RESUMEN
Aceria fraxiniflora (Felt, 1906) is reported from Europe for the first time. This mite has never been described before and we therefore describe and illustrate the female and the nymph. The species was collected from the galled inflorescences and fruits of the introduced species Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae) in Hungary, and from Fraxinus americana L. in Indiana, USA.
Asunto(s)
Ácaros , Animales , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Hungría , IndianaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate concurrent administration of mecamylamine (nicotine antagonist) with nicotine skin patch treatment for smoking cessation. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-eight healthy smokers who smoked at least one pack per day were studied at an outpatient smoking cessation research clinic. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 40 years. Intervention with the nicotine skin patch (6 to 8 weeks) plus oral mecamylamine (2.5 to 5 mg twice a day for 5 weeks) was compared to nicotine patch plus placebo. Mecamylamine treatment began 2 weeks before smoking cessation. The primary outcome was continuous abstinence through 7 weeks after cessation (1 week after treatment), confirmed by expired air carbon monoxide measurements. Secondary measures included point abstinence at 7 weeks, continuous abstinence at 6- and 12-month follow-up, and self-reported withdrawal symptoms. RESULTS: The continuous abstinence rate at 7 weeks was three times higher in the mecamylamine condition: 50% versus 16.7%, p = 0.015. Point abstinence at 7 weeks was 58% for mecamylamine versus 29% for placebo, p = 0.044. At follow-up, continuous abstinence remained higher for mecamylamine: 37.5% versus 12.5% at 6 months (p = 0.046) and 37.5% versus 4.2% at 12 months (p = 0.004). Mecamylamine also significantly reduced craving for cigarettes, negative affect, and appetite. CONCLUSIONS: Agonist-antagonist therapy, consisting of the nicotine patch with oral mecamylamine, may substantially improve current smoking cessation treatment.
Asunto(s)
Mecamilamina/uso terapéutico , Nicotina/uso terapéutico , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Administración Cutánea , Adulto , Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas Respiratorias , Monóxido de Carbono/análisis , Método Doble Ciego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Mecamilamina/efectos adversos , Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Cooperación del Paciente , Síndrome de Abstinencia a Sustancias/etiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Reward and recognition are powerful motivators in any employment setting. Long understood in the business world, it is only recently that the nursing field has come to recognize the need to go beyond the intrinsic reward system based upon patient care delivery to a more tangible system including monetary incentive and peer evaluation.