Asunto(s)
Humanos , Deformidades de la Mano/cirugía , Deformidades de la Mano/fisiopatología , Deformidades de la Mano/rehabilitación , Metacarpo/cirugía , Metacarpo/lesiones , Mano/cirugía , Mano/fisiopatología , Traumatismos de los Dedos/cirugía , Traumatismos de los Dedos/fisiopatología , Traumatismos de los Dedos/rehabilitaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the vitamin D status of pregnant women from non-European ethnic minorities in South Wales. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Llandough Hospital, Cardiff, South Wales. SAMPLE: One hundred and sixty pregnant women from a non-European ethnic minority population in South Wales. METHODS: Biochemical screening of vitamin D status was carried out at the first antenatal visit. Women found to be deficient in vitamin D were subsequently supplemented and vitamin D status was rechecked at delivery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Vitamin D status at delivery. RESULTS: Eighty of 160 women had a vitamin D level below 8 ng/mL at their first antenatal visit and were treated with oral vitamin D. Factors that could influence vitamin D status such as religion, fluency in English and dressing habits did not appear to have any effect, although a higher proportion of women who had lived in Britain for longer than three years had subnormal vitamin D levels. In 58 of those checked at delivery, the mean plasma vitamin D level increased from 6 to 11 ng/mL although the mean parathyroid hormone level was unchanged. CONCLUSION: In view of the high incidence of subnormal vitamin D levels in women from ethnic minorities, we recommend biochemical screening of these women in early pregnancy, with subsequent supplementation where indicated.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etnología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/etnología , África/etnología , Asia/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Medio Oriente/etnología , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Gales/epidemiología , Indias Occidentales/etnologíaRESUMEN
The bilingual format presents a challenging set of problems for media producers. Four factors seem to be of primary importance to the success of bilingual materials: 1. Identifying the unique educational and cultural characteristics of the target audience. 2. Developing strategies to establish credibility with the target audience. 3. Determining the most appropriate dialect for non-English scripts. 4. Designing a 'tri-script' to allow all project planners to easily follow the script in both languages. The article describes the development of a series of bilingual patient education materials on Renal Transplantation, particularly focussing on the efforts of the development team in regard to each of the four factors listed above.