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BACKGROUND: Violence against women (VAW) severely impacts their physical and mental health. In some cultures, women can normalize certain types of violence if they were linked to home models in childhood and, eventually, do not seek for help in adulthood. We aimed to determine, in Peruvian women, (1) the association between witnessing violence in their family of origin and VAW experienced in adulthood, (2) the extent to which women who have experienced VAW seek some help, and (3) identify VAW prevalence by Peruvian region. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of secondary data obtained from the 2019 National Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The outcome was VAW (psychological, physical and sexual violence), whereas the exposure was witnessing violence in the home of origin. Help-seeking behavior was a secondary outcome, for which VAW was the exposure. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated to assess both associations, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates (aPR). RESULTS: Data from 14,256 women aged 15 to 49 years were analysed. 51.5% reported having experienced VAW and 43.8% witnessed violence in the home of origin during childhood. Witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood was associated with psychological violence aPR = 1.25 (95% CI: 1.17-1.33), physical aPR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.38-1.67), and sexual aPR = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.57-2.52). Women who have experienced both types of violence (physical and sexual) were more likely to help-seeking (aPR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14-1.50) than women suffering only one type of violence. CONCLUSION: Women who reported having witnessed home violence in their childhood are more likely to experience Violence Against Women (VAW) by their current partner. Physical and sexual violence with a current partner was more associated with witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood, and when physical and sexual violence jointly occurred women were more help-seeking. The southern region of Peru is identified as an area of high vulnerability for women. It is crucial to promote educative and community-based programs aimed at the prevention and early recognition of VAW.

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We studied the effect of exercise-induced body fluid redistribution on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition scores. Thirty males completed 30-min of upper-body exercise (UBE), lower-body exercise, and seated non-exercise control (NEC). ANOVA determined interactions between experimental conditions and measurements on body composition variables. For UBE, mean pre to post differences were found on tissue fat (M = 0.35 ± 0.12%; CI95%diff = 0.10 to 0.59%; p = 0.007), region fat (M = 0.32 ± 0.11%; CI95%diff = 0.09 to 0.55%; p = 0.008), lean mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.01 kg; CI95%diff = 0.18 to 0.37 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and total mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.05 kg; CI95%diff = 0.17 to 0.36 kg; p ≤ 0.0001). Mean tissue pre to post differences were found for the total body in the NEC (M = 0.10 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.03 to 0.18 kg; p = 0.008), UBE (M = 0.19 ± 0.03 kg; CI95%diff = 0.14 to 0.24 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and LBE (M = 0.31 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.24 to 0.39 kg; p ≤ 0.0001) conditions. High absolute reliability was found within experimental conditions. These findings have practical implications for technicians, since acute exercise elicited small changes in body composition scores using DXA.

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BACKGROUND: In the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has promoted initiatives that aim at the elimination of mother-to-child transmitted diseases for over two decades. Although Guatemala has assumed the commitment to improve access and coverage of reproductive and perinatal services, the goals have not yet been reached. Often, the implementation of these efforts is hampered by complexities rooted in social, cultural, and environmental intersections. The objective of this work is to share our experience applying gender intersectionality as a methodological and analytical tool in a participatory research project that aims to improve access to maternal and child health screening services. The study shows the novel strategy that incorporates intersectionality contributing to evidence on how it can be applied to strengthen public health efforts around the implementation of the EMTCT Plus (Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas disease) framework, in the mostly rural municipality of Comapa, in Guatemala. METHODS: We applied a participatory methodology, integrating theoretical and methodological frameworks to have an intersectional understanding of health services delivered by both, midwives, and the public health institution, for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas. The data was collected by conducting interviews, focus groups, workshops, and reviewing laboratory databases, guided by five strategies from a cultural appropriateness framework. RESULTS: The intersectional analysis shed light on the synergies and gaps of the current efforts and protocols implemented by both the midwives and the Ministry of Health. The services offered for the four diseases were often delivered independently from each other, and a comprehensive educational and communication material strategy was absent. However, our findings will be used to inform consistent, locally relevant, and culturally appropriate educational content for the local population, also following the national policy guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Using intersectionality as a method and as an analytical tool allowed us to understand the (1) interrelation of diverse social, cultural, and environmental determinants which influence the delivery of health services, as well as (2) the dynamics between the traditional and institutional health systems. (3) Community engagement and the participation of different stakeholders in a consultative process have been fundamental for the conceptual and methodological tenets of this research. (4) Finally, giving a more prominent role to midwives can strengthen sustainability and cultural appropriateness, which is complementary to the delivery of institutional health services.

RESUMEN: ANTECEDENTES: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) ha impulsado iniciativas que buscan la eliminación de las enfermedades de transmisión materno infantil en las Américas desde hace más de dos décadas. Si bien Guatemala ha asumido el compromiso de mejorar el acceso y la cobertura de los servicios reproductivos y perinatales, las metas aún no se han alcanzado. Muchas veces, la implementación de estos esfuerzos se ve obstaculizada por complejidades arraigadas en intersecciones sociales, culturales y ambientales. Este estudio muestra una estrategia novedosa que incorpora la interseccionalidad como un componente metodológico y analítico. Esto contribuye a evidenciar la manera en que la interseccionalidad y la participación comunitaria pueden ser aplicadas para fortalecer los esfuerzos de salud pública en torno a la implementación de la estrategia ETMI Plus (Eliminación de la transmisión materno infantil del VIH, sífilis, hepatitis B y enfermedad de Chagas), en el municipio de Comapa, en Guatemala, el cual es mayoritariamente rural. MéTODOS: Implementamos una metodología participativa, integrando marcos teóricos y metodológicos para comprender la prestación de servicios de salud, tanto por parte de comadronas como de la institución de salud pública, desde una perspectiva interseccional para la prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de VIH, sífilis, hepatitis B y Chagas. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas, grupos focales, talleres y tras la revisión de bases de datos de laboratorio, y nos guiamos por cinco estrategias propuestas en un marco para pertinencia cultural. RESULTADOS: El análisis interseccional permitió entender las sinergias y brechas de los esfuerzos y los protocolos que se implementan actualmente, tanto por parte de las comadronas como por el Ministerio de Salud. Encontramos que los servicios que actualmente se prestan para las cuatro enfermedades son en su mayoría independientes entre sí, y no se contaba con una estrategia integral de material educativo y de comunicación. Sin embargo, nuestros resultados se utilizarán como base para una estrategia de comunicación que sea coherente, localmente relevante y culturalmente apropiada para la población local, y también siga las regulaciones de las políticas nacionales. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la interseccionalidad como método y como herramienta analítica nos permitió comprender (1) la interrelación de diversos determinantes sociales, culturales y ambientales que influyen en la prestación de servicios de salud, así como (2) la dinámica entre los sistemas de salud tradicional e institucional. (3) El compromiso de la comunidad y la participación de las diferentes partes interesadas en un proceso consultivo han sido fundamentales para los principios conceptuales y metodológicos de esta investigación. (4) Por último, otorgar un papel más destacado a las matronas puede reforzar la sostenibilidad y la adecuación cultural, que es complementaria a la prestación de servicios de salud institucionales.

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BACKGROUND: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures are affected by the noise produced by external factors such as textile compression found in loose clothing. The study aimed to determine the effect of a compression bandage (CB) on body composition (BC) assessed by DXA. METHODS: Sixty volunteers (age=21.4±4.7yr.) underwent full-body DXA scans on a control (CTRL) condition and after wearing a 30-mmHg CB on the trunk, legs, and arms. ANOVA (2 genders by 2 experimental conditions) determined mean interactions in BC variables tissue body fat% (BF%), region body fat% (RBF%), body tissue (BT), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC), and total mass (TM). Absolute reliability in BC scores was studied by the typical error of the measurement (TEM), the coefficient of variability (CV), and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: ANOVA interactions were found on tissue total BF% (p=0.049), RBF% (p=0.048), android lean mass (p=0.004), and android total mass (p=0.019). The CV was small for tissue BF% (2.61±0.93%, CI95%=0.79, 4.43%), RBF% (2.66±1.78%, CI95%=-0.83, 6.15%), BT (4.82±2.19%, CI95%=0.54, 9.10kg), FM (4.17±2.25%, CI95%=-0.24, 8.58kg), LM (3.25±2.44%, CI95%=-1.53, 8.04kg), BMC (4.81±2.96%, CI95%=-0.99, 10.62kg), and TM (2.84±2.80%, CI95%=-2.65, 8.33kg). Bland-Altman plots showed random error for BF%, LM, and BMC. A bias of 0.5% was observed on BF% in males. CONCLUSION: A CB worn during a full-body DXA scan elicited similar BC scores than not wearing it. The variation in scores was <10% for most BC variables, and a trivial bias of 0.5% in BF% was detected in male scores.

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Community engagement strategies provide tools for sustainable vector-borne disease control. A previous cluster randomized control trial engaged nine intervention communities in seven participatory activities to promote management of the domestic and peri-domestic environment to reduce risk factors for vector-borne Chagas disease. This study aims to assess the adoption of this innovative community-based strategy, which included chickens' management, indoor cleaning practices, and domestic rodent infestation control, using concepts from the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. We used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to understand perceptions of knowledge gained, intervention adoption level, innovation attributes, and limiting or facilitating factors for adoption. The analysis process focused on five innovation attributes proposed by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. Rodent management was highly adopted by participants, as it had a relative advantage regarding the use of poison and was compatible with local practices. The higher complexity was reduced by offering several types of trapping systems and having practical workshops allowed trialability. Observability was limited because the traps were indoors, but information and traps were shared with neighbors. Chicken management was not as widely adopted due to the higher complexity of the method, and lower compatibility with local practices. Using the concepts proposed by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory helped us to identify the enablers and constraints in the implementation of the Chagas vector control strategy. Based on this experience, community engagement and intersectoral collaboration improve the acceptance and adoption of novel and integrated strategies to improve the prevention and control of neglected diseases.

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Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relación entre el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al proceso y el desempeño motor real evaluado con pruebas orientadas al producto: un metaanálisis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. El desempeño motor suele ser evaluado de dos formas; la primera se enfoca en cómo se realiza la destreza, mientras que la segunda registra el resultado obtenido después de la ejecución; ambas son ampliamente usadas, sin embargo, la relación entre ellas no está clara. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre los resultados de las pruebas orientadas al proceso o al producto utilizadas para medir el desempeño motor real y examinar posibles variables moderadoras por medio de la técnica meta-analítica. Para resumir los resultados, se utilizó el modelo de efectos aleatorios (REML) y se calculó el tamaño de efecto (TE) de correlación. Un total de siete estudios cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad, se obtuvo un total de 37 TE. Se encontró que existe una relación significativa y positiva entre el desempeño evaluado por medio de proceso y producto (TE = 0.466; IC95% = 0.391,0.541; p < .001; n = 37; Q = 78.68; p < .001; I2 = 60.17%). Como posibles variables moderadoras se analizó la edad y el tipo de destreza. Los resultados sugieren que existe una relación entre el desempeño motor real evaluado por medio de pruebas orientadas al proceso y al producto, la edad y el tipo de destreza no influyen en dicha relación.

Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relationship between process- and product-oriented assessments of actual motor performance: a meta-analysis. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. Motor performance is often assessed in two different ways. The first of them focuses on how the skill is carried out, whereas the second records the product obtained after execution. While both are widely used, the relationship between them is not clear. The objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between the results of process- or product-oriented tests that are used to measure actual motor performance, and to examine possible moderating variables through the meta-analytic technique. In order to sum up the products, the random effect model (REML) was used and the effect size (TE) of the correlation was calculated. A total seven studies met the criteria for eligibility, and a total 37 TE were obtained. It was found that a significant and positive relationship exists between process- and product-evaluated performance (TE = 0.466; IC95% = 0.391, 0.541; p < .001; n = 37; Q = 78.68; p < .001; I2 = 60.17%). Age and skill type were analyzed as possible moderating variables. The results suggest that a relationship exists between process- and product-oriented assessments of actual motor performance, while age and the type of skill have no influence on that relationship.

Jiménez-Díaz, J., Chaves-Castro, K. y Carpio-Rivera, E. (2023). Relação entre o desempenho motor real, avaliado por testes orientados a processos e a produtos: uma metanálise. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. O desempenho motor é geralmente avaliado de duas maneiras; a primeira se concentra em como a destreza é realizada, enquanto a segunda registra o resultado obtido após a execução; ambas são amplamente utilizadas, no entanto, a relação entre elas não é clara. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a relação entre os resultados de testes orientados a processos ou a produtos usados para medir o desempenho motor real e examinar possíveis variáveis moderadoras por meio da técnica metanalítica. Para resumir os resultados, foi utilizado o modelo de efeitos aleatórios (REML) e calculado o tamanho do efeito (TDE) da correlação. Um total de sete estudos cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade, resultando em um total de 37 TDEs. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa e positiva entre o desempenho avaliado por processo e produto (TDE = 0,466; IC95% = 0,391, 0,541; p < 0,001; n = 37; Q = 78,68; p < 0,001; I2 = 60,17%). A idade e o tipo de habilidade foram analisados como possíveis variáveis moderadoras. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma relação entre o desempenho motor real, avaliado por testes orientados a processos e a produtos, idade e tipo de habilidade não influenciam esta relação.

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ABSTRACT: Briceño-Torres, JM, Carpio-Rivera, E, Solera-Herrera, A, Forsse, J, Grandjean, PW, and Moncada-Jiménez, J. Low-intensity resistance training improves flow-mediated dilation in young hispanic adults. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 298-304, 2023-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 resistance exercise training (RET) intensities on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in sedentary males. Thirty-four men (age = 20.6 ± 1.8 years, height = 171.3 ± 5.2 cm, body mass = 65.2 ± 10.6 kg, and DXA fat mass = 22.3 ± 7.4%) were randomly assigned to a control group (no exercise CTRL, n = 12), RET at 50% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) (RET50%, n = 12), and RET at 80% 1RM (RET80%, n = 10). The RET program was performed twice per week for 8 weeks; subjects performed the same RET exercises at similar total workloads (1920 arbitrary units [AUs] for the RET80% and 1950 AUs for the RET50%). The FMD% was measured before and after 8 weeks by ultrasound. Mixed factorial analysis of variance (3 groups × 2 measurements), effect size (ES), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed for FMD%. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase ( p = 0.001) was found on post-test FMD% in RET50% (mean = 9.9 ± 3.7%, ES = 1.9, and 95% CIs = 2.8-0.9) compared with CTRL (mean = 5.7 ± 1.7%, ES = 0.2, and 95% CIs = -0.4 to 0.8), and there were no significant differences found between RET50% and RET80% and between RET80% and CTRL. Results support the concept of training specificity and provide preliminary evidence that lower resistance and higher repetition RET elicit greater short-term reduced endothelium dysfunction than higher intensity RET at similar training volume.

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BACKGROUND: In our country, transplantation centers differ in the age limit for allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation (ALOHT). In our program, transplants with age- adjusted conditioning are performed in patients until 70 years old. Currently more than 60% of ALOHT reported to the Center for International Bone Marrow Transplantation Research (CIBMTR) are performed in patients older than 40 years. AIM: To report our experience with ALOHT in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), analyzing patient age at transplantation in different periods and transplant results in different age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the database of adult hematopoietic transplants in AML patients was performed. Demographic data, disease characteristics, transplant data, survival and relapse times, and mortality were collected. RESULTS: In our program, 1030 transplants were performed in adults and 119 ALOHT were performed in AML patients, between 1990 and 2020. The median age of patients in all periods was 41 years, (range 16-69). The median age was 33 and 45 years, in the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2020 respectively (p < 0.01). Seventy-eight patients received myeloablative conditioning (median age 44 years) and 41 reduced intensity conditioning (median age 53 years). Five-year overall survival was 44.6% (confidence intervals (CI) 41-48). Non relapse mortality of all periods was 19% (CI 17 - 40%) and relapse rate was 17 % (CI 16-22). No difference in five years overall survival among patients younger than 40, 41 to 50 and over 51 years was observed. Conclusions: Overall Survival, non-relapse mortality and relapse rate were similar in younger and older patients in our program and similar to those previously reported in other centers.

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The adoption of novel integrated vector management (IVM) strategies requires proof-of-concept demonstrations. To implement a community-based intervention, for the control of vectors of Chagas disease in Guatemala, we engaged all relevant stakeholder groups. Based on this and previous experiences of the authors on engaged research and community-based interventions, several key factors can help facilitate effective integration of stakeholders in support of area-wide integrated vector management (AW - IVM) programmes. First and foremost, the diversity of stakeholders needs to be engaged early-on in the participatory action research and implementation processes, to provide ownership and contribute ideas on how to design and implement an intervention. Another important component, situational analysis regarding current pest control policies, practices and relevant stakeholders, is generated through interviews with key informants, at both national and local levels (governmental and non-governmental organizations); it can facilitate the joint identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats regarding current pest control strategies and proposing solutions through an AW-IVM approach. In addition, successful AW - IVM can result from identifying locally relevant strategies to implement the proof-of-concept demonstrative project. Further, it is critical to maintain constant communication with the local and national leaders, involving them throughout the implementation and evaluation processes. Flexibility should also be built into the project to allow for community-driven changes in the strategy, through a cyclical joint reflective process. Periodic feedback of project development needs to be scheduled with key stakeholders to maintain rapport. Finally, the results of the evaluation should be shared and discussed with stakeholders to ensure long-term sustainability of the programme, intervention, or project. Here we present the citizen engagement procedures used to integrate community members, health officials, and non-governmental organization staff for Chagas disease control in a region of Guatemala. We demonstrate how these methods can be applied to support AW-IVM programmes, so that communities and authorities are actively involved in the development and implementation of a jointly agreed intervention. In 2012, we developed the IVM intervention in an area of Guatemala with persistentTriatoma dimidiata (Latreille) infestation that is associated with the presence of infected rodents (rats and mice), that act as reservoirs of the Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas parasites inside the households. Nine control communities received only the Ministry of Health insecticide application against the vector and nine intervention communities participated in the AW-IVM intervention. The intervention included a programme for rodent control by the community members, together with education about the risk factors for vector infestation, and insecticide application by the Ministry of Health. Entomological evaluations in 2014 and 2015 showed that vector infestation remained significantly lower in both intervention and control communities. In 2015, we found that there was a higher acceptance of vector surveillance activities in the intervention communities compared to control communities, suggesting that participatory activities increase programme sustainability. Finally, we found that there was a significant increase over time in the number of households with infected vectors in the control group, whereas there was no significant increase in the communities that participated in the programme. Thus, an AW-IVM programme including simultaneous rodent and vector control could reduce the risk of Chagas infection in communities with persistent vector infestation.

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Resumen Actualmente, se recomienda el ejercicio contra resistencia (ECR) como una de las estrategias no farmacológicas para el control y tratamiento de la presión arterial (PA). Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar esta línea de investigación. El propósito del estudio fue comparar el efecto del tipo de descanso al realizar ECR sobre la PA de participantes normotensos. Participaron nueve hombres; siguiendo un diseño de investigación de medidas repetidas, realizaron tres condiciones experimentales en orden aleatorio: a) Descanso Activo (DA), b) Descanso Pasivo (DP), c) Sesión Control. En las 3 sesiones, se midió la PA y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) pre-tratamiento, 1 minuto post-sesión y cada 10 minutos post-tratamiento durante 120 minutos. Las sesiones experimentales estuvieron precedidas por: mediciones antropométricas, familiarización y aplicación del test de 1RM. En el análisis estadístico se aplicó ANOVA de 2 vías para medidas repetidas, análisis de efectos simples y post hoc de Tukey. Entre los principales resultados, se encontró que, en comparación con la sesión control, los valores de PA disminuyen de forma significativa (p < .05): 1) al realizar ECR utilizando DP y DA a los 50, 100, 110 minutos post-ejercicio; 2) posterior a ejecutar ECR utilizando DA a los 20, 30, 70, 80,100, 120 minutos; 3) después de finalizada la sesión ECR con DP a los 10, 40 y 120 minutos. Respecto a la medición pre-test, los valores de PA disminuyeron de forma significativa (p < .05) a los 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 100 y 120 minutos post ECR utilizando DP. En conclusión, al comparar con los valores de PA mostrados en un día de control, la ejecución de ECR aplicando DP y DA es funcional en el control de la PA de hombres jóvenes normotensos. En relación al pre-test, se podría indicar que el DP es el que promueve el efecto hipotensivo del ECR.

Abstract Resistance exercise is currently recommended as a non-pharmacological strategy to control and treat blood pressure, but further research is necessary concerning this topic. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effect of types of rest on the blood pressure of normotensive individuals while performing resistance exercise. Following a random methodological design with repeated measurements, nine men performed three experimental conditions on different days: a) Active Rest, b) Passive Rest, and c) Control Session. During the three sessions, blood pressure and heart rate measurements were taken pre-treatment, one-minute post-session, and every 10 minutes post-treatment for 120 minutes. Experimental sessions were preceded by anthropometric measurements, familiarization, and taking the 1RM test. The statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements and Tukey post-hoc analysis. One of the main results indicated that, compared to the control session, blood pressure decreased significantly (p<0.05): 1) When performing resistance exercise with active and passive rest at 50, 100, 110 minutes post-exercise; 2) After executing resistance exercise with active rest at 20, 30, 70, 80,100, and 120 minutes; 3) After performing resistance exercise session with passive rest at 10, 40, and 120 minutes. With respect to pre-test levels, blood pressure decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 100, and 120 minutes after performing resistance exercise with passive rest. In conclusion, compared with a control day, in the case of young normotensive males, the inclusion of both passive and active rest is functional for controlling blood pressure. In relation to the pre-test, passive rest promotes a hypotensive effect in the study population.

Resumo Recomenda-se, atualmente, o exercício contrarresistência (ECR) como uma das estratégias não farmacológicas para o controle e tratamento da pressão arterial (PA). Não obstante, é preciso aprofundamento nesta linha de pesquisa. O propósito do estudo foi comparar o efeito do tipo de descanso ao realizar ECR sobre a PA de participantes normotensos. Participaram nove homens; seguindo um desenho de pesquisa de medidas repetidas, realizaram três condições experimentais em ordem aleatória: a) Descanso Ativo (DA), b) Descanso Passivo (DP) e c) Sessão Controle. Nas 3 sessões, foram solicitadas a PA e a frequência cardíaca (FC) pré-tratamento, 1 minuto pós-sessão e a cada 10 minutos pós-tratamento durante 120 minutos. As sessões experimentais foram precedidas por: medições antropométricas, familiarização e aplicação do teste de 1RM. Na análise estatística aplicou-se a ANOVA de 2 vias com medidas repetidas, a análise de efeitos simples e o teste pós-hoc de Tukey. Entre os principais resultados, observou-se que, em comparação com a sessão controle, os valores de PA diminuíram de maneira significativa (p < 0,05): 1) ao realizar ECR, usando DP e DA nos 50, 100, 110 minutos pós-exercício; 2) posterior à execução do ECR usando DA nos 20, 30, 70, 80,100, 120 minutos; 3) depois de finalizar a sessão ECR com DP nos 10, 40 e 120 minutos. Com relação à medição pré-teste, os valores de PA diminuíram de maneira significativa (p < 0,05) nos 10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 100 e 120 minutos pós-ECR usando DP. Em conclusão, ao fazer a comparação com os valores de PA mostrados em um dia de controle, a execução de ECR aplicando DP e DA é funcional no controle da PA de homens jovens normotensos. Com relação ao pré-teste, poderia indicar-se que o DP é o promotor do efeito hipotensivo do ECR.

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Resumen El propósito fue determinar el efecto del calentamiento activo con diferentes intervalos de recuperación en el rendimiento deportivo, en las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre. El estudio contó con la participación de 17 atletas (edad 13.5 ± 2.18 años), inscritos ante la Federación Costarricense de Deportes Acuáticos, con experiencia de entrenamiento y competición de 4.47 ± 1.28 años. Previo a la ejecución de las pruebas 50 y 200 metros libre, se realizaron 4 condiciones experimentales: Control (sin realizar calentamiento); Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 20 min; Calentamiento (960 m) + descanso 10 min; Calentamiento (960 m) sin descanso. El orden de ejecución de las pruebas (50 y 200 metros libre) y la ejecución de las condiciones experimentales fueron asignadas de forma aleatoria. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA de una vía de medidas repetidas, p < 0.05. Los resultados indicaron que no existió diferencia significativa en el rendimiento en una prueba de 50 m libre (F = 0.83, p = 0.48) ni en la prueba de 200 m libre (F = 0.88, p = 0.46), al realizar un calentamiento activo respecto a no realizarlo. No hubo influencia de los diferentes tiempos de recuperación en el rendimiento en ambas pruebas. Se observaron diferentes patrones de respuesta individual a las condiciones experimentales. Se concluye que, de manera grupal, en nadadores jóvenes con poca experiencia, ejecutar un calentamiento activo previo a las pruebas de 50 y 200 metros libre, no mejora el rendimiento. Se recomienda que el entrenador ponga atención a la respuesta individualizada, para que elija el mejor protocolo (calentamiento o no) para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo de sus atletas.

Abstract The purpose of the paper was to determine the effect of active warm-ups with different recovery intervals in sport performance in 50m and 200m freestyle swimming. Seventeen athletes (13.5 ± 2.18 years old) registered with the Costa Rican Federation of Water Sports, with training and competition experience of 4.47 ± 1.28 years participated in this study. Before the 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests, four experimental conditions were conducted: Control (without warm-up), Warm-up (960m) + 20 min rest, Warm-up (960m) + 10 min rest, Warm-up (960m) without rest. The order of the tests (50m and 200m freestyle) and the experimental conditions were randomly assigned. The statistical analysis used a one-way ANOVA of repeated measures, p < .05. No significant difference was found in performance in 50m or 200m freestyle swimming tests (F = 0.83, p = .48) (F = 0.88, p = .46), respectively, when using active warm-ups or not. Neither was there an effect of the different recovery times on performance in both swimming tests. Different patterns of individual responses were observed in the experimental conditions. It is concluded that, as a group, an active warm-up before 50m and 200m freestyle swimming tests does not improve the performance of young inexperienced swimmers. However, the coach is recommended to pay attention to individualized responses to select the best protocol (having warm-up or not) to improve athletes' performance.

Resumo O propósito foi determinar o efeito do aquecimento ativo com diferentes intervalos de recuperação no desempenho esportivo, nas provas de 50 e 200 metros livres. O estudo contou com a participação de 17 atletas (idade 13,5 ± 2,18 anos), inscritos na Federação Costarriquenha de Esportes Aquáticos, com experiência de treinamento e competição de 4,47 ± 1,28 anos. Previamente à execução das provas de 50 e 200 metros livres, foram realizados 4 condicionamentos experimentais: controle (sem aquecimento); aquecimento (960 m) mais descanso de 20 min; aquecimento (960 m) mais descanso de 10 min; aquecimento (960 m) sem descanso. A ordem de execução das provas (50 e 200 metros livres) e a execução dos condicionamentos experimentais foram atribuídas de maneira aleatória. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio da ANOVA de uma via de medidas repetidas, p < 0,05. Os resultados indicaram que não existiu diferença significativa no desempenho em uma prova de 50 m livres (F = 0,83, p = 0,48) e, tampouco, na prova de 200 m livres (F = 0,88, p= 0,46) ao realizar um aquecimento ativo em comparação a não o realizar. Não houve influência dos diferentes tempos de recuperação no desempenho em ambas as provas. Foram observados diferentes padrões de resposta individual aos condicionamentos experimentais. Conclui-se que, de modo grupal, em nadadores jovens com pouca experiência, realizar um aquecimento ativo prévio às provas de 50 e 200 metros livres, não melhora o desempenho. Recomenda-se que o treinador preste atenção na resposta individualizada para escolher o melhor protocolo (aquecimento ou não), buscando o aperfeiçoamento do desempenho esportivo de seus atletas.

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The delivery of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the cytosol stimulates apoptosis in cells where its release from mitochondria and apoptotic induction is inhibited. We developed a drug delivery system consisting of Cyt c nanoparticles decorated with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-thiol (FA-PEG-PLGA-SH) to deliver Cyt c into cancer cells and tested their targeting in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) mouse model. Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) of 253 ± 55 and 354 ± 11 nm were obtained by Cyt c nanoprecipitation, followed by surface decoration with the co-polymer SH-PLGA-PEG-FA. The internalization of Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) in LLC cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. NP caspase activation was more efficient than the NP-free formulation. Caspase activity assays showed NPs retained 88-96% Cyt c activity. The NP formulations were more effective in decreasing LLC cell viability than NP-free formulation, with IC50 49.2 to 70.1 µg/mL versus 129.5 µg/mL, respectively. Our NP system proved to be thrice as selective towards cancerous than normal cells. In vivo studies using near infrared-tagged nanoparticles show accumulation in mouse LLC tumor 5 min post-injection. In conclusion, our NP delivery system for Cyt c shows superiority over the NP-free formulation and reaches a folic acid-overexpressing tumor in an immune-competent animal model.

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Abstract Introduction Patients with benign or malignant blood disorders, who require allogeneic stem cell transplantation and lack an identical human leukocyte antigen HLA identicalHL sibling donor, could be transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated adult or umbilical cord donors. However, in our country, both approaches are costly and time-consuming options. Methods Over the last few years, haploidentical modalities have been investigated as an alternative donor source, showing similar results to those obtained with identical HLA donors. We started using T-cell-replete haploidentical with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in 2012 and we presented our experience with patients undergoing haploidentical ransplantation compared to SIB. Results Since January 2012 to date, 91 allogeneic transplants have been performed, of which 49 were haploidentical and 42 were HLA identical. The mean age of the patients was 35 years (range: 17-62). The mean CD34/kg × 106 infused per group was 5.93 and 5.89, respectively. Time to granulocyte and platelet engraftment was 11 and 15 days, respectively, for haploidentical, and 12 and 14 days, respectively, for HLA identical (p = 0.10). The 100-day cumulative incidence of global acute GVHD was 34% for haploidentical and 29% for SIHLA identical (p = 0.9). The 2-year overall global graft-versus-host disease was 43% for haploidentical and 41% for HLA identical (p = 0.8). Overall survival, relapse, and transplant and relapse-related mortality were similar between both groups. Conclusion Our experience showed that haploidentical has similar outcomes to those obtained with HLA idential and can be performed in our country safely.

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INTRODUCTION: Patients with benign or malignant blood disorders, who require allogeneic stem cell transplantation and lack an identical human leukocyte antigen HLA identicalHL sibling donor, could be transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated adult or umbilical cord donors. However, in our country, both approaches are costly and time-consuming options. METHODS: Over the last few years, haploidentical modalities have been investigated as an alternative donor source, showing similar results to those obtained with identical HLA donors. We started using T-cell-replete haploidentical with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in 2012 and we presented our experience with patients undergoing haploidentical ransplantation compared to SIB. RESULTS: Since January 2012 to date, 91 allogeneic transplants have been performed, of which 49 were haploidentical and 42 were HLA identical. The mean age of the patients was 35 years (range: 17-62). The mean CD34/kg×106 infused per group was 5.93 and 5.89, respectively. Time to granulocyte and platelet engraftment was 11 and 15 days, respectively, for haploidentical, and 12 and 14 days, respectively, for HLA identical (p=0.10). The 100-day cumulative incidence of global acute GVHD was 34% for haploidentical and 29% for SIHLA identical (p=0.9). The 2-year overall global graft-versus-host disease was 43% for haploidentical and 41% for HLA identical (p=0.8). Overall survival, relapse, and transplant and relapse-related mortality were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: Our experience showed that haploidentical has similar outcomes to those obtained with HLA idential and can be performed in our country safely.

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INTRODUCTION: Introduction: this study presents the results regarding diet and an analysis of natural estrogens (phytoestrogens) intake and how they affect other important aspects, which can modulate biological health functions among university students. Objectives: assessing nutritional habits and estimating the intake of phytoestrogens in the population under study. Materials and methods: Costa Rican female (n: 211, 18.83 ± 2.06 years) and male (n: 199, 19.64 ± 3.05 years) university population of the University of Costa Rica applied anthropometric tests using DEXA, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the 24-hour Reminder (R-24). Results: the most serious nutritional bad habits were high ingestion of sodium, lipids and animal origin proteins in men and women and a deficit of fiber and folic acid in women. The total intake of phytoestrogens referred to: daidzein 0.23 ± 0.40 mg/day and 7.01 ± 11.94 mg/month in women and 0.17 ± 0.13 mg/day and 5.14 ± 3.96 mg/month in men; mainly consumed in the form of lignans 0.24 ± 0.12 mg/day (women) and 0.23 ± 0.14 mg/day (men). The intake of isoflavones was 0.09 ± 0.38 mg/day (women) and 0.04 ± 0.08 mg/day (men). Conclusions: The study population presented high fat percentage although the consumption of vegetables, cereals, whole grains and fruits tends slightly to be a Mediterranean diet; their food pattern was much closer to the Western diet.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: este estudio presenta resultados respecto a dieta y un análisis más en profundidad de la exposición a estrógenos naturales (fitoestrógenos) en la ingesta, y como este tipo de compuestos influye y se relaciona con otros aspectos importantes que pueden modular funciones biológicas relacionadas con la salud en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivos: valorar hábitos nutricionales y estimar la ingesta de fitoestrógenos de la población en estudio. Material y métodos: población costarricense universitaria femenina (n: 211, edades 18,83 ± 2,06 años) y masculina (n: 199, edades 19,64 ± 3,05 años) de la Universidad de Costa Rica y se han aplicado pruebas antropométricas mediante el DEXA y cuestionarios de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos (FFQ) y Recuerdos de 24 Horas (R-24). Resultados: los errores nutricionales más graves fueron: la elevada ingesta de sodio, lípidos y proteínas de origen animal en hombres y mujeres, y el déficit importante de fibra y ácido fólico en las mujeres. La ingesta total de fitoestrógenos referidos a la daizdeína fue de 0.23 ± 0.40 mg/día y 7,01 ± 11,94 mg/mes en mujeres y de 0,17 ± 0,13 mg/día y de 5,14 ± 3,96 mg/mes en varones; principalmente consumida en forma de lignanos 0,24 ± 0,12 mg/día (mujeres) y 0,23 ± 0,14 mg/día (hombres), mientras la ingesta de isoflavonas fue de 0,09 ± 0,38 mg/día (mujeres) y de 0,04 ± 0,08 mg/día (hombres). Conclusiones: la población de estudio presentó porcentajes de grasa elevados nutricionalmente hablando, aunque el consumo de vegetales, cereales, granos enteros y frutas tiende un poco a la dieta mediterránea, su patrón alimentario se acerca mucho más a la dieta occidental.

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Introducción: la degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) es una enfermedad degenerativa de la retina, que causa pérdida de la visión central en individuos mayores de 50 años. Es considerada una de las causas más comunes de pérdida de visión en países occidentales y en países desarrollados es la causa más frecuente de baja visión. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la rehabilitación visual, mediante la realización de ejercicios de fijación y localización, en estos pacientes. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad y diversidad funcional visual atendidos en consulta de baja visión de la provincia Granma durante febrero 2017 hasta enero 2018; la degeneración macular asociada a la edad constituye la segunda causa de diversidad funcional visual o ceguera en la provincia Granma. Resultados: fue más efectivo el rastreo y existió motivación en la totalidad de la muestra y en más de la mitad de los casos la agudeza visual mejor corregida de cerca aumentó, la velocidad de lectura mejoró, desapareció la fatiga, existió una adecuada autoestima y buena inserción social. Conclusiones: todo esto evidencia que dicha rehabilitación mejora la capacidad visual y propicia una mayor calidad de vida(AU)

Introduction: age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the retina, which causes loss of central vision in individuals older than 50 years. It is considered one of the most common causes of vision loss in Western countries and in developed countries it is the most frequent cause of low vision. Objective: to describe the behavior of visual rehabilitation, by performing fixation and localization exercises, in these patients. Method: a retrospective descriptive observational study was conducted in patients with age-related macular degeneration and visual functional diversity treated in low vision consultation of Granma province during February 2017 to January 2018; Macular degeneration associated with age is the second cause of visual functional diversity or blindness in the Granma province. Results: the tracking was more effective and there was motivation in the whole sample and in more than half of the cases the best corrected visual acuity increased, the reading speed improved, the fatigue disappeared, there was an adequate self-esteem and good Social insertion. Conclusions: all this shows that said rehabilitation improves visual capacity and promotes a higher quality of life(EU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: la degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) es una enfermedad degenerativa de la retina, que causa pérdida de la visión central en individuos mayores de 50 años. Es considerada una de las causas más comunes de pérdida de visión en países occidentales y en países desarrollados es la causa más frecuente de baja visión. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la rehabilitación visual, mediante la realización de ejercicios de fijación y localización, en estos pacientes. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad y diversidad funcional visual atendidos en consulta de baja visión de la provincia Granma durante febrero 2017 hasta enero 2018; La degeneración macular asociada a la edad constituye la segunda causa de diversidad funcional visual o ceguera en la provincia Granma. Resultados: fue más efectivo el rastreo y existió motivación en la totalidad de la muestra y en más de la mitad de los casos la agudeza visual mejor corregida de cerca aumentó, la velocidad de lectura mejoró, desapareció la fatiga, existió una adecuada autoestima y buena inserción social. Conclusiones: todo esto evidencia que dicha rehabilitación mejora la capacidad visual y propicia una mayor calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the retina, which causes loss of central vision in individuals older than 50 years. It is considered one of the most common causes of vision loss in Western countries and in developed countries it is the most frequent cause of low vision. Objective: to describe the behavior of visual rehabilitation, by performing fixation and localization exercises, in these patients. Method: a retrospective descriptive observational study was conducted in patients with age-related macular degeneration and visual functional diversity treated in low vision consultation of Granma province during February 2017 to January 2018; Macular degeneration associated with age is the second cause of visual functional diversity or blindness in the Granma province. Results: the tracking was more effective and there was motivation in the whole sample and in more than half of the cases the best corrected visual acuity increased, the reading speed improved, the fatigue disappeared, there was an adequate self-esteem and good Social insertion. Conclusions: all this shows that said rehabilitation improves visual capacity and promotes a higher quality of life.

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ResumenPropósito:Conocer la asociación entre algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la presión arterial en reposo de estudiantes universitarios costarricenses.Metodología:una muestra total de 269 estudiantes universitarios (138 varones, 131 mujeres; edad promedio= 19,1 ± 2,8 años) respondieron instrumentos de medición sobre datos demográficos, antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, consumo de alcohol, cantidad de tragos ingeridos semanalmente, hábito de fumar, cantidad de cigarros fumados por día, cantidad de METs de actividad física realizada semanalmente y estado de salud general. Se obtuvo de cada sujeto la presión arterial sistólica (PAs) y diastólica (PAd) en reposo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura/cadera (ICC), porcentaje de grasa determinado utilizando el densitómetro óseo (DEXA, marca General Electric) y consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) de forma indirecta. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante Regresión Lineal Múltiple, específicamente aplicando 2 Regresiones de Modelos Lineales Generales (MLG).Resultados:Las variables predictoras incluidas en el modelo explican 28,3% (R2model = 0,283) de la variación en la PAs y un 15,8% (R2model = 0,158) de la variación en la PAd. Los factores que predicen de forma significativa la PAs son Género (p = 0,02) e IMC (p = 0,001) y la PAd es el IMC (p = 0,004). La PAs en reposo, ajustado por la cantidad de cigarros fumados diariamente, la cantidad de tragos consumidos en una semana, el IMC, el ICC, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, el VO2max y la cantidad de METs de actividad física realizados semanalmente, fue 15,8mmHg mayor en hombres en comparación con las mujeres (p = 0,02). Por cada aumento de un kg/m2 en el IMC aumentaron 2,5mmHg y 1,5mmHg la PAs y PAd respectivamente.Conclusión:Al ser el IMC el factor de riesgo modificable, la opción para controlar y retrasar la aparición de hipertensión en jóvenes universitarios, es realizar esfuerzos para mantener un peso saludable en esta población.

AbstractPurpose: The study was designed to determine the association between selected cardiovascular risk factors and resting blood pressure in Costa Rican college students.Methods: Volunteers were 269 students (138 males and 131 females; mean age = 19,1 ± 2,8 yrs.), who completed questionnaires on demographics, family history of hypertension, alcohol intake, quantity of weekly liquor drinks, smoking habits, number of daily cigarettes smoked, physical activity (METs/week), and the general health status. In addition, measurements were obtained on resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percent body fat (% body fat) determined by full-body Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA, Lunar Prodigy, General Electric, Madison, WI), and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationships between the 12 predictor variables using a general lineal model, with both, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure as dependent variables.Results: The predictor variables entered in the model explained 28,3% (R2model = 0,283) of the variance of SBP values and 15,8% (R2model = 0,158) of the variance in DBP values. Gender (p = 0,02) and BMI (p = 0,001) were significant predictors of SBP, and BMI (p = 0,004) was a significant predictor of DBP. The mean SBP adjusted for the number of daily cigarettes smoked, quantity of weekly liquor drinks, BMI, WHR, % body fat, VO2max and METs/week was 15,8 mm Hg higher in males compared to females (p = 0,02). For every increment of 1 kg/m2 in BMI, both, SBP and DBP increased by 2,5 and 1,5 mm Hg, respectively.Conclusions: The modifiable risk factor BMI was associated to changes in both, SBP and DBP, in Costa Rican college students. Serious efforts should be made to achieve a healthy body weight in a population at high risk for hypertension.

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Hypertension affects 25% of the world's population and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the evidence regarding the acute effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) using meta-analytic measures. Sixty-five studies were compared using effect sizes (ES), and heterogeneity and Z tests to determine whether the ES were different from zero. The mean corrected global ES for exercise conditions were -0.56 (-4.80 mmHg) for systolic BP (sBP) and -0.44 (-3.19 mmHg) for diastolic BP (dBP; z ≠ 0 for all; p < 0.05). The reduction in BP was significant regardless of the participant's initial BP level, gender, physical activity level, antihypertensive drug intake, type of BP measurement, time of day in which the BP was measured, type of exercise performed, and exercise training program (p < 0.05 for all). ANOVA tests revealed that BP reductions were greater if participants were males, not receiving antihypertensive medication, physically active, and if the exercise performed was jogging. A significant inverse correlation was found between age and BP ES, body mass index (BMI) and sBP ES, duration of the exercise's session and sBP ES, and between the number of sets performed in the resistance exercise program and sBP ES (p < 0.05). Regardless of the characteristics of the participants and exercise, there was a reduction in BP in the hours following an exercise session. However, the hypotensive effect was greater when the exercise was performed as a preventive strategy in those physically active and without antihypertensive medication.

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