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: Although multiple sources chronicle the practice of vascular surgery in the North African, Mediterranean, and European theaters of World War II, that of the Pacific campaign remains undescribed. Relying on primary source documents from the war, this article provides the first discussion of the management of vascular injuries in the island-hopping battles of the Pacific. It explains how the particular military, logistic, and geographic conditions of this theater influenced medical and surgical care, prompting a continued emphasis on ligation when surgeons in Europe had already transitioned to repairing arteries.

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OBJECTIVE: Vascular injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian trauma. Although a previous interim study defined the distribution of vascular injury during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, a contemporary epidemiologic assessment has not been performed. The objective of this study was to provide a current analysis of vascular injury during the final 7 years of the war in Afghanistan, including characterization of anatomic injury patterns, mechanisms of injury, and methods of acute management. METHODS: The Department of Defense Trauma Registry was analyzed to identify U.S. military service members who sustained a battle-related vascular injury and survived to be treated at a surgical facility in Afghanistan between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2015. All battle-related injuries (nonreturn to duty) were used as a denominator to establish the injury rate. Mechanism and anatomic distribution of injury as well as the acute management strategies of revascularization, ligation, and use of endovascular techniques were defined. RESULTS: Of 3900 service members who sustained a battle-related injury, 685 patients (17.6%) had 1105 vascular injuries (1.6 vascular injuries per patient). Extremity trauma accounted for 72% (n = 796) of vascular injuries, followed by the torso (17%; n = 188) and cervical (11%; n = 118) regions. Lower extremity vascular injury was the most prevalent anatomic location (45%; 501/1105). Explosion with fragment penetration accounted for 70% (477/685) of injuries, whereas gunshot wounds accounted for 30% (205/685). Open repair was performed in 559 cases (57%; 554/981), whereas ligation was the initial management strategy in 40% (395/981) of cases. In addition, 374 diagnostic endovascular procedures were completed, 27 therapeutic endovascular interventions to include stent placement and angioplasty were performed and 55 inferior vena cava filters were placed. Mortality of the vascular injury cohort was 5%. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of vascular injury in modern combat is higher than that reported in previous wars. Open reconstruction is performed in half of cases, although ligation is an important damage control option, especially for minor or distal vessel injuries. Angiographic techniques are increasingly being used and documented within wartime registries more than ever. Proficiency with open and endovascular methods of vascular injury management remains a critical need for the U.S. military and will require partnership with civilian institutions to attain and maintain.

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Vascular surgery in World War II has long been defined by DeBakey and Simeone's classic 1946 article describing arterial repair as exceedingly rare. They argued ligation was and should be the standard surgical response to arterial trauma in war. We returned to and analyzed the original records of World War II military medical units housed in the National Archives and other repositories in addition to consulting published accounts to determine the American practice of vascular surgery in World War II. This research demonstrates a clear shift from ligation to arterial repair occurring among American military surgeons in the last 6 months of the war in the European Theater of Operations. These conclusions not only highlight the role of war as a catalyst for surgical change but also point to the dangers of inaccurate history in stymieing such advances.

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Vascular injuries comprised a small percentage of total injuries requiring medevac in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts; however, their impact cannot be overstated. This case highlights an individual who sustained a grenade blast injury leading to hemorrhage, and forearm compartment syndrome. He was initially treated with irrigation and debridement, forearm fasciotomy, and delayed primary closure. The patient developed persistent ulnar neuropathy and hypothenar atrophy despite a normal initial vascular examination. During reconstructive surgery, he was discovered to have a proximal ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm. Upper extremity pseudoaneurysms are a rare sequelae following vascular injury, but have significant consequences for the patient and are identifiable by imaging.

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This paper describes a model humanitarian mission to Guyana; it illustrates the value of excellent ongoing care in collaboration with local physicians and surgeons, cooperation with local government and medical officials, and frequent periodic follow-up missions (always to the same hospital, working with the same staff). This effort has largely avoided the so-called "Seven Sins of Humanitarian Medicine".

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BACKGROUND: Ratios of women graduating from the only US military medical school and entering surgical internships were reviewed and compared with national trends. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences graduation announcements from 2002 to 2012. RESULTS: There were 1,771 graduates from 2002 to 2012, with 508 female (29%) and 1,263 male (71%) graduates. Female graduates increased over time (21% to 39%; P = .014). Female general surgery interns increased from 3.9% to 39% (P = .025). Female overall surgical subspecialty interns increased from 20% in 2002 to 36% in 2012 (P = .046). Women were represented well in obstetrics (57%), urology (44%), and otolaryngology (31%), but not in neurosurgery, orthopedics, and ophthalmology (0% to 20%). CONCLUSIONS: The sex disparity between military and civilian medical students occurs before entry. Once in medical school, women are just as likely to enter general surgery or surgical subspecialty as their male counterparts. Increased ratio of women in the class is unlikely to lead to a shortfall except in specific subspecialties.

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The purpose of the SVS is not just to hold an annual meeting, but also to pursue social, financial, and political responsibilities. In addition, the Society leads in research, training, education, and practice (ie, patient care). The current leadership of the SVS is dedicated to preserving the history of the Society. The History Project Work Group will execute the orders of the Society to develop a series of digital videography recorded interviews with leaders in vascular surgery to be made available to our membership. The information collected will form the basis for a book on the history of the SVS.

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The purpose of this report is to record some of the recent accomplishments of the Surgery Interest Group (SIG) at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and to provide a framework for others to follow, with the goal of encouraging students to become interested in the exciting field of surgery. We will outline some of the events that our SIG planned and carried out in order to provide a quality experience to its members.

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UNLABELLED: To develop an arterial injury model for testing hemostatic devices at well-defined high and low bleeding rates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A side-hole arterial injury was created in the carotid artery of sheep. Shed blood was collected in a jugular venous reservoir and bleeding rate at the site of arterial injury was controlled by regulating outflow resistance from the venous reservoir. Two models were studied: uncontrolled exsanguinating hemorrhage and bleeding at controlled rates with blood return to maintain hemodynamic stability. Transcutaneous Duplex ultrasound was used to characterize ultrasound signatures at various bleeding rates. RESULTS: A 2.5 mm arterial side-hole resulted in exsanguinating hemorrhage with an initial bleeding rate of 400 ml/min which, without resuscitation, decreased to below 100 ml/min in 5 minutes. After 17 minutes, bleeding from the injury site stopped and the animal had lost 60% of total blood volume. Reinfusion of shed blood maintained normal hemodynamics and both high and low bleeding rates could be maintained without hemorrhagic shock. Bleeding rate at the arterial injury site was held at 395±78 ml/min for 8 minutes, 110±11 ml/min for 15 minutes, and 12±1 ml/min for 12 minutes. Doppler flow signatures at the site of injury were characterized by high peak and end-diastolic flow velocities at the bleeding site which varied with the rate of hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: We have developed a hemodynamically stable model of acute arterial injury which can be used to evaluate diagnostic and treatment methods focused on control of the arterial injury site.

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