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ßCDPEG5 and ßCDPEG2 are two derivatives comprising seven PEG linear chains of 5 and 2 kDa, respectively, conjugated to ßCD. As ßCDPEGs display different physicochemical properties than their precursors, they could also trigger distinct cellular responses. To investigate the biological behavior of ßCDPEGs in comparison to their parent compounds, we performed broad toxicological assays on RAW 264.7 macrophages, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, and MDCK cells. By analyzing ROS and NO2- overproduction in macrophages, we found that ßCDPEGs induced a moderate stress response without affecting cell viability. Although MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were more sensitive than MDCK cells to ßCDPEGs and the parent compounds, a similar pattern was observed: the effect of ßCDPEG5 on cell viability and cell cycle progression was larger than that of ßCDPEG2; PEG2 affected cell viability and cell cycle more than ßCDPEG2; cell post-treatment recovery was favorable in all cases, and the compounds had similar behaviors regarding ROS generation. The effect on MDCK cell migration followed a similar pattern. In contrast, for osteoblasts, the interference of ßCDPEG5 with cell migration was smaller than that of ßCDPEG2; likewise, the effect of PEG2 was shorter than its conjugate. Overall, the covalent conjugation of ßCD and PEGs, particularly to yield ßCDPEG2, improved the biocompatibility profile, evidencing that a favorable biological response can be tuned through a thoughtful combination of materials. Moreover, this is the first time that an in vitro evaluation of ßCD and PEG has been presented for MC3T3-E1 and MDCK cells, thus providing valuable knowledge for designing biocompatible nanomaterials constructed from ßCD and PEGs.

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Reflexionar sobre los efectos evidentes en la mayoría de sistemas de salud que tenemos en América Latina, a partir de las relaciones entre diferentes regímenes políticos de sus Estados y su incidencia en las políticas públicas sanitarias, inmersas y moduladas en escenarios de Mercado privado de seguros sanitarios, es una tarea urgente. Nos preguntamos ¿es posible modificar las políticas públicas sanitarias en estados democráticos o socialdemócratas de AL? Y si es posible incidir en este escenario estructural, afectarían positivamente el sector sanitario, ¿Como crear o reformular sistemas de salud considerados instituciones encargadas de operar la prestación y atención sanitaria? Reconocer efectos de la pandemia en la dinámica de nuestros sistemas de salud nos muestra que debemos recomponer la estructura de pensamiento social de nuestros Estados para construir políticas sociales y políticas públicas sanitarias orientadas a fortalecer el derecho humano fundamental a la salud de forma sostenible, configurando la participación de la sociedad con incidencia política en la toma de decisiones justas que incrementará la intensidad de la acción pública de la gobernanza.

Reflect on the evident effects in the majority of health systems that we have in Latin America, based on the relationships between different political regimes in their States and their impact on public health policies, immersed and modulated in private health insurance market scenarios, it is an urgent task. We ask ourselves, ¿is it possible to modify public health policies in democratic or social democratic states of LA? And if it is possible to influence this structural scenario, they would positively affect the health sector. ¿How to create or reformulate health systems considered institutions in charge of operating the provision and health care? Recognizing the effects of the pandemic on the dynamics of our health systems shows us that we must rebuild the structure of social thought in our states to build social policies and public health policies aimed at strengthening the fundamental human right to health in a sustainable way, configuring the participation of society with political influence in making fair decisions that will increase the intensity of public action of governance.

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Objective: A significant proportion of hospitalized patients experience severe clinical deterioration that may result in adverse events, unexpected cardiac arrest, or death. Rapid response teams (RRTs) have been created to reduce the frequency and prevent the consequences of these events. The objective of this scoping review is to describe the structure, role and results of the implementation of RRTs in the hospital context, with a focus on gynecological surgery and obstetric care. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in the Medline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library and Open Gray medical databases. The search included descriptive and analytical observational studies, experimental studies and qualitative studies that included RRTs in high complexity healthcare institutions or teaching hospitals. Two researchers selected the studies and extracted data pertaining to the structure, roles and team activation criteria, response times or tools to assess their performance. No date or publication status restrictions were applied. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. A narrative synthesis of the findings is made. Results: Overall, 15,833 titles were retrieved, of which 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only one study mentions the use of RRTs in obstetric services. RRTs have a multidisciplinary structure and they must be available at least 12 hours a day. The roles of RRTs include identification of patients who are deteriorating, especially outside the intensive care setting, and of patients with underlying conditions or triggering events that increase the risk of cardiac arrest. In addition, they implement rapid multifaceted interventions that include pharmacological treatments, cardiopulmonary procedures, and they develop communication and training activities. Tools for team activation and care process assessment are available. Conclusion: The structure and roles of RRTs are clearly described, making it possible to assemble them in high complexity hospitals. Further research is required to explore risks and benefits of using RRTs to mitigate harm in patients with adverse events and to compare effectiveness and safety between code activation and RRT strategies in obstetrics services.

Objetivo: una importante proporción de pacientes hospitalizados presenta deterioro clínico severo que puede terminar en eventos adversos, paro cardíaco no esperado, o muerte; para reducir su frecuencia y prevenir sus consecuencias se han creado los equipos de respuesta rápida (ERR). El objetivo de esta revisión de alcance es describir la conformación, funcionamiento y resultados de la implementación de los ERR en el contexto hospitalario, con énfasis en los servicios de cirugía ginecológica y atención obstetricia. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos de literatura médica Medline vía Pubmed, Embase vía OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library y Open Gray. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales descriptivos y analíticos, estudios experimentales y estudios cualitativos que incluyeron ERR en instituciones de salud de alta complejidad u hospitales universitarios. Dos investigadores seleccionaron los estudios y extrajeron los datos respecto a la conformación, funcionamiento, los criterios de activación del equipo, los tiempos de respuesta o las herramientas de evaluación de su desempeño. No se hicieron restricciones de fecha o estado de publicación. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español y portugués. Se hace síntesis narrativa de los hallazgos. Resultados: la búsqueda arrojó 15,833 títulos, un total de 15 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Solo un estudio menciona el uso de los ERR en servicios de obstetricia. La conformación de los ERR es multidisciplinaria y están disponibles al menos 12 horas cada día. Sus funciones son la identificación temprana de pacientes con deterioro de la condición, especialmente en áreas por fuera de la unidad de cuidados intensivos y de pacientes con condiciones subyacentes o eventos desencadenantes que aumentan el riesgo de paro cardíaco. Además, implementan intervenciones rápidas multifacéticas que incluyen tratamientos farmacológicos, procedimientos cardiopulmonares, y desarrollan actividades de comunicación y formación. Se dispone de herramientas para la activación y evaluación de los procesos asistenciales. Conclusión: la estructura y las funciones del ERR están claramente descritas, lo que permite que sean ensamblados en hospitales de alta complejidad. Se deben realizar más investigaciones sobre los beneficios y riesgos del uso de los ERR para mitigar los daños en pacientes con EREND y comparar la efectividad y seguridad entre la activación de códigos y las estrategias de ERR en los servicios de obstetricia.

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We present a data-driven approach to unveil the pharmaceutical technologies of cyclodextrins (CDs) by analyzing a dataset of CD pharmaceutical patents. First, we implemented network science techniques to represent CD patents as a single structure and provide a framework for unsupervised detection of keywords in the patent dataset. Guided by those keywords, we further mined the dataset to examine the patenting trends according to CD-based dosage forms. CD patents formed complex networks, evidencing the supremacy of CDs for solubility enhancement and how this has triggered cutting-edge applications based on or beyond the solubility improvement. The networks exposed the significance of CDs to formulate aqueous solutions, tablets, and powders. Additionally, they highlighted the role of CDs in formulations of anti-inflammatory drugs, cancer therapies, and antiviral strategies. Text-mining showed that the trends in CDs for aqueous solutions, tablets, and powders are going upward. Gels seem to be promising, while patches and fibers are emerging. Cyclodextrins' potential in suspensions and emulsions is yet to be recognized and can become an opportunity area. This is the first unsupervised/supervised data-mining approach aimed at depicting a landscape of CDs to identify trending and emerging technologies and uncover opportunity areas in CD pharmaceutical research.

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Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Una importante proporción de pacientes hospitalizados presenta deterioro clínico severo que puede terminar en eventos adversos, paro cardíaco no esperado, o muerte; para reducir su frecuencia y prevenir sus consecuencias se han creado los equipos de respuesta rápida (ERR). El objetivo de esta revisión de alcance es describir la conformación, funcionamiento y resultados de la implementación de los ERR en el contexto hospitalario, con énfasis en los servicios de cirugía ginecológica y atención obstetricia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos de literatura médica Medline vía Pubmed, Embase vía OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library y Open Gray. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales descriptivos y analíticos, estudios experimentales y estudios cualitativos que incluyeron ERR en instituciones de salud de alta complejidad u hospitales universitarios. Dos investigadores seleccionaron los estudios y extrajeron los datos respecto a la conformación, funcionamiento, los criterios de activación del equipo, los tiempos de respuesta o las herramientas de evaluación de su desempeño. No se hicieron restricciones de fecha o estado de publicación. Se incluyeron estudios en inglés, español y portugués. Se hace síntesis narrativa de los hallazgos. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 15,833 títulos, un total de 15 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Solo un estudio menciona el uso de los ERR en servicios de obstetricia. La conformación de los ERR es multidisciplinaria y están disponibles al menos 12 horas cada día. Sus funciones son la identificación temprana de pacientes con deterioro de la condición, especialmente en áreas por fuera de la unidad de cuidados intensivos y de pacientes con condiciones subyacentes o eventos desencadenantes que aumentan el riesgo de paro cardíaco. Además, implementan intervenciones rápidas multifacéticas que incluyen tratamientos farmacológicos, procedimientos cardiopulmonares, y desarrollan actividades de comunicación y formación. Se dispone de herramientas para la activación y evaluación de los procesos asistenciales. Conclusión: La estructura y las funciones del ERR están claramente descritas, lo que permite que sean ensamblados en hospitales de alta complejidad. Se deben realizar más investigaciones sobre los beneficios y riesgos del uso de los ERR para mitigar los daños en pacientes con EREND y comparar la efectividad y seguridad entre la activación de códigos y las estrategias de ERR en los servicios de obstetricia.

Abstract Introduction and Objective: A significant proportion of hospitalized patients experience severe clinical deterioration that may result in adverse events, unexpected cardiac arrest, or death. Rapid response teams (RRTs) have been created to reduce the frequency and prevent the consequences of these events. The objective of this scoping review is to describe the structure, role and results of the implementation of RRTs in the hospital context, with a focus on gynecological surgery and obstetric care. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in the Medline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, LILACS, Cochrane Library and Open Gray medical databases. The search included descriptive and analytical observational studies, experimental studies and qualitative studies that included RRTs in high complexity healthcare institutions or teaching hospitals. Two researchers selected the studies and extracted data pertaining to the structure, roles and team activation criteria, response times or tools to assess their performance. No date or publication status restrictions were applied. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. A narrative synthesis of the findings is made. Results: Overall, 15,833 titles were retrieved, of which 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only one study mentions the use of RRTs in obstetric services. RRTs have a multidisciplinary structure and they must be available at least 12 hours a day. The roles of RRTs include identification of patients who are deteriorating, especially outside the intensive care setting, and of patients with underlying conditions or triggering events that increase the risk of cardiac arrest. In addition, they implement rapid multifaceted interventions that include pharmacological treatments, cardiopulmonary procedures, and they develop communication and training activities. Tools for team activation and care process assessment are available. Conclusion: The structure and roles of RRTs are clearly described, making it possible to assemble them in high complexity hospitals. Further research is required to explore risks and benefits of using RRTs to mitigate harm in patients with adverse events and to compare effectiveness and safety between code activation and RRT strategies in obstetrics services.

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We herein disclose how global cyclodextrin-based pharmaceutical technologies have evolved since the early 80s through a 1998 patents dataset retrieved from Derwent Innovation Index. We used text-mining techniques based on the patents semantic content to extract the knowledge contained therein, to analyze technologies related to the principal attributes of CDs: solubility, stability, and taste-masking enhancement. The majority of CDs pharmaceutical technologies are directed toward parenteral aqueous solutions. The development of oral and ocular formulations is rapidly growing, while technologies for nasal and pulmonary routes are emerging and seem to be promising. Formulations for topical, transdermal, vaginal, and rectal routes do not account for a high number of patents, but they may be hiding a great potential, representing opportunity research areas. Certainly, the progress in materials sciences, supramolecular chemistry, and nanotechnology, will influence the trend of that, apparently neglected, research. The bottom line, CDs pharmaceutical technologies are still increasing, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming years. Patent monitoring allows the identification of relevant technologies and trends to prioritize research, development, and investment in both, academia and industry. We expect the scope of this approach to be applied in the pharmaceutical field beyond CDs technological applications.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. Resultados Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. Conclusión Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. Methods Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. Results 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. Conclusion There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Descreva a percepção da violência de crianças em idade escolar de duas instituições de ensino na cidade de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudo qualitativo, tipo Participation Action Research (IAP). Os participantes desses grupos focais foram escolhidos aleatoriamente, 5 alunos para cada curso para um total de 15 grupos focais e 75 alunos selecionados com o consentimento prévio dos pais e o consentimento dos alunos. Aspectos éticos foram levados em consideração. Resultados Participantes formados por 61 alunos, 30 meninos (49,1%) e 31 meninas (50,8%), com idades entre 5 e 12 anos, dos cursos de transição 10 participantes (16,3%), primeiros 3 alunos (4 , 9%), segundo 10 filhos (16,3%), terceiro 18 alunos (29,5%), quarto 10 participantes (16,3%) e quinto 10 filhos (16,3%). O estrato socioeconômico das crianças é 1 e 2. Os resultados são apresentados em quatro categorias: causas, problemas, consequências e soluções, nas quais emergiram 8 (oito) subcategorias, que descrevem a percepção que as crianças têm da violência no casa e escola onde se destacam a violência doméstica física e verbal, o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e o abuso sexual. Conclusão Evidenciou-se na população escolar da localidade Kennedy que a violência é um problema de saúde pública já estabelecido nos lares e no ambiente escolar; A origem desta violência ocorre nos lares das crianças, portanto, é importante construir e gerar propostas de intervenção a partir das soluções propostas pelas próprias crianças a nível estrutural e familiar.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. METHODS: Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. RESULTS: 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. CONCLUSION: There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.

OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. RESULTADOS: Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.

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