semana. Resultados. Fueron completadas 162 encuestas (tasa de respuesta 60%). Presentaron alto riesgo de burnout en agotamiento emocional 40 terapistas (25%), en realización personal 9 (6%) y en despersonalización 31 (19%). En forma combinada, 66 profesionales (41%) tuvieron riesgo alto de burnout en alguna de las dimensiones; resultaron factores protectores e independientes de este riesgo estar certificado en la especialidad (ORA 0,38 IC 95% 0,19-0,75) y trabajar en UCIP del sector público (ORA 0,31 IC 95% 0,15-0,65), mientras que hacer más de 36 h/semana de guardia aumentó el riesgo (ORA 1,94 IC 95% 1,1-3,85). El 31% afirmó que no planeaba continuar con actividad en cuidados intensivos y 86% no pensaban continuar con guardias en los siguientes años. La mayoría de los encuestados comunicó que modificaciones en la práctica profesional (remuneración, cargos de planta, jubilación temprana, menor carga de guardia), podrían prolongar la expectativa de continuar con actividades en UCIP. Conclusiones. Un porcentaje significativo de médicos que trabajan en las UCIP de la Argentina tienen alto riesgo de burnout y baja expectativa de continuar en la especialidad.

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Introduction. There is currently a deficiency of physicians in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). The cause of this deficit is multifactorial, although the burnout phenomenon has been described as relevant. Objective. To analyze the situation of human resource in the pediatric intensive care units in Argentina and measure the level of burnout. Methods. An observational cross-sectional study through surveys administered electronically; the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used. Physicians that work at public o private pediatric intensive care units in Argentina during at least 24 hours per week were invited to participate. Results. A total of 162 surveys were completed (response rate 60%). We observed a high risk of burnout in emotional exhaustion in 40 therapists (25%), in fulfillment in 9 (6%), and depersonalization in 31 (19%). In combination, 66 professionals (41%) had a high risk of burnout to some extent; there were independent protective factors of this risk as to be certified in the specialty (ORA 0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75) and work in public sector PICU (ORA 0.31, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.65), while working more than 36 hours/week on duty increased the risk (ORA 1.94, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.85). Additionally, 31% said that they did not plan to continue working in intensive care, and 86% did not think to continue with on call duties in the following years. Over 60% of respondents reported that changes in professional practice (salary, staff positions, early retirement, fewer loads on call) could prolong the expectation of continuing activities in PICU. Conclusions. A significant percentage of doctors working in the PICU of Argentina have a high risk of burnout syndrome and a low expectation of continuing in the field.(AU)

Introducción. En la actualidad hay escasez de médicos en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). La causa de este déficit es multifactorial, pero el "fenómeno de burnout" o agotamiento profesional se ha descripto como relevante. Objetivo. Analizar la situación del recurso humano en las UCIP de Argentina y medir el grado de agotamiento profesional. Métodos. Estudio observacional de corte transversal, mediante la administración de encuestas por vía electrónica; se usó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory. Se invitó a participar a médicos terapistas pediátricos que se desempeñaran en el sector público o privado de la Argentina durante al menos 24 h por semana. Resultados. Fueron completadas 162 encuestas (tasa de respuesta 60%). Presentaron alto riesgo de burnout en agotamiento emocional 40 terapistas (25%), en realización personal 9 (6%) y en despersonalización 31 (19%). En forma combinada, 66 profesionales (41%) tuvieron riesgo alto de burnout en alguna de las dimensiones; resultaron factores protectores e independientes de este riesgo estar certificado en la especialidad (ORA 0,38 IC 95% 0,19-0,75) y trabajar en UCIP del sector público (ORA 0,31 IC 95% 0,15-0,65), mientras que hacer más de 36 h/semana de guardia aumentó el riesgo (ORA 1,94 IC 95% 1,1-3,85). El 31% afirmó que no planeaba continuar con actividad en cuidados intensivos y 86% no pensaban continuar con guardias en los siguientes años. La mayoría de los encuestados comunicó que modificaciones en la práctica profesional (remuneración, cargos de planta, jubilación temprana, menor carga de guardia), podrían prolongar la expectativa de continuar con actividades en UCIP. Conclusiones. Un porcentaje significativo de médicos que trabajan en las UCIP de la Argentina tienen alto riesgo de burnout y baja expectativa de continuar en la especialidad.(AU)

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Palivizumab has proved effective in reducing hospitalization rates because of respiratory syncytial virus in vulnerable groups. In Argentina its administration is not universal because of high costs. We made a cohort study and enrolled 159 children who met the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations but did not receive palivizumab; 26% required hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Siblings and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were associated with higher hospitalization. For high-risk patients, one averted hospitalization was associated with costs of U.S. dollars (USD)13, 198 [number needed to treat (NNT): 4.5].

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INTRODUCTION: Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of bronchiolitis during the first year of life. Preterm infants and patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have a higher risk of hospitalization. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of hospitalization and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of palivizumab use in our at risk population. METHODS: The study design was based on the hypothetical use of palivizumab in a cohort of patients. The cost effectiveness analysis included costs of palivizumab, the drug prescription and hospitalization. The effectiveness measure was the hospitalization rate decrease according to the result of the IMpact study: a 55% reduction in the need for hospitalization attributable to RSV. The years 1998 and 1999 were analyzed. Evaluable patients had follow-up at the High Risk Clinic and fulfilled the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria for palivizumab prophylaxis. RESULTS: Forty-two patients, 24 with BPD and 18 preterm infants without BPD, were evaluated. Ten patients required hospitalization because of respiratory syncytial virus; one of them died. Hospitalization cost was $184,777. The total palivizumab administration cost would have been $185,064. With a 55% decrease of hospitalization rate, the cost per hospitalization averted would have been $15,358, and the number needed to treat would have been 7.9. A sensitivity analysis showed that the cost per hospitalization averted could range between $2,171 and $48,630 according to the hospitalization rate. CONCLUSIONS: Because new effective but expensive treatments like palivizumab are available, this cost effective analysis can be an important tool in decisions about resource distribution.

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