RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective Cystometric evaluation of the bladder after autotransplant and isogeneic transplant in female rats. Material and Methods Two groups were constituted: (A) bladder autotransplant with two subgroups: R1 – (control) and R2 – (bladder transplant); (B) isogeneic bladder transplant with three subgroups; T1 – (control); T2–T3, two subgroups observed for 30 and 60 days after transplant, respectively. All animals underwent cystometric evaluation. Afterwards, the bladders were removed for histological study. Results The transplanted bladders did not show significant changes in filling/storage and emptying/micturition functions after 30 and 60 days of evolution. Upon macroscopical evaluation, there was good revascularization and the tissue was well preserved. Cystometry results: Did not show significant differences in the micturition pressure in subgroups T2-T3, but did between subgroups R1−R2, T1−T2, and T1−T3. Significant differences were verified in the micturition interval between T1−T3, T2−T3, but not between R1−R2, T1−T2. There was significant difference in the micturition duration between T1−T3 but not between R1−R2, T1−T2 and T2−T3. No fistula was noted on the suture site nor leakage of urine in the abdominal cavity or signs of necrosis or retraction were observed. Conclusions Transplant of the bladder was shown to be a viable procedure. The results indicate that there was structural and functional regeneration of transplanted bladders, and these results indicate that it is possible that vascular endothelium growth and neurogenesis factors are involved and activated in the process of the preservation or survival of the transplanted organ.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Vejiga Urinaria/trasplante , Presión , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Tiempo , Trasplante Autólogo , Micción/fisiología , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ratas Wistar , Modelos AnimalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: cystometric evaluation of the bladder after autotransplant and isogeneic transplant in female rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: two groups were constituted: (A) bladder autotransplant with two subgroups: R1 - (control) and R2 - (bladder transplant); (B) isogeneic bladder transplant with three subgroups; T1 - (control); T2-T3, two subgroups observed for 30 and 60 days after transplant, respectively. All animals underwent cystometric evaluation. Afterwards, the bladders were removed for histological study. RESULTS: the transplanted bladders did not show significant changes in filling/storage and emptying/micturition functions after 30 and 60 days of evolution. Upon macroscopical evaluation, there was good revascularization and the tissue was well preserved. Cystometry results: did not show significant differences in the micturition pressure in subgroups T2-T3, but did between subgroups R1-R2, T1-T2, and T1-T3. Significant differences were verified in the micturition interval between T1-T3, T2-T3, but not between R1-R2, T1-T2. There was significant difference in the micturition duration between T1-T3 but not between R1-R2, T1-T2 and T2-T3. No fistula was noted on the suture site nor leakage of urine in the abdominal cavity or signs of necrosis or retraction were observed. CONCLUSIONS: transplant of the bladder was shown to be a viable procedure. The results indicate that there was structural and functional regeneration of transplanted bladders, and these results indicate that it is possible that vascular endothelium growth and neurogenesis factors are involved and activated in the process of the preservation or survival of the transplanted organ.
Asunto(s)
Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Vejiga Urinaria/trasplante , Animales , Femenino , Modelos Animales , Presión , Ratas Wistar , Valores de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Tiempo , Trasplante Autólogo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Micción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective To determine adenosine 5’-triphosphate levels in the interstice of spinal cord L6-S1 segment, under basal conditions or during mechanical and chemical activation of urinary bladder afferents. Methods A microdialysis probe was transversally implanted in the dorsal half of spinal cord L6-S1 segment in female rats. Microdialysate was collected at 15 minutes intervals during 135 minutes, in anesthetized animals. Adenosine 5’-triphosphate concentrations were determined with a bioluminescent assay. In one group of animals (n=7) microdialysate samples were obtained with an empty bladder during a 10-minutes bladder distension to 20 or 40cmH2O with either saline, saline with acetic acid or saline with capsaicin. In another group of animals (n=6) bladder distention was performed and the microdialysis solution contained the ectonucleotidase inhibitor ARL 67156. Results Basal extracellular adenosine triphosphate levels were 110.9±35.34fmol/15 minutes, (mean±SEM, n=13), and bladder distention was associated with a significant increase in adenosine 5’-triphosphate levels which was not observed after bladder distention with saline solution containing capsaicin (10µM). Microdialysis with solution containing ARL 67156 (1mM) was associated with significantly higher extracellular adenosine 5’-triphosphate levels and no further increase in adenosine 5’-triphosphate was observed during bladder distension. Conclusion Adenosine 5’-triphosphate was present in the interstice of L6-S1 spinal cord segments, was degraded by ectonucleotidase, and its concentration increased following the activation of bladder mechanosensitive but not of the chemosensitive afferents fibers. Adenosine 5’-triphosphate may originate either from the central endings of bladder mechanosensitive primary afferent neurons, or most likely from intrinsic spinal neurons, or glial cells and its release appears to be modulated by capsaicin activated bladder primary afferent or by adenosine 5’-triphosphate itself.
RESUMO Objetivo Determinar as concentrações extracelulares do 5’-trifosfato de adenosina no interstício dos segmentos medulares L6-S1, em condições basais ou durante a ativação mecânica e química das fibras aferentes vesicais. Métodos Um cateter de microdiálise foi implantado no sentido transversal na parte dorsal da medula espinal, entre os segmentos L6-S1 de ratas. O microdialisado foi coletado em intervalos de 15 minutos, durante 135 minutos, com os animais anestesiados. A concentração de 5’-trifosfato de adenosina nas amostras foi determinada mediante ensaio de bioluminescência. Em um grupo de animais (n=7), as amostras de microdialisado foram obtidas com a bexiga vazia, com distensão da bexiga para volume de 20 ou 40cmH2O, com solução salina, solução salina com ácido acético, ou solução salina com capsaicina. Em outro grupo (n=6), foi realizada com a bexiga distendida, e a solução para microdiálise continha o inibidor de ectonucleotidase ARL 67156. Resultados Os níveis extracelulares de trifosfato de adenosina no início do estudo foram 110,9±35,36fmol/15 minutos (média±EPM, n=13), e a distensão da bexiga causou um aumento nos níveis de 5’-trifosfato de adenosina, o que não foi observado após a distensão da bexiga com solução salina contendo capsaicina (10µM). A microdiálise com solução contendo ARL 67156 (1mM) foi associada com significante aumento dos níveis de trifosfato de adenosina extracelular, e nenhum aumento do trifosfato de adenosina foi observado durante a distensão da bexiga. Conclusão O 5’-trifosfato de adenosina está presente no interstício do segmento L6-S1 da medula espinal, é degradado por ectonucleotidases, e sua concentração aumentou com a ativação das fibras aferentes mecanossensíveis da bexiga, mas não das quimiossensíveis. O 5’-trifosfato de adenosina pode ter sido liberado das terminações centrais dos neurônios aferentes primários mecanossensíveis ou, mais provavelmente, de neurônios espinais intrínsecos, ou ainda de células gliais. Sua liberação parece ser modulada por fibras aferentes primárias da bexiga ativadas pela capsaicina ou pelo próprio 5’-trifosfato de adenosina.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Médula Espinal/química , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , Adenosina Trifosfato/análisis , Aferentes Viscerales , Microdiálisis/métodos , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas Aferentes/metabolismoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on the striated urethral sphincter and the urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: A coaxial catheter was implanted in the proximal urethra and another one in the bladder of female rats, which were anesthetized with subcutaneous injection of urethane. The urethral pressure with saline continuous infusion and bladder isovolumetric pressure were simultaneously recorded. Two groups of rats were formed. In group I, an intrathecal catheter was implanted on the day of the experiment at the L6-S1 level of the spinal cord; in group II, an intracerebroventricular cannula was placed 5-6 days before the experiment. Results: It was verified that the group treated with S-methyl-L-thio-citrulline, via intrathecal pathway, showed complete or partial inhibition of the urethral sphincter relaxation and total inhibition of the micturition reflexes. The urethral sphincter and the detrusor functions were recovered after L-Arginine administration. When S-methyl-L-thio-citrulline was administered via intracerebroventricular injection, there was a significant increase of urethral sphincter tonus while preserving the sphincter relaxation and the detrusor contractions, at similar levels as before the use of the drugs. Nevertheless there was normalization of the urethral tonus when L-Arginine was applied. Conclusions: The results indicate that, in female rats anaesthetized with urethane, the nNOS inhibitor administrated through the intrathecal route inhibits urethral sphincter relaxation, while intracerebroventricular injection increases the sphincter tonus, without changing bladder function. These changes were reverted by L-Arginine administration. These findings suggest that the urethral sphincter and detrusor muscle function is modulated by nitric oxide.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Uretra/efectos de los fármacos , Micción/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Citrulina/análogos & derivados , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/farmacología , Arginina/farmacología , Presión , Valores de Referencia , Tiourea/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Uretano/farmacología , Uretra/fisiología , Micción/fisiología , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiología , Inyecciones Espinales , Citrulina/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Anestésicos Intravenosos , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Muscular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels in the interstice of spinal cord L6-S1 segment, under basal conditions or during mechanical and chemical activation of urinary bladder afferents. METHODS: A microdialysis probe was transversally implanted in the dorsal half of spinal cord L6-S1 segment in female rats. Microdialysate was collected at 15 minutes intervals during 135 minutes, in anesthetized animals. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations were determined with a bioluminescent assay. In one group of animals (n=7) microdialysate samples were obtained with an empty bladder during a 10-minutes bladder distension to 20 or 40cmH2O with either saline, saline with acetic acid or saline with capsaicin. In another group of animals (n=6) bladder distention was performed and the microdialysis solution contained the ectonucleotidase inhibitor ARL 67156. RESULTS: Basal extracellular adenosine triphosphate levels were 110.9±35.34fmol/15 minutes, (mean±SEM, n=13), and bladder distention was associated with a significant increase in adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels which was not observed after bladder distention with saline solution containing capsaicin (10µM). Microdialysis with solution containing ARL 67156 (1mM) was associated with significantly higher extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate levels and no further increase in adenosine 5'-triphosphate was observed during bladder distension. CONCLUSION: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate was present in the interstice of L6-S1 spinal cord segments, was degraded by ectonucleotidase, and its concentration increased following the activation of bladder mechanosensitive but not of the chemosensitive afferents fibers. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate may originate either from the central endings of bladder mechanosensitive primary afferent neurons, or most likely from intrinsic spinal neurons, or glial cells and its release appears to be modulated by capsaicin activated bladder primary afferent or by adenosine 5'-triphosphate itself. OBJETIVO: Determinar as concentrações extracelulares do 5'-trifosfato de adenosina no interstício dos segmentos medulares L6-S1, em condições basais ou durante a ativação mecânica e química das fibras aferentes vesicais. MÉTODOS: Um cateter de microdiálise foi implantado no sentido transversal na parte dorsal da medula espinal, entre os segmentos L6-S1 de ratas. O microdialisado foi coletado em intervalos de 15 minutos, durante 135 minutos, com os animais anestesiados. A concentração de 5'-trifosfato de adenosina nas amostras foi determinada mediante ensaio de bioluminescência. Em um grupo de animais (n=7), as amostras de microdialisado foram obtidas com a bexiga vazia, com distensão da bexiga para volume de 20 ou 40cmH2O, com solução salina, solução salina com ácido acético, ou solução salina com capsaicina. Em outro grupo (n=6), foi realizada com a bexiga distendida, e a solução para microdiálise continha o inibidor de ectonucleotidase ARL 67156. RESULTADOS: Os níveis extracelulares de trifosfato de adenosina no início do estudo foram 110,9±35,36fmol/15 minutos (média±EPM, n=13), e a distensão da bexiga causou um aumento nos níveis de 5'-trifosfato de adenosina, o que não foi observado após a distensão da bexiga com solução salina contendo capsaicina (10µM). A microdiálise com solução contendo ARL 67156 (1mM) foi associada com significante aumento dos níveis de trifosfato de adenosina extracelular, e nenhum aumento do trifosfato de adenosina foi observado durante a distensão da bexiga. CONCLUSÃO: O 5'-trifosfato de adenosina está presente no interstício do segmento L6-S1 da medula espinal, é degradado por ectonucleotidases, e sua concentração aumentou com a ativação das fibras aferentes mecanossensíveis da bexiga, mas não das quimiossensíveis. O 5'-trifosfato de adenosina pode ter sido liberado das terminações centrais dos neurônios aferentes primários mecanossensíveis ou, mais provavelmente, de neurônios espinais intrínsecos, ou ainda de células gliais. Sua liberação parece ser modulada por fibras aferentes primárias da bexiga ativadas pela capsaicina ou pelo próprio 5'-trifosfato de adenosina.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina Trifosfato/análisis , Microdiálisis/métodos , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Médula Espinal/química , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , Aferentes Viscerales , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas Aferentes/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on the striated urethral sphincter and the urinary bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A coaxial catheter was implanted in the proximal urethra and another one in the bladder of female rats, which were anesthetized with subcutaneous injection of urethane. The urethral pressure with saline continuous infusion and bladder isovolumetric pressure were simultaneously recorded. Two groups of rats were formed. In group I, an intrathecal catheter was implanted on the day of the experiment at the L6-S1 level of the spinal cord; in group II, an intracerebroventricular cannula was placed 5-6 days before the experiment. RESULTS: It was verified that the group treated with S-methyl-L-thio-citrulline, via intrathecal pathway, showed complete or partial inhibition of the urethral sphincter relaxation and total inhibition of the micturition reflexes. The urethral sphincter and the detrusor functions were recovered after L-Arginine administration. When S-methyl-Lthio-citrulline was administered via intracerebroventricular injection, there was a significant increase of urethral sphincter tonus while preserving the sphincter relaxation and the detrusor contractions, at similar levels as before the use of the drugs. Nevertheless there was normalization of the urethral tonus when L-Arginine was applied. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that, in female rats anaesthetized with urethane, the nNOS inhibitor administrated through the intrathecal route inhibits urethral sphincter relaxation, while intracerebroventricular injection increases the sphincter tonus, without changing bladder function. These changes were reverted by L-Arginine administration. These findings suggest that the urethral sphincter and detrusor muscle function is modulated by nitric oxide.
Asunto(s)
Citrulina/análogos & derivados , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/farmacología , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Uretra/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Micción/efectos de los fármacos , Anestésicos Intravenosos , Animales , Arginina/farmacología , Citrulina/farmacología , Femenino , Inyecciones Espinales , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Presión , Ratas Wistar , Valores de Referencia , Tiourea/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Uretano/farmacología , Uretra/fisiología , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiología , Micción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To re-examine the function of the urinary bladder in vivoas well as to determine the functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors in long-term alloxan-induced diabetes rats. METHODS: Two-month-old male Wistar rats were injected with alloxan and the animals showing blood glucose levels >300mg/dL together with age-paired untreated animals were kept for 11 months. Body weight, bladder weight, blood glucose, and urinary volume over a period of 24 hours were determined in both groups of animals. A voiding cystometry in conscious control and diabetic rats was performed to determine maximal micturition pressure, micturition contraction interval and duration as well as voided and post-voiding residual volume. In addition, concentration-response curves for bethanechol in isolated bladder strips, as well as [3H]-N methyl-scopolamine binding site characteristics in bladder homogenates were determined. RESULTS: Mean bladder weight was 162.5±21.2mg versus 290±37.9mg in control and treated animals, respectively (p<0.05). Micturition contraction amplitude (34.6±4.7mmHg versus 49.6±2.5mmHg), duration (14.5±1.7 seconds versus 23.33±4.6 seconds) and interval (87.5±17.02 seconds versus 281.11±20.24 seconds) were significantly greater in alloxan diabetic rats. Voided urine volume per micturition contraction was also significantly higher in diabetic animals. However the post-voiding residual volume was not statistically different. Bethanechol potency (EC50 3µM versus 5µM) and maximal effect (31.2±5.9g/g versus 36.1±6.8g/g) in isolated bladder strips as well as number (169±4fmol/mg versus 176±3fmol/mg protein) and affinity (0.69±0.1nM versus 0.57±0.1nM) of bladder muscarinic receptors were also not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Bladder function in vivo is altered in chronic alloxan-induced diabetes rats without changes in functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Aloxano/administración & dosificación , Animales , Betanecol/administración & dosificación , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , N-Metilescopolamina/administración & dosificación , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Muscarínicos/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Micción/efectos de los fármacos , Micción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Objective To re-examine the function of the urinary bladder in vivoas well as to determine the functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors in long-term alloxan-induced diabetes rats.Methods Two-month-old male Wistar rats were injected with alloxan and the animals showing blood glucose levels >300mg/dL together with age-paired untreated animals were kept for 11 months. Body weight, bladder weight, blood glucose, and urinary volume over a period of 24 hours were determined in both groups of animals. A voiding cystometry in conscious control and diabetic rats was performed to determine maximal micturition pressure, micturition contraction interval and duration as well as voided and post-voiding residual volume. In addition, concentration-response curves for bethanechol in isolated bladder strips, as well as [3H]-N methyl-scopolamine binding site characteristics in bladder homogenates were determined.Results Mean bladder weight was 162.5±21.2mg versus 290±37.9mg in control and treated animals, respectively (p<0.05). Micturition contraction amplitude (34.6±4.7mmHg versus 49.6±2.5mmHg), duration (14.5±1.7 seconds versus 23.33±4.6 seconds) and interval (87.5±17.02 seconds versus 281.11±20.24 seconds) were significantly greater in alloxan diabetic rats. Voided urine volume per micturition contraction was also significantly higher in diabetic animals. However the post-voiding residual volume was not statistically different. Bethanechol potency (EC50 3µM versus 5µM) and maximal effect (31.2±5.9g/g versus 36.1±6.8g/g) in isolated bladder strips as well as number (169±4fmol/mg versus 176±3fmol/mg protein) and affinity (0.69±0.1nM versus 0.57±0.1nM) of bladder muscarinic receptors were also not statistically different.Conclusion Bladder function in vivo is altered in chronic alloxan-induced diabetes rats without changes in functional and biochemical characteristics of bladder muscarinic receptors.
Objetivo Reestudar o funcionamento da bexiga in vivo e determinar as características funcionais e bioquímicas dos receptores muscarínicos vesicais de ratos com diabetes crônico induzido por aloxana.Métodos Ratos Wistar de dois meses de idade receberam injeção de aloxana, e os animais que apresentaram glicemia >300mg/dL foram mantidos por 11 meses junto de outros não tratados e pareados por idade. Nos dois grupos de animais, peso corpóreo, peso da bexiga, glicemia e volume urinário de 24 horas foram medidos. Em ambos os grupos, realizou-se a cistometria miccional em animais não anestesiados. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: pressão máxima de micção, intervalo e contração de micção, bem como o volume de esvaziamento e o volume residual pós-miccional. Além disso, foram determinadas as curvas de concentração-resposta a betanecol em preparações isoladas de bexiga e também as características dos sítios de ligação da [3H]-N-metil-escopolamina em homogenatos de bexiga.Resultados O peso médio da bexiga foi de 162,5±21,2mg versus290±37,9mg nos animais controles e tratados, respectivamente (p<0,05). A amplitude de contração (34,6±4,7mmHg versus 49,6±2,5mmHg), a duração (14,5±1,7 segundos versus 23,33±4,6 segundos) e o intervalo (87,5±17,02 segundos versus 281,11±20,24 segundos) de micção foram significantemente maiores nos ratos tratados com aloxana. O volume de urina eliminada durante a contração miccional também foi maior nos animais diabéticos. Contudo, o volume residual pós-miccional não foi estatisticamente diferente. Não foram observadas diferenças na resposta ao betanecol (EC50 3µM versus 5µM) e no seu efeito máximo (31,2±5,9g/g versus 36,1±6,8g/g) em preparações isoladas de bexiga, bem como no número total (169±43fmol/mgversus 176±3fmol/mg) e na afinidade (0,69±0,1nMversus 0,57±0,1nM) dos receptores muscarínicos da bexiga.Conclusão O funcionamento da bexiga in vivo está alterado no diabetes crônico induzido por aloxana, porém sem alterações funcionais e bioquímicas nos receptores muscarínicos da bexiga.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Receptores Muscarínicos/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Aloxano/administración & dosificación , Betanecol/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , N-Metilescopolamina/administración & dosificación , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Muscarínicos/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Vejiga Urinaria/efectos de los fármacos , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiopatología , Micción/efectos de los fármacos , Micción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of nitrate/nitrite in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the dorsal horn interstice of the L6-S1 spinal cord boundary in rats with or without cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. METHODS: All experiments were conducted using Wistar female rats. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the subarachnoid space or in the spinal cord tissue at the L6-S1 segments (confirmed histologically). Two days later, the microdialysis probe was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, containing or not NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Samples were collected every 15 minutes and kept at -20ºC. Nitrite/nitrate concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. RESULTS: In normal animals, the mean values of nitrite/nitrate concentrations in the first microdialysate sample of the cerebrospinal fluid and of the spinal cord interstice were similar (482.5±90.2pmol/75µL, n=20, and 505.7±11.5pmol/75µL, n=6, respectively), whereas, in the samples from rats with cystitis, these values were significantly greater (955.5±66.3pmol/75µL, n=8, and 926.5±131.7pmol/75µL, n=11, respectively). In both groups, NG-monomethyl-L- arginine caused a significant reduction in the nitrite/nitrate concentration. Interestingly, the maximal reduction of nitrite/nitrate concentration caused by NG-monomethyl-L- arginine was no greater than 30% of the initial values. CONCLUSIONS: These results constitute the first demonstration that nitrite/nitrate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord interstice are elevated between 20- and 22 hours after cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, and indicate that cystitis is associated with changes in the production of nitric oxide in the spinal cord segments, where most primary bladder afferents end.
Asunto(s)
Cistitis/inducido químicamente , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/química , Animales , Ciclofosfamida , Cistitis/metabolismo , Cistitis/patología , Femenino , Región Lumbosacra , Luminiscencia , Microdiálisis , Nitratos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Nitratos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitritos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Nitritos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Valores de Referencia , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , omega-N-Metilarginina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Determinar a concentração de nitrato/nitrito no líquido cefalorraquidiano e no interstício do corno dorsal entre L6-S1 da medula espinhal em ratas com ou sem cistite induzida por ciclofosfamida. MÉTODOS: Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos usando ratas Wistar. Um probe de microdiálise foi implantado no espaço subaracnoide ou no tecido da medula espinhal nos segmentos L6-S1 (confirmado histologicamente). Dois dias depois, o probe de microdiálise foi perfundido com líquido cefalorraquidiano artificial, contendo ou não NG-monometil-L-arginina. As amostras foram coletadas a cada 15 minutos e mantidas a -20ºC. As concentrações de nitrito/ nitrato foram determinadas por quimiluminescência. RESULTADOS: Nos animais normais, os valores médios das concentrações de nitrito/nitrato, na primeira amostra de microdialisado de líquido cefalorraquidiano e do interstício da medula espinhal, foram semelhantes (482,5±90,2pmol/75µL, n=20, e 505,7±11,5pmol/75µL, n=6, respectivamente), enquanto nas amostras de ratas com cistite, esses valores foram significativamente maiores (955,5±66,3pmol/75µL, n=8, e 926,5±131,7pmol/75µL, n=11, respectivamente). Em ambos os grupos, a NG-monometil-L- arginina causou uma significativa redução na concentração de nitrito/nitrato. Curiosamente, a redução máxima de concentração de nitrito/nitrato causada pela NG-monometil-L- arginina não foi maior que 30% dos valores iniciais. CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados constituem a primeira demonstração de que as concentrações de nitrito/nitrato no líquido cefalorraquidiano e no interstício da medula espinhal estão elevadas entre 20 e 22 horas após a cistite induzida por ciclofosfamida, e indicando que a cistite está associada a alterações na produção de óxido nítrico, nos segmentos da medula espinhal, nos quais termina a maioria dos aferentes primários da bexiga.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of nitrate/nitrite in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the dorsal horn interstice of the L6-S1 spinal cord boundary in rats with or without cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. METHODS: All experiments were conducted using Wistar female rats. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the subarachnoid space or in the spinal cord tissue at the L6-S1 segments (confirmed histologically). Two days later, the microdialysis probe was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, containing or not NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Samples were collected every 15 minutes and kept at -20ºC. Nitrite/nitrate concentrations were determined by chemiluminescence. RESULTS: In normal animals, the mean values of nitrite/nitrate concentrations in the first microdialysate sample of the cerebrospinal fluid and of the spinal cord interstice were similar (482.5±90.2pmol/75µL, n=20, and 505.7±11.5pmol/75µL, n=6, respectively), whereas, in the samples from rats with cystitis, these values were significantly greater (955.5±66.3pmol/75µL, n=8, and 926.5±131.7pmol/75µL, n=11, respectively). In both groups, NG-monomethyl-L- arginine caused a significant reduction in the nitrite/nitrate concentration. Interestingly, the maximal reduction of nitrite/nitrate concentration caused by NG-monomethyl-L- arginine was no greater than 30% of the initial values. CONCLUSIONS: These results constitute the first demonstration that nitrite/nitrate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord interstice are elevated between 20- and 22 hours after cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, and indicate that cystitis is associated with changes in the production of nitric oxide in the spinal cord segments, where most primary bladder afferents end.
Asunto(s)
Ciclofosfamida , Cistitis/inducido químicamente , Microdiálisis , Óxido Nítrico , omega-N-MetilargininaRESUMEN
Os autores enfatizam a necessidade do médico urologista, que faz atendimento do paciente lesado raquimedular com disfunção genitourinária, ter atenção também ao aspecto da sexualidade do paciente. A orientação deve ser voltada para a reabilitação sexual através da busca da exitação, da procura de áreas erógenas do corpo e a resposta ao desejo sexual.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sexualidad , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Vejiga Urinaria Neurogénica , Calidad de Vida , Estudios Retrospectivos , Conducta Sexual , Disfunciones Sexuales Fisiológicas , VaricoceleRESUMEN
Introdução: A rejeição imunológica é uma das principais causas da perda de órgãos transplantados. A tentativa do controle da reação imunológica é clinicamente feita através da imunossupressão inespecífica e experimentalmente também por bloqueio específico. O alotransplante cardíaco em ratos pela técnica de ONO,K é um bom método para avaliação clínica da rejeição e de estudos voltados para o controle da rejeição. Objetivo estudar o efeito de um anti-antisoro linfocitário, anti-linfócitos do doador sobre a rejeição do alotransplante cardíaco de ratos Wistar para ratos Holtzman. Métodos: O soro anti-linfocitário (SAL) foi obtido através da imunização de coelhos com linfócitos obtidos de gânglios linfáticos da cadeia mesentérica de ratos Wistar, em solução de Tyrode, contendo 3x109 células/ ml. A inoculação de 3 coelhos foi feita com 1 ml da suspensão celular e 1 ml de adjuvante completo de Freund. Duas semanas após a primeira inoculação fez-se 4 doses semanais de reforço. Os coelhos foram sangrados na 5a semana, quando então foram separados os soros. A titulação dos soros foi realizada pelo teste de citotoxicidade, sendo verificado que ambos apresentaram título 1:1024. A dosagem de proteínas mostrou albumina com 3,1 e 2,7g por cento e globulinas com 3,5 e 2,9g por cento, sendo o normal 3,7 e 2,2g por cento respectivamente. Os dois SAL foram misturados. Duas cabras foram inoculados, com 3ml da mistura desses SAL, associados a 2ml de adjuvante de Freund. As doses de reforço com 5 ml do SAL foram iniciadas 2 semanas após. A cabra A recebeu 8 doses (1,4 de globulinas). A cabra B recebeu 4 doses de reforço (0,7g de globulinas). Uma semana após a última inoculação retirou-se 125ml de sangue de cada cabra, fazendo a separação dos anti-soro anti SAL (ASAL). Uma terceira cabra C foi imunizada com soro normal de coelho. A determinação de precipitinas foi feita eplo método de OUCHTERLONY.O ASAL A teve título de 1:64 e B e C título de 1:128. Os ASAL A e B foram capazes de bloquear "in vitro" a atividade citotóxica do SAL até a diluição de 1:2 do SAL. O soro de cabra anti-soro normal de coelho (SCANC) nõ foi capaz de bloquear a toxicidade do SAL. Os animais submetidos a transplante cardíaco foram divididos em 2 grupos controles um normal com 10 ratos (C1) e outro (C2) com 5 ratos que recebeu 1,0ml endovenoso de SCANC. O grupo de ratos testes A foi composto de 19 ratos distribuídos em subgrupos. Subgrupo A1 com 5 ratos recebeu 0,5ml do ASAL A, via endovenosa....
Asunto(s)
Animales , Conejos , Ratas , Suero Antilinfocítico , Inmunosupresores , Donantes de Tejidos , Trasplante de Corazón/métodos , Cabras , Rechazo de Injerto , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas Wistar , Pruebas Inmunológicas de Citotoxicidad/métodos , Trasplante HomólogoRESUMEN
PE 50 catheters were implanted in the bladder of Wistar rats. which would permit urodynamic evaluation without use of general anesthesia. After cystostomy, the rats were placed in "retaining"cages for cystometric and flowmetric readings. Experimental observation was initiated more than two hours after surgery. With continuous infusion of liquid in the bladder through cystotomy, at a flow of 0.3 ml/min, the rats presented average micturition pressure of 33.36 mmHg (SD + 10.08)an average maximum vesical capacity of 0.29 ml (SD + 0.1) and a micturition at intervals of 56.3 s (SD + 10.9).
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Micción/fisiología , Vejiga Urinaria/fisiología , Urodinámica , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reflejo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Os pacientes diabéticos podem sofrer lesöes no sistema nervoso autonômico e periférico. Nesses indivíduos têm-se verificado por meio de exames especializados como a urodinâmica e testes eletrofisológicos uma alta incidência do envolvimento da funçäo vésico-uretral com uma reduçäo do tonus da bexiga, perda de sensaçäo de repleçäo vesical e do desejo de urinar, falta de sustentaçäo da contraçäo do detrusor durante a micçäo, originando um volume de urina residual e distensäo persistente da musculatura vesical. As suas características säo de uma bexiga neurogênica hipotônica com condiçöes favoráveis à infecçäo urinária. A alta morbidez e a mortalidade do pacientes com diabetes mellitus pode ser reduzida quando se faz o diagnóstico precoce do comprometimento do trato urinário e é iniciado um tratamento adequado
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/complicaciones , Infecciones Urinarias/diagnóstico , Vejiga Urinaria Neurogénica/fisiopatología , Pielonefritis/diagnóstico , Uretra/inervación , Vejiga Urinaria/inervación , UrodinámicaRESUMEN
Os pacientes diabeticos podem sofrer lesoes no sistema nervoso autonomico e periferico. Nesses individuos tem-se verificado por meio de exames especializados como a urodinamica e testes eletrofisiologicos uma alta incidencia do envolvimento da funcao vesio-uretral com uma reducao do tonus da bexiga, perda de sensacao de replecao vesical e do desejo de urinar, falta de sustentacao da contracao do detrusor durante a miccao, originando um volume de urina residual e distensao persistente da musculatura vesical. As suas caracteristicas sao de uma bexiga neurogenica hipotonica com condicoes favoraveis a infeccao urinaria. A alta morbidez e a mortalidade do paciente com diabetes mellitus pode ser reduzida quando se faz o diagnostico precoce do comprometimento do trato urinario e e iniciado um tratamento adequado.