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Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major public health problem worldwide, and the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only available vaccine against this disease. The BCG vaccine is no longer a single organism; it consists of diverse strains. The early-shared strains of the BCG vaccine are stronger immunostimulators than the late-shared strains. In this study, we have employed a simple in vitro human model to broadly evaluate the differences among four widely used BCG vaccines during the characterization of strain-specific host immune responses. In general, the BCG Moreau vaccine generated a higher inflammatory cytokine profile and lower TGF-ß levels compared with the Russia, Pasteur, and Danish strains in the context of early sensitization with TB; however, no changes were observed in the IL-23 levels between infected and noninfected cultures. Unsurprisingly, the BCG vaccines provided different features, and the variances among those strains may influence the activation of infected host cells, which ultimately leads to distinct protective efficacy to tackle TB.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes. METHODS: Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals. RESULTS: Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP. CONCLUSIONS: Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.

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Abstract Purpose: To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes. Methods: Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals. Results: Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP. Conclusions: Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the breeding behavior of Brazilian Pony stallions during semen collection to examine the effect of age category (AC) and month of evaluation on the characteristics of breeding behavior. Nine stallions were evaluated during the breeding and non-breeding season, 5-8 (AC1) and 9-13 years (AC2) of age. The variables evaluated were reaction time (RT), mount time one (MT1) and two (MT2), mount and ejaculation time (MEjT), mounting without erection (MWEr), mounting without ejaculation (MWEj), flehmen, kicks, bites, smells, vocalizations and serum testosterone concentration. Analyses of variance and correlation were performed. The average scores were RT: 56.2±92.9s, MT1: 115.0±122.4s, MT2: 196.4±160.7s, MEjT: 21.8±3.2s, MWEr: 0.8±1.3s, MWEj: 2.1±3.5s, flehmen: 3.8±3.0s, kicks: 0.3±1.2s, bites: 1.0±2.0s, smells: 5.7±3.5s, vocalizations: 6.4±6.3s and testosterone: 0.89±0.52ng/mL. The AC affected the RT (P<0.05) but not the other traits. Month of evaluation did not affect most variables (P>0.05). The correlations between age and RT and between age and MT1 and MT2 were significant. The correlation between testosterone and MEjT was moderate and negative. The breeding behavior of Brazilian Pony stallions was similar across different months of evaluation and different age categories. The month of evaluation and age category also did not affect testosterone concentrations, meaning that semen collection is feasible throughout the year.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o seguimento de mulheres abaixo dos 40 anos com câncer de mama atendidas no Hospital Ophir Loyola no período de janeiro de 2008 a outubro de 2009. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram incluídas 92 pacientes cadastradas ao Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Pará. Foi realizada revisão de prontuários e aplicação de questionários, após assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido e aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Para a tabulação dos dados foi utilizado o software Microsoft Office Excel® 2007 e para a estatística o BioEstat 5.0. Resultados: Os tumores neoplásicos eram carcinoma ductal infiltrante em 87% (n=80); 41,3% (n=38) apresentaram topografia de neoplasia maligna da mama, sem outras especificações (SOE), sendo que 52,2% (n=48) se apresentam à direita e 45,7% (n=42) à esquerda. Notou-se que 64% (n=59) evoluíram com uma doença estável e 21% (n=19) a óbito. Dos óbitos, 53% (n=10) tinham entre 36 e 40 anos, com causa básica em 47% (n=9) de neoplasia maligna da mama, SOE e com 31,6% (n=6) com o óbito no primeiro e segundo ano de doença. Evoluíram com metástase 19,6% (n=18), sendo 50% (n=9) para ossos. Quanto ao estadiamento, 19,6% (n=18) no estágio IV e 28,3% (n=26) foram submetidas à cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia. Conclusão: A partir deste estudo se mostra indispensável o esclarecimento aos profissionais da saúde quanto à importância do câncer de mama acometendo uma faixa etária mais precoce da população feminina, em busca de um diagnóstico e seguimento mais eficaz, diminuindo a morbimortalidade na população.

Objective: To evaluate the follow-up of women under 40 years old with breast cancer treated at Hospital Ophir Loyola from January 2008 to October 2009. Methods: Epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. We included 92 patients enrolled in Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, Pará, Brazil. We performed chart review and questionnaires, after signing the consent form and approval by the Research Ethics Committee. For the tabulation of the data we used the software Microsoft Office Excel® 2007 and for the statistical analysis the BioEstat 5.0. Results: The neoplastic tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma 87% (n=80); 41,3% (n=38) showed the topography of malignant neoplasm of breast, not otherwise specified (SOE), and 52,2% (n=48) are presented to the right and 45,7% (n=42) to left. It was noted that 64% (n=59) presented stable disease and 21% (n=19) died. Of the deaths, 53% (n=10) were between 36?40 years old with underlying cause in 47% (n=9) of malignant neoplasm of breast, SOE and 31,6% (n=6), death the first and second year of the disease. Metastases were developed in 19,6% (n=18) being 50% (n=9) for bones. As for the staging, 19,6% (n=18) in stage IV and 28,3% (n=26) underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Conclusion: From this study it is indispensable to clarify health professionals about the importance of breast cancer affecting the earlier age of the female population, in search of a more effective diagnosis and management, reducing morbidity and mortality in the population.