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Crude glycerin (CG) is a biodiesel byproduct that has been tested as an alternative feed additive for use in beef production. After being absorbed, it is used in the liver to produce glucose, an important precursor of intramuscular fat in ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CG (439 g/kg glycerol) on the performance and meat quality of crossbred heifers finished in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Thirty-six heifers with an initial BW of 301.5 ±â€¯23.02 kg were used. They were supplemented for 154 days with the following levels of CG: mineral mixture (without CG), 33.3, 66.6 and 99.9 g/kg CG in the DM of the supplement. Supplement or pasture DM intakes, slaughter BW and carcass traits were not influenced (P > 0.05) by increasing levels of CG. The total fat content of the meat, the vaccenic (18:1 n-7t) and conjugated linoleic acid (18:2 c9-t11) increased with the addition of CG in the diet (P < 0.05). Crude glycerin can be included up to 99.9 g/kg of the total diet without changing the performance of crossbred heifers finished in the tropical pasture.

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Abstract The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis (α = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.

Resumo O tratamento de escolha para candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC), também conhecida como estomatite protética, é a terapia antifúngica tópica. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica de espécies de Candida de locais mucosos em portadores de prótese com diagnóstico de CAC e determinar a prevalência de variáveis associadas. A amostra consistiu em 44 pacientes portadores de próteses completas ou parciais que tiveram um diagnóstico clínico de CAC. Usando swab estéril, foram coletados espécimes da mucosa oral de todos os pacientes e cultivados a 30ºC durante 48 h em CHROMagar Candida, como forma de isolamento e triagem das espécies. A identificação complementar das espécies foi realizada no sistema automatizado VITEK 2 (BioMérieux), bem como a determinação da susceptibilidade delas a agentes antifúngicos. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O STATA 13.1 foi utilizado para análise estatística (α = 5%). Dos 44 pacientes com CAC, 33 (75%) apresentaram lesões classificadas como Newton tipo II. As leveduras foram isoladas em 38 casos. A espécie mais prevalente foi Candida albicans. Nenhum dos isolados foi resistente aos antifúngicos testados. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as indicações atuais para os agentes antifúngicos são apropriadas. Além disso, testes de susceptibilidade antifúngicos e identificação fúngica adequada podem ajudar os dentistas a determinar o curso ótimo de tratamento para CAC.

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The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis (α = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.

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The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis ( = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.(AU)

O tratamento de escolha para candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC), também conhecida como estomatite protética, é a terapia antifúngica tópica. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica de espécies de Candida de locais mucosos em portadores de prótese com diagnóstico de CAC e determinar a prevalência de variáveis associadas. A amostra consistiu em 44 pacientes portadores de próteses completas ou parciais que tiveram um diagnóstico clínico de CAC. Usando swab estéril, foram coletados espécimes da mucosa oral de todos os pacientes e cultivados a 30ºC durante 48 h em CHROMagar Candida, como forma de isolamento e triagem das espécies. A identificação complementar das espécies foi realizada no sistema automatizado VITEK 2 (BioMérieux), bem como a determinação da susceptibilidade delas a agentes antifúngicos. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O STATA 13.1 foi utilizado para análise estatística ( = 5%). Dos 44 pacientes com CAC, 33 (75%) apresentaram lesões classificadas como Newton tipo II. As leveduras foram isoladas em 38 casos. A espécie mais prevalente foi Candida albicans. Nenhum dos isolados foi resistente aos antifúngicos testados. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as indicações atuais para os agentes antifúngicos são apropriadas. Além disso, testes de susceptibilidade antifúngicos e identificação fúngica adequada podem ajudar os dentistas a determinar o curso ótimo de tratamento para CAC.(AU)

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Abstract The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis ( = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.

Resumo O tratamento de escolha para candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC), também conhecida como estomatite protética, é a terapia antifúngica tópica. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica de espécies de Candida de locais mucosos em portadores de prótese com diagnóstico de CAC e determinar a prevalência de variáveis associadas. A amostra consistiu em 44 pacientes portadores de próteses completas ou parciais que tiveram um diagnóstico clínico de CAC. Usando swab estéril, foram coletados espécimes da mucosa oral de todos os pacientes e cultivados a 30ºC durante 48 h em CHROMagar Candida, como forma de isolamento e triagem das espécies. A identificação complementar das espécies foi realizada no sistema automatizado VITEK 2 (BioMérieux), bem como a determinação da susceptibilidade delas a agentes antifúngicos. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O STATA 13.1 foi utilizado para análise estatística ( = 5%). Dos 44 pacientes com CAC, 33 (75%) apresentaram lesões classificadas como Newton tipo II. As leveduras foram isoladas em 38 casos. A espécie mais prevalente foi Candida albicans. Nenhum dos isolados foi resistente aos antifúngicos testados. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as indicações atuais para os agentes antifúngicos são apropriadas. Além disso, testes de susceptibilidade antifúngicos e identificação fúngica adequada podem ajudar os dentistas a determinar o curso ótimo de tratamento para CAC.

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AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of orthodontic bonding systems containing different antimicrobial agents, as well as the influence of antimicrobial agent incorporation in the bonding properties of these materials. METHODS: Eight databases were searched: PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Ibecs, BBO, Scielo and Google Scholar. Any study that evaluated antimicrobial activity in experimental or commercial orthodontic bonding systems was included. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were tabulated independently and in duplicated by two authors on pre-designed data collection form. DATA SYNTHESIS: The global analysis was carried out using a random-effects model, and pooled-effect estimates were obtained by comparing the standardised mean difference of each antimicrobial orthodontic adhesive with the respective control group. A p-value < .05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies were included in the qualitative analysis; of these, 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Antimicrobial agents such as silver nanoparticles, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, triclosan, cetylpyridinium chloride, Galla chinensis extract, acid ursolic, dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate, dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, zinc oxide and titanium oxide have been incorporated into orthodontic bonding systems. The antimicrobial agent incorporation in orthodontic bonding systems showed higher antimicrobial activity than the control group in agar diffusion (overall standardised mean difference: 3.71; 95% CI 2.98 to 4.43) and optical density tests (0.41; 95% CI -0.05 to 0.86) (p < .05). However, for biofilm, the materials did not present antimicrobial activity (6.78; 95% CI 4.78 to 8.77). Regarding bond strength, the global analysis showed antimicrobial orthodontic bonding systems were statistically similar to the control. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is evidence of antibacterial activity from in vitro studies, clinical and long-term studies are still necessary to confirm the effectiveness of antibacterial orthodontic bonding systems in preventing caries disease.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of feedlotting sheep fed diets containing different roughage sources. Twenty-one uncastrated male Santa Ines sheep were assigned to three treatments in a completely randomized design: corn silage (CS); forage palm combined with sugarcane bagasse (SB), and forage palm combined with Tifton 85 hay (TH). Economic viability and productive parameters of the animals were evaluated in each treatment. Animals of treatment TH had higher weight gain, better feed conversion, and lower productions costs (P0.05) in productive performance from the other treatments. The costs exceeded the revenue, resulting in negative profit for the diets tested. The high production costs of feedlot finishing using diets based on corn silage or palm combined with Tifton 85 hay or sugarcane bagasse make this activity unfeasible.

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica do confinamento de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes volumosas. Foram utilizados 21 ovinos machos Santa Inês, não castrados, distribuídos em três tratamentos: silagem de milho (SM); palma forrageira associada ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC); palma forrageira associada ao feno de Tifton 85 (FT) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica e os parâmetros produtivos dos ovinos em cada dieta ofertada. Os ovinos do tratamento FT tiveram maior (P0,05) quanto ao desempenho produtivo dos demais tratamentos. Os custos superaram a receita resultando em rentabilidade negativa para as dietas testadas. A terminação em confinamento, com dietas a base de silagem de milho, feno de Tifton 85 associada à palma ou bagaço de cana associada à palma, apresenta alto custo de produção e inviabiliza a atividade.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of feedlotting sheep fed diets containing different roughage sources. Twenty-one uncastrated male Santa Ines sheep were assigned to three treatments in a completely randomized design: corn silage (CS); forage palm combined with sugarcane bagasse (SB), and forage palm combined with Tifton 85 hay (TH). Economic viability and productive parameters of the animals were evaluated in each treatment. Animals of treatment TH had higher weight gain, better feed conversion, and lower productions costs (P<0.05). The worst performance and highest productions costs were observed for sheep fed CS (P<0.05). Sheep fed SB did not differ (P>0.05) in productive performance from the other treatments. The costs exceeded the revenue, resulting in negative profit for the diets tested. The high production costs of feedlot finishing using diets based on corn silage or palm combined with Tifton 85 hay or sugarcane bagasse make this activity unfeasible.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica do confinamento de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes volumosas. Foram utilizados 21 ovinos machos Santa Inês, não castrados, distribuídos em três tratamentos: silagem de milho (SM); palma forrageira associada ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BC); palma forrageira associada ao feno de Tifton 85 (FT) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica e os parâmetros produtivos dos ovinos em cada dieta ofertada. Os ovinos do tratamento FT tiveram maior (P<0,05) ganho em peso, melhor conversão alimentar e menor custo de produção. Os ovinos alimentados com SM apresentaram o pior (P<0,05) desempenho e os maiores custos de produção. Os ovinos alimentados com BC não diferiram (P>0,05) quanto ao desempenho produtivo dos demais tratamentos. Os custos superaram a receita resultando em rentabilidade negativa para as dietas testadas. A terminação em confinamento, com dietas a base de silagem de milho, feno de Tifton 85 associada à palma ou bagaço de cana associada à palma, apresenta alto custo de produção e inviabiliza a atividade.(AU)

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Abstract The treatment of choice for chronic atrophic candidiasis (CAC), also known as denture stomatitis, is topical antifungal therapy. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antifungal susceptibility of Candida species from mucosal sites in denture wearers with a diagnosis of CAC and determine the prevalence of associated variables. The sample consisted of 44 patients wearing complete or partial dentures who had a clinical diagnosis of CAC. Using sterile cotton swabs, specimens were collected from the oral mucosa of all patients and grown at 30ºC for 48 h in CHROMagar Candida, as a means of isolating and screening the species. The complementary identification of the species was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system (BioMérieux), as well as the determination of their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. STATA 13.1 was used for statistical analysis ( = 5%). Of 44 patients with CAC, 33 (75%) had lesions classified as Newton type II. Yeasts were isolated in 38 cases. The most prevalent species was Candida albicans. None of the isolates were resistant to the antifungals tested. Our findings suggest that current indications for antifungal agents are appropriate. Also, antifungal susceptibility testing and proper fungal identification can help dentists to determine the optimal course of treatment for CAC.

Resumo O tratamento de escolha para candidíase atrófica crônica (CAC), também conhecida como estomatite protética, é a terapia antifúngica tópica. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar, identificar e avaliar a susceptibilidade antifúngica de espécies de Candida de locais mucosos em portadores de prótese com diagnóstico de CAC e determinar a prevalência de variáveis associadas. A amostra consistiu em 44 pacientes portadores de próteses completas ou parciais que tiveram um diagnóstico clínico de CAC. Usando swab estéril, foram coletados espécimes da mucosa oral de todos os pacientes e cultivados a 30ºC durante 48 h em CHROMagar Candida, como forma de isolamento e triagem das espécies. A identificação complementar das espécies foi realizada no sistema automatizado VITEK 2 (BioMérieux), bem como a determinação da susceptibilidade delas a agentes antifúngicos. Os dados foram analisados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O STATA 13.1 foi utilizado para análise estatística ( = 5%). Dos 44 pacientes com CAC, 33 (75%) apresentaram lesões classificadas como Newton tipo II. As leveduras foram isoladas em 38 casos. A espécie mais prevalente foi Candida albicans. Nenhum dos isolados foi resistente aos antifúngicos testados. Nossas descobertas sugerem que as indicações atuais para os agentes antifúngicos são apropriadas. Além disso, testes de susceptibilidade antifúngicos e identificação fúngica adequada podem ajudar os dentistas a determinar o curso ótimo de tratamento para CAC.

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The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to water contamination and cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Brazil has been the world's top pesticide market consumer since 2008, with 381 approved pesticides for crop use. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on the occurrence of pesticide residues in Brazilian freshwaters. We searched for information in official agency records and peer-reviewed scientific literature. Risk quotients were calculated to assess the potential risk posed to aquatic life by the individual pesticides based on their levels of water contamination. Studies about the occurrence of pesticides in freshwaters in Brazil are scarce and concentrated in few sampling sites in 5 of the 27 states. Herbicides (21) accounted for the majority of the substances investigated, followed by fungicides (11), insecticides (10) and plant growth regulators (1). Insecticides are the class of major concern. Brazil would benefit from the implementation of a nationwide pesticide freshwater monitoring program to support preventive, remediation and enforcement actions.

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The Amazon has the largest watershed in the world, with abundant fresh water reserves. Such abundance contrasts with the quality of the water consumed in the riverine communities. This work highlights the importance of assessing the quality of water of the Solimões River in the stretch situated opposite the Community Nossa Senhora das Graças-Costa do Pesqueiro, in front of the town of Manacapuru-Amazonas-Brazil. The research aimed to evaluate environmental indicators for the quality of the river water as well as in households in this community, according to the regional seasonality. The monitored parameters such as conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, color, pH, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate were compared with the water quality standards in force in Brazil. Values well above the maximum level allowed (MLA) for color and turbidity parameters were found in some households, indicating that the water collected from the river is not getting appropriate treatment. The analysis of the correlation matrix of the parameters in the flood period of the river evidenced high correlation among dissolved oxygen (D.O), NO3 (-), Cl(-), SO4 (2-), and color. In this study, by principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that the characteristics of the water, obtained from the river to be consumed in the households, in the flood period showed similarities with the river water samples, indicating absence of efficient treatment for human consumption.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and qualitative characteristics of meat from feedlot young bulls fed ground soybean or ground cottonseed, with or without supplementation of vitamin E. A total of 40 Red Norte young bulls, with an initial average age of 20 months, and an initial average BW of 339±15 kg, were allotted in a completely randomized design using a 2×2 factorial arrangement, with two oilseeds, and daily supplementation or not of 2500 IU of vitamin E. The experimental period was for 84 days, which was preceded by an adaptation period of 28 days. The treatments were ground soybean (SB), ground soybean plus vitamin E (SBE), ground cottonseed (CS) and ground cottonseed plus vitamin E (CSE). The percentage of cottonseed and soybean in the diets (dry matter basis) was 24% and 20%, respectively. Diets were isonitrogenous (13% CP) and presented similar amount of ether extract (6.5%). The animals were slaughtered at average live weight of 464±15 kg, and samples were taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle for the measurement of fatty acid concentration and the evaluation of lipid oxidation and color of the beef. Before fatty acid extraction, muscle tissue and subcutaneous fat of the longissimus dorsi were separated to analyze fatty acid profile in both tissues. Supplementation of vitamin E did not affect fatty acid concentration, lipid oxidation and color (P>0.05). Subcutaneous fat from animals fed CS diet had greater C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0 contents (P<0.03). In addition, CS diets reduced the C18:1 and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 contents in subcutaneous fat (P<0.05). The muscle from animals fed CS tended to higher C16:0 and C18:0 contents (P<0.11), and decreased C18:1, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18:3 contents (P<0.05) compared with SB. The Δ9-desaturase index was greater in muscle from animals fed SB (P<0.01). At 42 days of age, meat from cattle fed SB had a greater lipid oxidation rate (P<0.05). Meat from animals fed SB diets had less lightness and redness indices than meat from animals fed CS diets after 14 days of age. In conclusion, the addition of ground cottonseed in the finishing diets did increase the saturated fatty acid content of the longissimus dorsi. However, animals fed cottonseed exhibited greater lightness and redness of beef. In this study, the addition of vitamin E did not affect qualitative characteristics of meat.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação das enzimas amilase, fitase e protease de formas isoladas e em associação, em dietas para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 300 codornas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: uma dieta controle e dietas formuladas com a suplementação de 300 ppm de amilase, 300 ppm de protease e 500 FTU/kg de fitase e com a associação de enzimas. Nas fórmulas com inclusão de enzimas houve aplicação de redução na exigência nutricional de um ou mais dos seguintes componentes: proteína, aminoácidos digestíveis, energia, cálcio e fósforo, valorizando o uso das enzimas. As avaliações foram realizadas em quatro períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliados desempenho (produção média de ovos, consumo de ração, peso médio dos ovos e conversão alimentar), qualidade dos ovos (proporção dos constituintes do ovo e peso específico dos ovos) e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da ração (coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos nas variáveis analisadas (P>0,05), indicando que as enzimas têm efeito benéfico, isoladamente ou em associação, mantendo o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of diets for laying Japanese quail with amylase, phytase and protease alone or in combination. Three-hundred quail were assigned to a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and six repetitions, with 10 animals per experimental unit. The treatments were: a control diet and diets supplemented with 300 ppm amylase, 300 ppm protease and 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg and the combination of these enzymes. In the diets containing the enzymes, the nutritional requirements of one or more of the following components were reduced: protein, digestible amino acids, energy, calcium and phosphorus, giving priority to the use of enzymes. The evaluations were performed over four periods of 21 days each. Performance (mean egg production, feed intake, mean egg weight, and feed conversion), egg quality (proportion of egg constituents and specific egg weight), and dietary nutrient digestibility (apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter and crude protein) were evaluated. There was no significant effect of the treatments on the variables analyzed (P>0.05), indicating that the enzymes, alone or in combination, have beneficial effects, maintaining performance and egg quality of Japanese quail...

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação das enzimas amilase, fitase e protease de formas isoladas e em associação, em dietas para codornas japonesas em postura. Foram utilizadas 300 codornas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: uma dieta controle e dietas formuladas com a suplementação de 300 ppm de amilase, 300 ppm de protease e 500 FTU/kg de fitase e com a associação de enzimas. Nas fórmulas com inclusão de enzimas houve aplicação de redução na exigência nutricional de um ou mais dos seguintes componentes: proteína, aminoácidos digestíveis, energia, cálcio e fósforo, valorizando o uso das enzimas. As avaliações foram realizadas em quatro períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliados desempenho (produção média de ovos, consumo de ração, peso médio dos ovos e conversão alimentar), qualidade dos ovos (proporção dos constituintes do ovo e peso específico dos ovos) e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da ração (coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta). Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos nas variáveis analisadas (P>0,05), indicando que as enzimas têm efeito benéfico, isoladamente ou em associação, mantendo o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of diets for laying Japanese quail with amylase, phytase and protease alone or in combination. Three-hundred quail were assigned to a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and six repetitions, with 10 animals per experimental unit. The treatments were: a control diet and diets supplemented with 300 ppm amylase, 300 ppm protease and 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg and the combination of these enzymes. In the diets containing the enzymes, the nutritional requirements of one or more of the following components were reduced: protein, digestible amino acids, energy, calcium and phosphorus, giving priority to the use of enzymes. The evaluations were performed over four periods of 21 days each. Performance (mean egg production, feed intake, mean egg weight, and feed conversion), egg quality (proportion of egg constituents and specific egg weight), and dietary nutrient digestibility (apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter and crude protein) were evaluated. There was no significant effect of the treatments on the variables analyzed (P>0.05), indicating that the enzymes, alone or in combination, have beneficial effects, maintaining performance and egg quality of Japanese quail...(AU)

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In this work, soft modeling based on chemometric analyses of coffee beverage sensory data and the chromatographic profiles of volatile roasted coffee compounds is proposed to predict the scores of acidity, bitterness, flavor, cleanliness, body, and overall quality of the coffee beverage. A partial least squares (PLS) regression method was used to construct the models. The ordered predictor selection (OPS) algorithm was applied to select the compounds for the regression model of each sensory attribute in order to take only significant chromatographic peaks into account. The prediction errors of these models, using 4 or 5 latent variables, were equal to 0.28, 0.33, 0.35, 0.33, 0.34 and 0.41, for each of the attributes and compatible with the errors of the mean scores of the experts. Thus, the results proved the feasibility of using a similar methodology in on-line or routine applications to predict the sensory quality of Brazilian Arabica coffee.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of ground oilseed sources on the quality, fatty acid profile, and CLA content of meat from zebu steers. Thirty-one zebu steers with an initial average age of 23 mo and an initial BW of 365 kg were used in this study. The experimental period was 84 d, which was preceded by an adaption period of 28 d. The diet was provided ad libitum with a forage:concentrate ratio of 40:60. Corn silage was used as the forage source. Four different concentrates were formulated for each treatment: without additional lipids (control) or with ground soybeans (SB), ground cottonseed (CS), or ground linseed (LS). The SB, CS, and LS diets were formulated to have 6.5% ether extract on a total dietary DM basis. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design. After slaughter, samples were taken from the longissimus thoracis muscle for the measurement of fatty acid concentration and the evaluation of meat quality. The luminosity index was greater in the control and LS diets (P < 0.01). The greatest percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), trans octadecenoic acid (C18:1 trans-10, trans-11, or trans-12), and SFA in the subcutaneous fat were observed in the CS treatment (P < 0.01). Moreover, the least percentages of oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9) and total unsaturated fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat were observed in the CS diet (P < 0.01). The meat linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid percentages were greatest in the SB and LS treatments, respectively (P < 0.001). The unsaturated fatty acid:SFA ratio was smallest for the CS diet (P < 0.01). A gradual increase in oxidation was observed as a function of storage time; however, the diets did not affect the rancidity of the meat (P > 0.05). The fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat was impaired by the addition of CS. Supplying ground oilseeds did not increase the content of CLA in the meat.

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Mathematical models based on chemometric analyses of the coffee beverage sensory data and NIR spectra of 51 Arabica roasted coffee samples were generated aiming to predict the scores of acidity, bitterness, flavour, cleanliness, body and overall quality of coffee beverage. Partial least squares (PLS) were used to construct the models. The ordered predictor selection (OPS) algorithm was applied to select the wavelengths for the regression model of each sensory attribute in order to take only significant regions into account. The regions of the spectrum defined as important for sensory quality were closely related to the NIR spectra of pure caffeine, trigonelline, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, cellulose, coffee lipids, sucrose and casein. The NIR analyses sustained that the relationship between the sensory characteristics of the beverage and the chemical composition of the roasted grain were as listed below: 1 - the lipids and proteins were closely related to the attribute body; 2 - the caffeine and chlorogenic acids were related to bitterness; 3 - the chlorogenic acids were related to acidity and flavour; 4 - the cleanliness and overall quality were related to caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid, polysaccharides, sucrose and protein.

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Volatile compounds in fifty-eight Arabica roasted coffee samples from Brazil were analyzed by SPME-GC-FID and SPME-GC-MS, and the results were compared with those from sensory evaluation. The main purpose was to investigate the relationships between the volatile compounds from roasted coffees and certain sensory attributes, including body, flavor, cleanliness and overall quality. Calibration models for each sensory attribute based on chromatographic profiles were developed by using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Discrimination of samples with different overall qualities was done by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The alignment of chromatograms was performed by the correlation optimized warping (COW) algorithm. Selection of peaks for each regression model was performed by applying the ordered predictors selection (OPS) algorithm in order to take into account only significant compounds. The results provided by the calibration models are promising and demonstrate the feasibility of using this methodology in on-line or routine applications to predict the sensory quality of unknown Brazilian Arabica coffee samples. According to the PLS-DA on chromatographic profiles of different quality samples, compounds 3-methypropanal, 2-methylfuran, furfural, furfuryl formate, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 4-ethylguaiacol, 3-methylthiophene, 2-furanmethanol acetate, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine, 1-(2-furanyl)-2-butanone and three others not identified compounds can be considered as possible markers for the coffee beverage overall quality.

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ABSTRACT The adoption of a diagrammatic scale that allows for the estimation of the severity of cotton diseases is essential for decision-making in regard to the proper moment to control them chemically. During the main crops of 2000 and 2001 field experiments were carried out, with five replications, using a random complete block design, to compare the reproducibility of estimations of severity of leaf spot caused by Stemphylium spp., Alternaria spp., Ramularia areola and Xanthomonas axopodis pv. malvacearumthrough scores given by 4 evaluators using different diagrammatic scales: one developed by the present authors, one by ANDRADE et al (1999), one by CIA et al (1999) and one by CIA & SALGADO (1997) on DeltaOpal cultivar. The evaluations were performed by 4 different appraisers at 66, 81, 100 and 114 days after emergence in the crop year 2000/2001 and at 71, 86, 106 and 124 days after emergence in the season 2001/2002 in 40 marked plants per plot. The diagrammatic scale allowed the evaluators to estimate the severities of leaf spot with different levels of symptoms, in the same plant, showing more uniformity in the results when the severity of the diseases was lower. The CIA; SALGADO (1997) scale demanded more competence from the evaluators for the right use of it for determination of spot severities of the Stemphylium/ Alternaria complex. Scale 1 (created by the authors) and the CIA et al. (1999) scale were more appropriate for the detection of initial symptoms of the ramularia leaf spot.

RESUMO A adoção de escalas diagramáticas que viabilizem estimar a severidade de doenças no algodoeiro é fundamental para a tomada de decisão do momento mais correto de se fazer o controle químico destas enfermidades na cultura. Nas safras 2000/2001 e 2001/2002 foram realizados experimentos a campo, com cinco repetições, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, objetivando comparar a reprodutibilidade da estimativa das severidades das manchas foliares causadas por Stemphylium spp., Alternaria spp., Ramularia areola e por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearumpor meio de escalas diagramáticas: uma desenvolvida pelos autores deste trabalho, a de ANDRADE et al. (1999), a de CIA et al. (1999) e a de CIA; SALGADO (1997) na cultivar Delta Opal. As avaliações foram realizadas por quatro diferentes avaliadores aos 66, 81, 100 e 114 dias após a emergência no ano agrícola 2000/2001 e aos 71, 86, 106 e 124 dias após a emergência na safra 2001/2002 em 40 plantas marcadas por parcela. As escalas propiciaram aos avaliadores estimarem as severidades das manchas foliares com graus diferentes de sintomas, em planta, apresentando resultados mais uniformes quando a severidade das doenças era baixa. A escala de CIA; SALGADO (1997) exigiu maior competência dos avaliadores para a sua utilização adequada na determinação da severidade das manchas do complexo Stemphylium/Alternaria. As escalas 1 (elaborada pelos autores deste trabalho) e de CIA et al. (1999) demonstraram-se mais adequadas para a detecção dos sintomas iniciais da mancha de ramulária.

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ABSTRACT plants, this experiment was carried out using the randomised complete block design with 4 replications (plots with 3,000 m²). The treatments were: 1) Pirephos (fenitrotion + esfenvalerate) 800 + 40 CE (0.6 L ha-1); 2) Sumidan (esfenvalerate) 150 CE (0.2 L ha-1); 3) Decis (deltametrin) 25 CE (0.4 L ha-1); 4) Thiodan (endosulfan) 350 CE (2.0 L ha-1); 5) Folidol (parathion methyl)) 600 CE (1.0 L ha-1) and 6) Control. The insecticides were applied at 62, 73, 84 and 95 days after crop emergence. To evaluate the biological disequilibrium an evaluation was made at the 125 days after crop emergence, by counting the number of infested plants with levels attribution for the symptoms severity found (damage scale from 1 to 10, where 1 = absence of symptoms and 10 = whole plants defoliated). The highest populational disequilibrium of the spider mite was caused by Folidol 600 CE, with 46% of infested plants and 1.72 average severity level; the second insecticide that caused more disequilibrium with 21.75% of infested plants and 0.5 for severity level was Thiodan 350 CE. The control and the other treatments were similar statistically.

RESUMO Objetivando-se avaliar o impacto de inseticidas químicos sobre a população de Tetranychus urticae Koch,1836 em algodoeiro foi realizado este experimento com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições (parcelas de 3.000 m2). Os tratamentos foram: 1) Pirephos (fenitrotion + esfenvalerate) 800 + 40 CE (0,6 l.ha-1); 2) Sumidan (esfenvalerate) 150 CE (0,2 l.ha-1); 3) Decis (deltametrina) 25 CE (0,4 l.ha-1); 4) Thiodan (endosulfan) 350 CE (2,0 l.ha-1); 5) Folidol (parationa-metílica) 600 CE (1,0 l.ha-1); 6) testemunha. Os inseticidas foram aplicados aos 62, 73, 84 e 95 dias após a emergência da cultura. Para avaliar o desequilíbrio biológico foi feita uma avaliação aos 125 dias após a emergência, contando-se o número de plantas infestadas pela praga com atribuição de notas para a severidade dos sintomas encontrados (escala de dano de 1 a 10, onde 1 = ausência de sintoma e 10 = plantas inteiramente desfolhadas). Folidol 600 CE provocou o maior desequilíbrio populacional do ácaro-rajado, com 46% de plantas infestadas e nota média para a severidade igual a 1,72; Thiodan 350 CE apresentou 21,75% de plantas infestadas e nota 0,5 para a severidade sendo o segundo inseticida que mais desequilibrou. Os demais tratamentos foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si e a testemunha.