RESUMEN
AIMS: To evaluate insulin secretion and insulin resistance profiles in individuals with family history of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study to evaluate clinical and metabolic profiles between individuals with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and their relatives. There were 911 subjects divided into five groups: (i) normoglycemic (NG), (ii) type 2 diabetes, (iii) prediabetes, (iv) first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes (famT2D), and (v) first-degree relatives of patients with prediabetes (famPD); anthropometrical, biochemical and nutritional evaluation, as well as insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function measurement was performed by oral glucose tolerance to compare between groups. RESULTS: The most prevalent type 2 diabetes risk factors were dyslipidemia (81%), family history of type 2 diabetes (76%), central obesity (73%), male sex (63%), and sedentary lifestyle (60%), and most of them were progressively associated to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes groups. Insulin sensitivity was lower in famT2D groups in comparison to NG group (p < 0.0001). FamPD and famT2D had a 10% lower pancreatic beta cell function (DI) than the NG group (NG group 2.78 ± 1.0, famPD 2.5 ± 0.85, famT2D 2.4 ± 0.75, pË0.001). CONCLUSIONS: FamPD and famT2D patients had lower pancreatic beta cell function than NG patients, highlighting that defects in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity appear long time before the development of hyperglycemia in patients genetically predisposed.
RESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Pregnancy, being a situation of vulnerability and with its inherent changes, places women at a great risk of depression. In Mexico, the prevalence of probable depression in pregnant women treated at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, was 17.8%, assessed using the Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS). To date, there are no data regarding this issue in Sonora. Objective To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in pregnant women treated at the Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (México). Method An observational, descriptive, transversal, and prospective study was conducted in 2021, applying the EPDS in 168 2nd/3rd trimester pregnant women, selected by non-probabilistic sampling by consecutive cases. Sociodemographic variables, pathological/non-pathological, gynecological, and obstetrical personal history were explored. The analysis was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables; for qualitative variables, frequency and percentage; χ2 test to assess differences in distribution of depressive symptomatology by age and the rest of variables. Results A global prevalence of "probable depression" of 14.3% was determined. The majority, within 20-29 age group, with a partner and a planned/desired pregnancy. High school educational level, 50%. History of intimate partner violence, 54.2%. Almost 40%, primigravida. Substance use, denied. Overweight/obesity, in 70%. Discussion and conclusion There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, going unnoticed for reasons such as insufficient knowledge (patient/health care providers), since there is no routine screening. It is imperative to work on prevention, detection and treatment, since it entails multiple consequences at a binomial, family, and social level.
Resumen Introducción El embarazo, al ser una situación de vulnerabilidad y los cambios que conlleva, ubica a las mujeres en mayor riesgo de padecer depresión. En México, la prevalencia de probable depresión en embarazadas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, fue del 17.8%, mediante la Escala de Depresión Perinatal de Edimburgo (EPDS). Hasta hoy, no se cuenta con datos en Sonora sobre este problema. Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva en embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital Infantil del Estado de Sonora (México). Método Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 2021, utilizando la EPDS en 168 embarazadas cursando 2o/3er trimestre, seleccionadas por muestreo no probabilístico por casos consecutivos. Se exploraron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes patológicos/no patológicos y ginecoobstétricos. El análisis se realizó mediante medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para variables cuantitativas; para cualitativas, frecuencia y porcentaje; prueba de χ2 para evaluar diferencias en distribución de sintomatología depresiva por edad y resto de variables. Resultados Se determinó prevalencia global de "probable depresión" de 14.3%. La mayoría, grupo etario 20-29 años, con pareja y embarazo planeado/deseado. Escolaridad preparatoria, 50%. Antecedente de violencia de pareja, 54.2%. Casi 40%, primigestas. Consumo de sustancias, negado. Sobrepeso/obesidad, en 70%. Discusión y conclusión Existe una alta prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva durante el embarazo, pasando desapercibida por motivos como conocimiento insuficiente (paciente y proveedores de salud), pues no se cuenta con un tamizaje rutinario. Es apremiante trabajar en prevención, detección y tratamiento, ya que conlleva múltiples consecuencias a nivel binomio, familiar y social.
RESUMEN
Myxoid endometriosis, a rare entity, is part of the histological changes that can occur in endometriosis. Pathologists must know the histological guidelines for the morphological recognition of this entity, as well as the histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques that support diagnosis, and define the morphological characteristics of myxoid endometriosis. In the present work, we propose diagnostic guidelines and primary differential diagnoses using special histochemical techniques and immunohistochemical reactions to recognize this entity.
RESUMEN
The primary aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) using two different cut-off levels for TSH values (≥2.5 mIU/L versus ≥4.1 mIU/L). The secondary objective was to analyze the clinical-biochemical characteristics in women with and without SCH. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. In total, 1496 Mexican women with infertility were included: Group 1, women with TSH levels ranging between 0.3 and 2.49 mIU/L, n = 886; Group 2, women with TSH between 2.5 and 4.09 mIU/L, n = 390; and Group 3, women with TSH ≥4.1 mIU/L n = 220. SCH prevalence was 40.7% (CI 95%: 38.3-43.3%) with TSH cut-off ≥ 2.5 mIU/L, and 14.7% (CI 95%: 12.7-16.5%) with TSH cut-off ≥ 4.1 mIU/L, (p = 0.0001). The prevalence of overweight was higher in Group 2 than in Groups 1 and 3. Thyroid autoimmunity, obesity and insulin resistance were higher in Group 3 than in Group 1 (p < 0.05). No other differences were observed between groups. Conclusions: The prevalence of SCH in our selected patients increased almost three times using a TSH cut-off ≥ 2.5 mIU/L compared with a TSH cut-off ≥ 4.1 mIU/L. Women with TSH ≥4.1 mIU/L compared with TSH cut-off ≤ 2.5 mIU/L more often presented with obesity, thyroid autoimmunity and insulin resistance.
RESUMEN
Background and objectives: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) has been associated with a significantly increased risk of miscarriage in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TAI in women with RPL and compare the clinical characteristics of positive and negative TAI women. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study; 203 women with RPL were included. Thyroid profile, anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab), and anti-thyroglobulin (TG-Ab) antibodies were measured in all participants. Clinical characteristics and causes of RPL were compared between positive and negative TAI. Results: Prevalence of TAI was 14.8%; prevalence of positive TPO-Ab and TG-Ab was 12.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Women with TAI had significantly higher concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) compared to women without TAI (4.8 ± 3.8 versus 3.1 ± 1.1, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in age, the number of gestations, miscarriages, state of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), or causes of RPL between women that were TAI-positive versus TAI-negative. Prevalence of positive TAI by cause of RPL was: endocrine 7/25 (28%), genetic 1/5 (20%), autoimmune 1/5 (20%), anatomic 8/55 (14.5%), and unexplained cause 13/112 (11.6%). Conclusions: The prevalence of TAI in women with RPL is 14.8%. Women with an endocrine cause have the highest prevalence of TAI.
Asunto(s)
Autoinmunidad , Glándula Tiroides , Aborto Espontáneo , Autoanticuerpos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , TirotropinaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of intensive medical nutrition therapy (MNT) plus metformin in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among high-risk Mexican women. An open-label randomized clinical trial was conducted. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women with three or more GDM risk factors: Latino ethnic group, maternal age >35 years, body mass index >25 kg/m2, insulin resistance, and a history of previous GDM, prediabetes, a macrosomic neonate, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes. Women before 15 weeks of gestation were assigned to group 1 (n = 45): intensive MNT-plus metformin (850 mg twice/day) or group 2 (n = 45): intensive MNT without metformin. Intensive MNT included individual dietary counseling, with ≤50% of total energy from high carbohydrates. The primary outcome was the GDM incidence according to the International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics and adverse perinatal outcomes between the groups. The GDM incidence was n = 11 (24.4%) in the MNT plus metformin group versus n = 7 (15.5%) in the MNT without metformin group: p = 0.42 (RR: 1.57 [95% CI: 0.67-3.68]). There is no benefit in adding metformin to intensive MNT to prevent GDM among high-risk Mexican women. Clinical trials registration: NCT01675310.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Gestacional/prevención & control , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Metformina/administración & dosificación , Terapia Nutricional/métodos , Complicaciones del Embarazo/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Recién Nacido , Edad Materna , Anamnesis , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects between 5 and 40% of pregnant women. Recently different interventions with nutritional supplements have been evaluated for prevention of GDM. AIM: To perform a synthesis of the evidence on the efficacy of nutritional supplements (myo-inositol, probiotics, and vitamin D) in the prevention of GDM. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed and Cochrane library was performed, including systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), published in English or Spanish until May 2020, using the keywords: "prevention", "gestational diabetes", "hyperglycemia and pregnancy", "supplementation", "probiotics", "myo-inositol" and "vitamin D". RESULTS: 10 systematic reviews that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Myo-inositol supplementation compared to placebo decreased the incidence of GDM (RR: 0.44 [0.27-0.87]; five RCTs), low quality of evidence. Although the supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics during pregnancy could reduce the incidence of GDM the evidence is limited. CONCLUSIONS: Myo-inositol supplementation is effective for prevention of GDM in high-risk women. Supplementation with vitamin D or probiotics probably decreases the incidence of GDM.
INTRODUCTION: La diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) afecta a entre el 5 y el 40% de mujeres embarazadas. Recientemente se han evaluado diferentes intervenciones con suplementos nutricionales para prevenir la DMG. OBJETIVO: Realizar una síntesis de la evidencia sobre eficacia de suplementos nutricionales (mioinositol, probióticos y vitamina D) para prevenir DMG. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed y la biblioteca Cochrane, se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas de estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECAs), publicados en idioma inglés o español hasta mayo de 2020; se utilizaron las palabras clave: "prevención", "diabetes gestacional", "hiperglicemia y embarazo", "suplementación", "probióticos", "mio-inositol" y "vitamina D". RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 10 revisiones sistemáticas que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La suplementación con mioinositol comparado con placebo disminuyó la incidencia de DMG (RR: 0.44; IC 95%: 0.27-0.87; cinco ECAs). Si bien la suplementación con vitamina D o probióticos durante el embarazo podría disminuir la incidencia de DMG, la evidencia es limitada. CONCLUSIONES: La suplementación con mioinositol es efectiva para prevenir DMG en mujeres de alto riesgo. La suplementación con vitamina D o probióticos probablemente disminuye la incidencia de DMG.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Gestacional , Suplementos Dietéticos , Probióticos , Vitaminas , Diabetes Gestacional/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Vitaminas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
AIM: To compare the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with three or more risk factor to developing GDM supplemented with myo-inositol plus probiotics versus women care without supplementation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, group 1, women with supplementation (myo-inositol 2g plus Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108 UFC, twice per day, from 12-14 to 28 weeks of gestation; group 2, women with prenatal care without supplementation, matched by age and body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was the incidence of GDM using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. RESULTS: Group 1 n=48, group 2 n=96. There were no significant baseline differences between groups in age, BMI and number of risk factors. The incidence of GDM in group 1 was n=14 (29.2%), and for group 2 n=46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation from 12-14 weeks of gestation with myo-inositol plus probiotics decrease the incidence of GDM in Mexican women.
OBJETIVO: Comparar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) en mujeres con tres o más factores de riesgo para desarrollar DMG suplementadas con mioinositol más probióticos versus mujeres sin suplementación.. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, grupo 1, mujeres con suplementación (mioinositol 2 g más Bifidobacterium lactis y Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108unidades formadoras de colonias, dos veces al día, de las 12-14 hasta las 28 semanas de gestación); grupo 2, mujeres con control prenatal habitual sin suplementación, pareadas por edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El resultado primario fue la incidencia de DMG utilizando los criterios de la Asociación Internacional de Grupos de Estudio de Diabetes y Embarazo. RESULTADOS: Grupo 1, n = 48, y grupo 2 n = 96. No hubo diferencias significativas en características basales como edad, IMC, y numero de factores de riesgo entre los grupos. La incidencia de DMG en el grupo 1 fue n = 14 (29.2%) y en el grupo 2 n = 46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (IC 95%: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONES: La suplementación desde las 12-14 semanas de gestación con mioinositol más probióticos disminuye la incidencia de DMG en mujeres mexicanas.
Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium animalis , Diabetes Gestacional , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Probióticos , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Diabetes Gestacional/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Atención Prenatal , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Advances in early diagnosis and treatment of diseases using minimally invasive procedures has led to an increase in the number of cases in locations outside the operating room. This surge created the need for anesthesia services to expand to these areas to provide well tolerated and favorable procedural conditions. The present review describes nonoperating room anesthesia patterns in different parts of the world. RECENT FINDINGS: Nonoperating room anesthesia has grown exponentially over the last years. Patients scheduled in these areas are sicker and older compared to the operating room patients. Anesthesiologist-directed care has proven to be well tolerated, with less serious complications and improvement in patients and proceduralist satisfaction. SUMMARY: There are marked variations in how anesthesia services are delivered in out of operating room locations in different parts of the world. Although there are some data available from the United States, expansion of minimally invasive procedures across continents will likely lead to the emergence of various models of delivering anesthetic care.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia/tendencias , Anestesiología/tendencias , Anestésicos , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral , Anestesiólogos , Anestesiología/normas , Asia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Quirófanos , SARS-CoV-2 , América del Sur , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Hypothyroxinemia of prematurity increases the rate of false-positive results in total thyroxine (tT4)-based screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism. The use of specific cutoff values for preterm infants has been proposed, but data on tT4 reference ranges in this population are limited. The primary aim was to establish reference percentiles for tT4 in dried blood spots among Mexican preterm infants. Secondary aims included a comparison of the change of tT4 concentrations over time according to gestational age and to discuss its impact on tT4-based screening programs. This was a retrospective cohort study; 1561 preterm infants were included. Percentile 10th for tT4 concentration at 24-27, 28-30, 31-34, and 35-36 weeks of gestational age, measured in the first week of life was: 47.6, 56.6, 82.3, and 117.1 nmol/L, respectively. tT4 concentrations were compared in three different time points: first week of life, 2-3 weeks of life, and term-corrected gestational age (38 weeks of gestation), progressively increased in infants below 30 weeks, remained stable in infants from 31 to 34 weeks, and decreased in late preterm newborns (35-36 weeks). This study suggests that preterm infants may require the use of lower tT4 cutoff values in newborn screening.
RESUMEN
Implementation of evidence-based cancer prevention and early detection in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is challenging. Limited and inappropriate introduction of novel alternatives results in an equity gap whereby low-income populations receive a lower benefit. Implementation research represents an opportunity to foster the adoption and expansion of evidence-based cancer control strategies; however, scientific development in high-income countries does not necessarily fulfill the particular needs of LMIC in the field. A review on the link between implementation research and practice, the tension between theory and pragmatism, the conflict around implementation research methods, and determinants of research priority definition was carried out by considering the perspective of cancer prevention and early detection implementers in LMIC. Basic principles and alternatives to overcome implementation research challenges in these settings are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Pobreza , HumanosAsunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Pruebas de ADN del Papillomavirus Humano , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Esquemas de Inmunización , Vacunación , Ensayos Clínicos Fase III como Asunto , /diagnóstico , América Latina/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract: In 2008, the first HPV vaccination program in Latin America started in Panama, targeting girls aged 10-11 years with a 3-dose vaccine schedule, an initiative that was to be followed by other Latin American countries after local feasibility and population acceptability evaluations were completed. A 3-dose vaccine regimen over six months was originally chosen for HPV vaccines, copying the Hepatitis B vaccine schedule (0, 1-2, 6 months). Alternative vaccine schedules have been proposed afterwards based on: i) noninferior immunogenicity or immune response levels compared to those at which clinical efficacy has been proven (i.e., those observed in a 3-dose HPV vaccine schedule in women aged 15-26), and, ii) proven efficacy in clinical trials and/or effectiveness among women who were provided less than three doses due to a lack of adherence to a 3-dose vaccine schedule. In 2014, based on the available evidence and the potential increase in coverage by expansion of vaccination target groups, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMIC), the World Health Organization recommended a 2-dose schedule with at least a 6-month interval between doses for females up to 15 years of age and a 3-dose schedule for older women. More recently, it has been suggested that 1-dose HPV vaccination schemes may provide enough protection against HPV infection and may speed up the introduction of HPV vaccination in LMIC, where most needed.
Resumen: En 2008, se inició en Panamá el primer programa de vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), dirigido a niñas de 10 a 11 años, utilizando un esquema de tres dosis en seis meses, iniciativa que fue adoptada por otros países de la región tras evaluar la aceptabilidad en la población y la viabilidad de llevar a cabo el programa. Inicialmente, el esquema de tres dosis para las vacunas contra el VPH se basó en el utilizado en la vacunación contra la hepatitis B (0, 1-2, 6 meses). Posteriormente, se han propuesto esquemas de vacunación alternativos, utilizando evidencia sobre: i) la inmunogenicidad o niveles de respuesta inmune no inferiores a aquéllos con los cuales la eficacia clínica de la vacuna fue probada (es decir, aquéllos observados con tres dosis en mujeres de 15 a 26 años); y ii) la eficacia demostrada en ensayos clínicos y efectividad demostrada en mujeres a quienes se vacunó con menos de tres dosis debido a falta de adherencia al esquema completo de tres dosis. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomendó un esquema de dos dosis con al menos seis meses de intervalo entre dosis para mujeres de hasta 15 años de edad y uno de tres dosis para mujeres mayores. La recomendación se basó en la evidencia disponible hasta entonces y a un posible aumento en cobertura mediante la ampliación de los grupos etarios a vacunarse, particularmente en países de ingresos bajos y medios (PIBMs). Más recientemente, se ha sugerido un esquema de vacunación contra el VPH de una sola dosis, el cual podría proporcionar suficiente protección contra la infección por VPH y así acelerar la introducción de la vacunación contra el VPH en PIBMs donde más se necesita.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Esquemas de Inmunización , Vacunación , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Asia/epidemiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores de Edad , Cooperación del Paciente , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Estudios de Equivalencia como Asunto , América Latina/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of operational factors on the positivity rates of three HPV assays. METHODS: Within the cross-sectional ESTAMPA study, women aged 30-64 years were recruited at healthcare centers from Soacha, Colombia, during 2012-2015. Cervical samples were collected for cotesting with Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), and either Aptima (Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA) or Cobas 4800 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). The effect of operational factors on assay performance was assessed using adjusted positivity rates obtained from logistic regression models. RESULTS: There were 4168 women included. For samples collected in assay-specific medium, positivity rate differences were associated with the expertise of the nurse collecting the sample (P=0.014 HC2; P=0.091 Aptima) and if sample collection occurred after an initial cytology (P=0.025 HC2; P=0.033 Aptima). If PreservCyt medium (Hologic) was used, HC2 positivity differences were observed depending on the time between sample collection and processing (P=0.026) and on the laboratory technician processing the samples (P=0.003). No differences were observed for PreservCyt samples processed with Aptima or Cobas. CONCLUSION: Nurse expertise, collection of previous cytology, processing time, and laboratory technician could influence HPV assay performance. Suitable quality assurance protocols for HPV-based screening programs are required. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01881659.
Asunto(s)
Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Adulto , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Citodiagnóstico , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Manejo de EspecímenesAsunto(s)
Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Pruebas de ADN del Papillomavirus Humano , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Vacunación , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Ensayos Clínicos Fase III como Asunto , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados como Asunto , Países en Desarrollo , Femenino , Humanos , Esquemas de Inmunización , América Latina/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/epidemiología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/virologíaRESUMEN
In 2008, the first HPV vaccination program in Latin America started in Panama, targeting girls aged 10-11 years with a 3-dose vaccine schedule, an initiative that was to be followed by other Latin American countries after local feasibility and population acceptability evaluations were completed. A 3-dose vaccine regimen over six months was originally chosen for HPV vaccines, copying the Hepatitis B vaccine schedule (0, 1-2, 6 months). Alternative vaccine schedules have been proposed afterwards based on: i) noninferior immunogenicity or immune response levels compared to those at which clinical efficacy has been proven (i.e., those observed in a 3-dose HPV vaccine schedule in women aged 15-26), and, ii) proven efficacy in clinical trials and/or effectiveness among women who were provided less than three doses due to a lack of adherence to a 3-dose vaccine schedule. In 2014, based on the available evidence and the potential increase in coverage by expansion of vaccination target groups, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMIC), the World Health Organization recommended a 2-dose schedule with at least a 6-month interval between doses for females up to 15 years of age and a 3-dose schedule for older women. More recently, it has been suggested that 1-dose HPV vaccination schemes may provide enough protection against HPV infection and may speed up the introduction of HPV vaccination in LMIC, where most needed.
En 2008, se inició en Panamá el primer programa de vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), dirigido a niñas de 10 a 11 años, utilizando un esquema de tres dosis en seis meses, iniciativa que fue adoptada por otros países de la región tras evaluar la aceptabilidad en la población y la viabilidad de llevar a cabo el programa. Inicialmente, el esquema de tres dosis para las vacunas contra el VPH se basó en el utilizado en la vacunación contra la hepatitis B (0, 1-2, 6 meses). Posteriormente, se han propuesto esquemas de vacunación alternativos, utilizando evidencia sobre: i) la inmunogenicidad o niveles de respuesta inmune no inferiores a aquéllos con los cuales la eficacia clínica de la vacuna fue probada (es decir, aquéllos observados con tres dosis en mujeres de 15 a 26 años); y ii) la eficacia demostrada en ensayos clínicos y efectividad demostrada en mujeres a quienes se vacunó con menos de tres dosis debido a falta de adherencia al esquema completo de tres dosis. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud recomendó un esquema de dos dosis con al menos seis meses de intervalo entre dosis para mujeres de hasta 15 años de edad y uno de tres dosis para mujeres mayores. La recomendación se basó en la evidencia disponible hasta entonces y a un posible aumento en cobertura mediante la ampliación de los grupos etarios a vacunarse, particularmente en países de ingresos bajos y medios (PIBMs). Más recientemente, se ha sugerido un esquema de vacunación contra el VPH de una sola dosis, el cual podría proporcionar suficiente protección contra la infección por VPH y así acelerar la introducción de la vacunación contra el VPH en PIBMs donde más se necesita.
Asunto(s)
Esquemas de Inmunización , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus/administración & dosificación , Vacunación , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Asia/epidemiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Estudios de Equivalencia como Asunto , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , América Latina/epidemiología , Cooperación del Paciente , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To outline the design of a clinical trial to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination as part of a hrHPV-based primary screening program to extend screening intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18,000 women aged 25-45 years, attending the regular cervical cancer-screening program in primary health care services in Tlalpan, Mexico City, will be invited to the study. Eligible participants will be assigned to one of three comparison groups: 1) HPV16/18 vaccine and hrHPV-based screening; 2) HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine and hrHPV-based screening; 3) Control group who will receive only hrHPV-based screening. Strict surveillance of hrHPV persistent infection and occurrence of precancerous lesions will be conducted to estimate safety profiles at different screening intervals; participants will undergo diagnosis confirmation and treatment as necessary. CONCLUSION: The FASTER-Tlalpan Study will provide insights into new approaches of cervical cancer prevention programs. It will offer valuable information on potential benefits of combining HPV vaccination and hrHPV-based screening to safety extend screening intervals.
Asunto(s)
Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/métodos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Vacunas contra Papillomavirus , Servicios Preventivos de Salud/organización & administración , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , Vacunación , Adulto , Femenino , Papillomavirus Humano 11/inmunología , Papillomavirus Humano 16/inmunología , Papillomavirus Humano 18/inmunología , Papillomavirus Humano 6/inmunología , Humanos , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vigilancia de la Población , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Proyectos de Investigación , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/epidemiología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/virología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnóstico , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/epidemiología , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Paraclinoid aneurysms arise from C5 clinoid segment and C6 ophthalmic segment, within the internal carotid artery. Brain aneurysms have a frequency ranging from 5 to 11 %. A successful surgery requires knowledge of the anatomic region and the aneurysm. The objective was to show the surgical management of paraclinoid aneurysms. METHODS: From January 2009 to January 2015, we carried out a retrospective study in the Neurosurgery Department at Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI. We included 66 patients with the diagnosis of paraclinoid aneurysm. We obtained the clinical characteristics, evolution, complications, and outcomes from the clinical and radiological records. RESULTS: 61 patients (92.4 %) were female; 65 underwent neurosurgical clipping, and one underwent cerebral bypass surgery with exclusion of the aneurysm. Forty six patients presented subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture. By reason of their location, 35 paraclinoid aneurysms (53 %) were superior, 20 medial (30.3 %) and 4 inferior (6 %). Thirty three patients had small aneurysms, 23 large aneurysms, and 10 patients presented giant aneurysms. After surgery, 51 patients had good results, since they scored 4 and 5 in the Glasgow Outcome Score. Three patients presented amaurosis as a surgery-related complication. CONCLUSION: Microsurgical management is still the best treatment for these aneurysms, due to its ability to exclude them entirely; besides, is the best method to decompress the optic nerve.
Introducción: los aneurismas paraclinoideos se originan en los segmentos clinoideo C5 y oftálmico C6 de la arteria carótida interna. Su frecuencia aproximada es del 5 al 11 %. Para su manejo microquirúrgico se requiere de un conocimiento anatómico de la región y del aneurisma. El objetivo es mostrar el manejo neuroquirúrgico de los aneurismas paraclinoideos. Métodos: se hizo un estudio retrospectivo en un servicio de neurocirugía, de enero de 2009 a enero de 2015. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes con aneurisma paraclinoideo. Se obtuvieron las características clínicas, la evolución, las complicaciones y los resultados de los pacientes al revisar los expedientes clínicos y radiológicos. Resultados: 61 pacientes (92.4 %) pertenecieron al sexo femenino; a 65 se les realizó clipaje neuroquirúrgico y a uno se le realizó bypass cerebral con exclusión del aneurisma. Tuvieron ruptura del aneurisma con hemorragia subaracnoidea 46 pacientes. Por su localización 35 aneurismas paraclinoideos (53 %) fueron superiores, 20 mediales (30.3 %) y cuatro inferiores (6 %). Tuvieron aneurismas pequeños 33 pacientes (50 %), 23 grandes (34.8 %) y 10 gigantes (15.5 %). Presentaron buenos resultados 51 pacientes después del manejo quirúrgico, dado que sacaron calificaciones de 4 y 5 según el Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). La amaurosis fue la complicación funcional más seria atribuible a la cirugía (tres pacientes). Conclusión: la microcirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento para estos aneurismas debido a su capacidad de excluirlos totalmente, además de que es el mejor método para descomprimir el nervio óptico.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/cirugía , Aneurisma Intracraneal/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Vasculares/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Arterias Carótidas/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraneal/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Intracraneal/patología , Masculino , Microcirugia/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Abstract Objective: To outline the design of a clinical trial to evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination as part of a hrHPV-based primary screening program to extend screening intervals. Materials and methods: A total of 18,000 women aged 25-45 years, attending the regular cervical cancer-screening program in primary health care services in Tlalpan, Mexico City, will be invited to the study. Eligible participants will be assigned to one of three comparison groups: 1) HPV16/18 vaccine and hrHPV-based screening; 2) HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine and hrHPV-based screening; 3) Control group who will receive only hrHPV-based screening. Strict surveillance of hrHPV persistent infection and occurrence of precancerous lesions will be conducted to estimate safety profiles at different screening intervals; participants will undergo diagnosis confirmation and treatment as necessary. Conclusion: The FASTER-Tlalpan Study will provide insights into new approaches of cervical cancer prevention programs. It will offer valuable information on potential benefits of combining HPV vaccination and hrHPV-based screening to safety extend screening intervals.
Resumen Objetivo: Describir los métodos de un ensayo clínico que permita evaluar el impacto de la incorporación de la vacunación contra VPH en el programa de detección oportuna de cáncer cervical con el fin de ampliar los intervalos de tamizaje. Material y métodos: Un total de 18 000 mujeres entre 25 y 45 años, usuarias del programa de detección oportuna de cáncer cervical de la Ciudad de México en Tlalpan, serán invitadas a participar en el estudio. Las mujeres elegibles serán aleatorizadas a uno de tres grupos de comparación: 1) Vacunación contra VPH16/18 y tamizaje con VPHar; 2) Vacunación contra VPH6/11/16/18 y tamizadas con VPHar; 3) Grupo control que será sólo tamizado con VPHar. Se llevará a cabo una estrecha vigilancia de la infección persistente de VPHar y de la ocurrencia de lesiones precancerosas, con el fin de estimar el perfil de seguridad de intervalos de tamizaje de distinta duración. Todas las participantes contarán con procedimientos de confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento en caso necesario. Conclusión: El estudio FASTER-Tlalpan introducirá una nueva visión de la implementación de nuevos abordajes en la prevención de cáncer cervical. Ofrecerá información de los potenciales beneficios de la combinación de la vacunación contra VPH y el tamizaje basado en VPHar para extender los intervalos de tamizaje.