RESUMEN
Planktivorous fish are easily susceptible to passive microplastic ingestion during their feeding behaviour and may be transferred along with the marine food web. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the microplastics prevalence in the planktivorous fish (677 individuals) collected from 2 landing centres in the Thoothukudi, Gulf of Mannar region, South Tamil Nadu, India. The prevalence of microplastics was detected in 118 out of 677 individuals, with a mean abundance and percent occurrence of 1.22 ± 0.47 items/individual and 17%, respectively. The ingestion of microplastics in planktivorous fish was primarily due to their feeding habitat, in which they were prone to the accidental or passive intake of microplastics regardless of the fish's length and body weight. The microplastics abundance was significantly higher in Sardinella gibbosa (1.34 ± 0.56 items/individual), which might be due to their pelagic and planktivorous feeding habitat, highest filtration capacity, presence of closed gill rakers, and also due to the passive ingestion of microplastics as food items. Fibres, blue, and 1 to 2mmsized microplastics were predominant in the guts of Sardinella gibbosa, accounting for 95.74, 47.87, and 46.80%, respectively, whereas in Leiognathus lineolatus, fragments, black, and 1 to 2mmsized microplastics were highly prevalent with 62.96, 72.22, and 79.62%, respectively. The predominance of various shapes (fragments, fibres), sizes (1-2 mm), and colours (blue and black) of microplastics in the guts of fish was influenced by their passive ingestion, ingestion of contaminated planktonic prey, lack of selectivity of prey particles and their resemblance to plankton species. Polypropylene polymers predominated (96.77% and 95.23%) in both fish, followed by polystyrene (3.22% and 4.76%). Furthermore, this study provides baseline data and insists that there is a need for continuous monitoring of the distribution of microplastics.
Asunto(s)
Microplásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Tracto Gastrointestinal/química , India , Plásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Formalin has been used as the preservative of fishes in the concentration range of 15-25 mgL-1. However, there have been a high frequency of violations in the optimum use of formalin levels. The consumption of fishes treated with excessive formalin levels leads to nasopharynx, leukaemia and sinonasal cancer and there is a huge demand for the development of formalin sensor. Conventional formalin sensors such as chromogenic and mass balance sensors fall short in real-time analysis due to the lack of specificity and sensitivity in the interference medium. In this context, it has been emphasized to develop a non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor with microwave synthesized CdS nanoparticles as a nanointerface owing to its surface limited kinetics. NaCl of 1 mM was considered as an electrolyte solution in the present study. Dynamic sensing characteristics with varying formalin levels of 5-50 mgL-1 was studied in three different concentration ranges as 5-15 mgL-1 (concentration of formalin < NaCl; conversion of formalin to formic acid), 20-30 mgL-1 (concentration of formalin â¼ NaCl; equilibrium between the oxidative and reductive product), 35-50 mgL-1 (concentration of formalin > NaCl; complete oxidation of formic acid to CO2). Hence, with the exhibition of such a dynamic sensitivity based on electrolyte, the developed biosensor acts as an electrochemical comparator showcasing a switch-like behaviour in detecting formalin levels. The threshold concentration of formalin required for the comparator effect was found to be 14.845 mgL-1. The developed biosensor, most essentially, exhibited a versatility in quantifying formalin levels in real-time fish samples.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Animales , Electrólitos , Peces , FormaldehídoRESUMEN
Empirical evidence proves that the antioxidant property plays a main role in the biological activities of biomaterials, which is influenced by several factors. In order to explore in-depth, the influence of ionic systems on the antioxidant activity of collagen peptides was studied. Type-I-collagen peptides (GBB-10SP and TYPE-S) contained a high amount of hydrophobic amino acids and possessed good antioxidant activity at high concentrations in water. On the other hand, increasing [H+ ] and [Na+ ] concentrations (0.1 M to 0.5 M) decreased the reducing power of GBB-10SP and TYPE-S; however, [Ca2+ ] had no effect on the reducing power. Interestingly, the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of these two peptides was increased by [Na+ ], decreased by [H+ ], and [Ca2+ ] had no effect. In general, TYPE-S showed better antioxidant properties than GBB-10SP. Overall, the above results confirmed that the antioxidant capacity of collagen peptides was affected by [H+ ] and [Na+ ] and not by [Ca2+ ]. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present study mainly deals with the influence of ions on the antioxidant properties of collagen peptides. Recently, fish collagen peptides have been widely used as food supplements to cure several disorders and maintain normal physiological health in humans. It is noted that the use of collagen from fish processing wastes has brought several potential benefits including low value-added products, preventing environmental pollution, and disease transmission by mammalian-based collagen. But the biological activity of this peptide varied based on the preparation and its biochemical compositions. Here, we are reporting how to improve the biological activity of collagen, and also the factors affecting the antioxidant properties in order to avoid the down-regulating mechanism. This study concluded that the [H+ ] and [Na+ ] influenced the antioxidant properties of collagen peptides, but [Ca2+ ] had not effect on the antioxidant properties.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/química , Proteínas de Peces/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Radical Hidroxilo/química , Péptidos/química , Animales , Peces , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Oxidación-Reducción , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Piel/química , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
Collagen is the most abundant extracellular fibrous protein that has been widely used for biomedical applications due to its excellent biochemical and biocompatibility features. It is believed that the smaller molecular weight collagen, i.e., collagen peptide (CP), has more potent activity than native collagen. However, the preparation of CP from fish bone collagen is a complex and time-consuming process. Additionally, the osteogenic effect of CP depends on its molecular weight and amino acid composition. Considering the above concept, the present work was undertaken to extract the CP directly from Mahi mahi fish (Coryphaena hippurus) bones and test its osteogenic potential using bone marrow mesenchymal stem (BMMS) cells. The hydrolyzed collagen contained triple alpha chains (110 kDa) and a peptide (~1 kDa) and the peptide was successfully separated from hydrolyzed collagen using molecular weight cut-off membrane. CP treatment was up-regulated BMMS cells proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, CP accrued the mineral deposition in differentiated BMMS cells. Protein and mRNA expression revealed that the osteogenic biomarkers such as collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin levels were significantly increased by CP treatment in differentiated BMMS cells and also further elucidated the hypothesis that CP was upregulated osteogenesis through activating Runx2 via p38MAPK signaling pathway. The above results concluded that the CP from Mahi mahi bones with excellent osteogenic properties could be the suitable biomaterial for bone therapeutic application.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/farmacología , Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/metabolismo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Perciformes/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Homeostasis of osteoclast formation from bone marrow macrophages (BMM) is regulated by paracrine signals of the neighbourhood bone cells particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), osteoblasts and osteocytes (OC). Besides paracrine cues, collagen and glycosaminoglycan are involved in controlling bone homeostasis. Towards this approach, different molecular weight collagens were reacted with MSC, OC and BMM to understand the bone homeostasis activity of collagen. The up-regulating effect of collagens on osteogenic cell growth was confirmed by the presence of mineralized nodules in the osteoblastogenic lineage cells and increased osteogenic stimulatory gene expression. The decreased BMM-derived TRAP+ osteoclasts number and osteoclastogenic regulatory gene expression of OC could demonstrate the exploitive osteoclastogenic activity of collagens. Osteoclastogenesis from BMM was triggered by paracrine cues of OC in some extend, but it was down-regulated by collagen. Overall, the effect of collagen on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis may depend on the molecular weight of collagens, and collagen suppresses osteoclastogenesis, at least in part by downregulating the secretion of cytokines in OC.