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No in-depth investigation exists on the feasibility of integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization into the process of making spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agro-food residue from the commercial mushroom industry, into an adsorbent for post-combustion CO2 removal. Therefore, this study analyzed if it could be possible for systematically converting low-pressure hydrochars of various SMSs into carbon-adsorbing mini-capsules. Sources of SMS included paddy straw and achiote capsule shell from Pleurotus ostreatus; eucalyptus sawdust and grassy straw from Lentinula edodes; and compost containing peat or soil as casing layer from Agaricus subrufescens. The eucalyptus sawdust and grassy straw from L. edodes outperformed the other biomaterials in adsorbing CO2, and thus effectively encapsuled most of the gas, 8.25 mmol g-1 and 8.10 mmol g-1, respectively. They contained mostly hetero-atoms of O and N, requiring less unit energy to bind acidic molecules of CO2 at the alkaline sites. The amount of unit energy the pore-filling process demanded at 25 °C was 12.65 kJ mol-1, an attribute of self-sustaining and saleable physisorption. A negative 6.80 kJ mol-1 free energy validated both spontaneity and exothermal of biocarbons at steady-state atmosphere. The major findings and innovations of our study support utilizing SMS as an adsorbent as a carbon capture, storage and utilization networking. Our insights into the physisorption-chemisorption on SMS are timely and relevant to help manage the re-use of SMS, and thus bring the global mushroom industry closer to environmental sustainability and toward a lower carbon society and circular economy.

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The shiitake culinary-medicinal mushroom Lentinus edodes is one of the most consumed species worldwide because it has nutritional, medicinal, and palatable properties. Its organoleptic characteristics contribute substantially to its high popularity. The pleasant aromas result from the presence of volatile compounds. The objective of the present work was to study the profiles of volatile constituents of fresh fruiting bodies of five strains of L. edodes. The volatile compounds were extracted by solid phase microextraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The aromatic profiles of the strains revealed variability. Both alcohols and sulfides were the most abundant volatile compounds. LE6 strain presented the highest number of volatile compounds with predominance of sulfides (dimethyl pentasulfide, s-tetrathiane) and for LE2, the aldehydes were the most representative chemical class with the main volatile being (E)-2-octen-1-al.

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Shiitake mushroom consumption is increasing in Brazil. In addition to the implementation of new production methods, it is also important to increase productivity, quality and reduce production costs. In this study, six commercial Lentinula edodes strains were characterized for genetic diversity (rep-PCR analysis) and mushroom production (yield, number and weight of individual mushrooms) using different substrates and cultural conditions. All strains showed genetic differences by repetitive element palindromic based-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR). The richest substrate resulted in the greatest production under both environmental conditions. Strains LE4 and LE6 produced the majority of their mushrooms earlier than the other strains. The highest number of mushrooms was observed in the LE6 strain while the highest weights of individual mushrooms were observed in the LE4 strain. Controlled environmental conditions resulted in superior production for all strains, except for LE4, which had empirically greater yield in the semi-controlled environmental condition.

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Casing materials and practices used in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus were evaluated in the cultivation of Agaricus subrufescens, using the best techniques for optimization of production, including the possibility of re-casing of the compost for the production of a second crop of mushroom. Casing based on peat moss, loam soil or coir was compared to casing material mixed with or without spawn-run compost. Based on the results, we conclude that the casing layer used in the cultivation of A. subrufescens should not necessarily be the same as that used in the cultivation of A. bisporus. For the tested strain cultivated with loam soil as casing layer, the ruffling technique is highly superior to CACing and should be pursued in further research. The re-casing of compost in new cycles showed good results suggesting that the currently used compost could be improved.

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Agaricus brasiliensis cultures quickly lose viability when stored at cool temperatures, even for a short period of time. We evaluated several low-cost preservation methods using varied substrates, preservation solutions, and storage temperatures. Agaricus brasiliensis was intolerant to freezing temperatures, making liquid nitrogen use and deep-freezing methods impossible for its preservation. The best preservation conditions for the A. brasiliensis CS1 strain tested in this study were obtained by using rice as substrate and water as preservation solution, with storage at room temperature or when using soil, mushroom cultivation compost, or rice and stored at 10 °C without preservation solution. Those cultures that were reactivated showed the same productivity attributes as the control. In addition, no effect on productivity or biological efficiency was observed through successive subculturing of the strain (CS1). Parboiled rice was successfully used for other A. brasiliensis strains (CS2, CS5, CS7, CS9, and CS10), and also for Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, and Lentinula edodes.

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The nutritional requirements of A. brasiliensis in culture media were assessed by supplementing a basal medium (g L-1): (glucose, 10, KH2PO4, 1, MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5, [NH4]2SO4, 1, pH 5.5) with CaCl2, trace elements (FeSO4.7H2O; MnCl2.4H2O; ZnSO4.7H2O; CuSO4.5H2O), casein, yeast extract, peptone, B-vitamins or amino acids. Evaluations were based on the mycelial growth in solid or liquid culture (mm day-1 or mg day-1) and visual analysis of the colony. The addition of CaCl2 and trace elements was very important for the major mycelial growth of the fungi. The addition of casein and inositol to the medium did not have a significant effect on growth. The best growth result in solid medium was obtained with the basal medium plus the addition of yeast extract and peptone. In relation to the other nutrient sources, the mycelial growth in the presence of amino acids darkened the medium after two weeks. The addition of B-vitamins to the basal medium lead to slower mycelial growth; however, growth was more visually dense when compared to other nutritional sources. B-vitamins added separately did not have the same result, suggesting that the fungus requires two or more vitamins at the same time for better mycelial growth.

Os requerimentos nutricionais de A. brasiliensis foram avaliados, com a suplementação de um meio basal (g L-1): (glicose, 10, KH2PO4, 1, MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5, [NH4]2SO4, 1, pH 5.5) com CaCl2, micronutrientes (FeSO4.7H2O; MnCl2.4H2O; ZnSO4.7H2O; CuSO4.5H2O), caseína, extrato de levedura, peptona, vitaminas do complexo B ou aminoácidos. O crescimento micelial foi avaliado em meio sólido e líquido, considerando velocidade de crescimento e produção de massa micelial (mm dia-1 ou mg dia-1) e análise visual da colônia. A adição de CaCl2 e micronutrientes foi muito importante para o melhor crescimento micelial do fungo, enquanto que a adição de caseina e inositol não apresentou efeito significativo sobre o crescimento. O melhor crescimento em meio sólido foi obtido quando o meio basal foi suplementado com extrato de levedura e peptona. Quando o fungo foi cultivado no meio basal suplementado com aminoácidos, observou-se um escurecimento do meio após duas semanas de cultivo. A adição de vitaminas proporcionou um crescimento micelial mais lento no meio sólido, entretanto, mais denso em relação ao meio suplementado com outros nutrientes. Quando as vitaminas do complexo B foram adicionadas separadamente não se observou o mesmo resultado, o que sugere que o fungo requer duas ou mais vitaminas no meio para melhorar o crescimento micelial.

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The nutritional requirements of A. brasiliensis in culture media were assessed bysupplementing a basal medium (g L-1): (glucose, 10, KH2PO4, 1, MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5, [NH4]2SO4,1, pH 5.5) with CaCl2, trace elements (FeSO4.7H2O; MnCl2.4H2O; ZnSO4.7H2O;CuSO4.5H2O), casein, yeast extract, peptone, B-vitamins or amino acids. Evaluations were basedon the mycelial growth in solid or liquid culture (mm day-1 or mg day-1) and visual analysis of thecolony. The addition of CaCl2 and trace elements was very important for the major mycelialgrowth of the fungi. The addition of casein and inositol to the medium did not have a significanteffect on growth. The best growth result in solid medium was obtained with the basal mediumplus the addition of yeast extract and peptone. In relation to the other nutrient sources, themycelial growth in the presence of amino acids darkened the medium after two weeks. Theaddition of B-vitamins to the basal medium lead to slower mycelial growth; however, growthwas more visually dense when compared to other nutritional sources. B-vitamins addedseparately did not have the same result, suggesting that the fungus requires two or more vitaminsat the same time for better mycelial growth.(AU)

Os requerimentos nutricionais de A. brasiliensis foram avaliados, com asuplementação de um meio basal (g L-1): (glicose, 10, KH2PO4, 1, MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5,[NH4]2SO4, 1, pH 5.5) com CaCl2, micronutrientes (FeSO4.7H2O; MnCl2.4H2O;ZnSO4.7H2O; CuSO4.5H2O), caseína, extrato de levedura, peptona, vitaminas do complexo Bou aminoácidos. O crescimento micelial foi avaliado em meio sólido e líquido, considerandovelocidade de crescimento e produção de massa micelial (mm dia-1 ou mg dia-1) e análise visual dacolônia. A adição de CaCl2 e micronutrientes foi muito importante para o melhor crescimentomicelial do fungo, enquanto que a adição de caseina e inositol não apresentou efeito significativosobre o crescimento. O melhor crescimento em meio sólido foi obtido quando o meio basal foisuplementado com extrato de levedura e peptona. Quando o fungo foi cultivado no meio basalsuplementado com aminoácidos, observou-se um escurecimento do meio após duas semanas decultivo. A adição de vitaminas proporcionou um crescimento micelial mais lento no meio sólido,entretanto, mais denso em relação ao meio suplementado com outros nutrientes. Quando asvitaminas do complexo B foram adicionadas separadamente não se observou o mesmo resultado,o que sugere que o fungo requer duas ou mais vitaminas no meio para melhorar o crescimentomicelial.(AU)

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Ammonia suppressants are applied to chicken litter to decrease ammonia levels. And mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) producers use poultry litter to increase the nitrogen in the compost. To determine the influence of ammonia suppressants used in poultry litter on compost preparation and mushroom production, four mushroom crops were cultivated from compost prepared using litter treated with PLT, Barn Fresh and Impact-P at 25.22 kg/100 m2, 40 kg/100 m2, and 0.49 kg/100 m2, respectively, during the poultry production process. In general, no significant differences (P>0.05) were noted between treatments for total nitrogen, ammonia, pH, EC, ash, and moisture when compost or the headspace air was sampled during compost preparation throughout all stages. Nor were mushroom yields or counts significantly affected (P>0.05) by the presence of ammonia suppressants in the poultry litter. Thus, the mushroom industry can confidently use poultry litter amended with PLT, Impact-P, and Barn Fresh when used at the recommended rates.

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