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Criminal offenders often turn to social networks to gain access to firearms, yet we know little about how networks facilitate access to firearms. This study conducts a network analysis of a co-offending network for the City of Chicago to determine how close any offender may be to a firearm. We use arrest data to recreate the co-offending network of all individuals who were arrested with at least one other person over an eight-year period. We then use data on guns recovered by the police to measure potential network pathways of any individual to known firearms. We test the hypothesis that gangs facilitate access to firearms and the extent to which such access relates to gunshot injury among gang members. Findings reveal that gang membership reduces the potential network distance (how close someone is) to known firearms by 20% or more, and regression results indicate that the closer gang members are to guns, the greater their risk of gunshot victimization.

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Describir y delimitar el proceso de vocación quirúrgica y las variables que se le asocian. Diseño. Estudio cuali-cuantitativo, transversal, de casos seleccionados, analizados con propósito descriptivo. Metodología. Previo consentimiento informado se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad, audio-grabadas, a un grupo de 40 cirujanos en ejercicio. Principales medidas de resultados. Vocación quirúrgica. Resultados. Fueron de sexo masculino 95 por ciento, edad promedio 65 años (41 a 86 años), promedio de años de experiencia médica 35,4 (10 a 68), promedio de experiencia quirúrgica 30,2 años (3 a 59). De la formación profesional, 85 por ciento correspondió al sistema de residentado quirúrgico universitario y 15 por ciento al de especialidad no escolarizada. La vocación quirúrgica es un proceso que puede iniciarse en diferentes etapas de la vida. Cuando ocurre previo a los estudios universitarios (17,5 por ciento de la muestra estudiada) se asocia a alta influencia familiar (padre o tíos cirujanos). Más frecuentemente (80 por ciento) emerge durante el pregrado, al influjo de diversos estímulos formativos que provee la propia escuela de formación médica y/o docentes paradigmáticos. En un caso (2,5 por ciento), la vocación había nacido muy temprana, sin que el entrevistado pudiera explicar su origen. Conclusiones: La vocación quirúrgica se sustenta en una sólida vocación de servicio. El cirujano con real vocación experimenta placer en la realización de las actividades quirúrgicas, a la par que visualiza el manejo del paciente y su familia de manera integral y ética. Finalmente, se discuten nuevas hipótesis de investigación en esta área surgidas del estudio y se dan recomendaciones para la enseñanza profesional de la cirugía incluyendo la ética como una necesidad básica de ella...

To describe and delimit the surgical vocation process and associated factors. Design. Selected cases cross-sectional study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed withdescriptive purpose. Methods. Previous informed consent in depth audio-recorded interviews was carried out in 40 surgeons in current professional practice. Main outcome measures. Surgical vocation. Results. Males represented 95 per cent; mean age was 65 years (41-86), mean medical experience 35.4 years (10-68), surgical experience 30.2 years (03-59). Training centers: 85 per cent had university surgical training and 15 per cent non-university training. Surgical vocation is a process that can begin in different periods of the life's cycle. When it does before university studies (17.5 per cent of the studied sample) it is mainly associated to strong family influence (parents or uncles surgeons). More frequently (80 per cent) it emerges during medical undergraduate studies, under the influence of diverse formative stimuli provided by the medical school and/or paradigmatic professors. In one case (2.5 per cent) surgical vocation had emerged at an early age whose origin the interviewed could not explain. Conclusions. Surgical vocation is based on solid service vocation. The surgeon with substantive vocation experiences real pleasure in doing surgical activities being oriented to a comprehensive and ethical management of patient and family. Finally, new research hypothesis produced by this study in this area are discussed and recommendations are given for professional teaching of surgery including Ethics as a basic need in surgeon's training...

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This study investigates the concentration of nonfatal gunshot injuries within risky social networks. Using six years of data on gunshot victimization and arrests in Chicago, we reconstruct patterns of co-offending for the city and locate gunshot victims within these networks. Results indicate that 70 percent of all nonfatal gunshot victims during the observation period can be located in co-offending networks comprised of less than 6 percent of the city's population. Results from logistic regression models suggest that as an individual's exposure to gunshot victims increases, so too do that individual's odds of victimization. Furthermore, even small amounts of exposure can dramatically increase the odds of victimization. For instance, every 1 percent increase in exposure to gunshot victims in one's immediate network increases the odds of victimization by roughly 1.1 percent, holding all else constant. These observed associations are more pronounced for young minority males, and effects of exposure extend to indirect network ties at distances of two to three steps removed. These findings imply that the risk of gunshot victimization is more concentrated than previously thought, being concentrated in small and identifiable networks of individuals engaging in risky behavior, in this case criminal activity.

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