RESUMEN
The feasibility of 4D flow MR imaging to visualize flow patterns and generate relative pressure maps in the dural venous sinus in healthy subjects (n = 60) and patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas (n = 7) was investigated. Dural venous drainage was classified based on torcular Herophili anatomy by using 4D flow MR imaging-derived angiograms and magnitude images. Subjects were scanned in a 3T clinical MR imaging system. 4D flow MR imaging enabled noninvasive characterization of dural sinus anatomy and mapping of relative pressure differences.
Asunto(s)
Malformaciones Vasculares del Sistema Nervioso Central/diagnóstico por imagen , Senos Craneales/diagnóstico por imagen , Hemodinámica/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Different classes of ground electronic state pairwise interatomic interactions are referenced to a single canonical potential using explicit transformations. These approaches have been applied to diatomic molecules N2, CO, H2(+), H2, HF, LiH, Mg2, Ca2, O2, the argon dimer, and one-dimensional cuts through multidimensional potentials of OC-HBr, OC-HF, OC-HCCH, OC-HCN, OC-HCl, OC-HI, OC-BrCl, and OC-Cl2 using accurate semiempirically determined interatomic Rydberg-Klein-Rees (RKR) and morphed intermolecular potentials. Different bonding categories are represented in these systems, which vary from van der Waals, halogen bonding, and hydrogen bonding to strongly bound covalent molecules with binding energies covering 3 orders of magnitude from 84.5 to 89,600.6 cm(-1) in ground state dissociation energies. Such approaches were then utilized to give a unified perspective on the nature of bonding in the whole range of diatomic and intermolecular interactions investigated.