RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the influence of caffeine (CAF) intake strategies, taking into account their form, timing, and dosage, on heart rate variability (HRV) indices in the post-exercise recovery period. METHODS: The meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023425885). A comprehensive literature search was carried out across MEDLINE, Web of Science, LILACS, and SCOPUS, concluding in May 2023. We concentrated on randomized clinical trials comparing CAF supplementation effects to placebo on HRV indices post-exercise in active adults aged 18 and above. The primary endpoint was the assessment of HRV indices, measured both prior to and following exercise. RESULTS: Of the 10 studies included, 7 were used for the meta-analysis, and all contributed to the systematic review. The research explored a variety of CAF strategies, spanning different forms (capsule, drink, gum), times (10, 45, 60 min) and doses (2.1 to 6.0 mg/kg). The outcomes revealed no substantial variations between the placebo and CAF conditions in terms of both the square root of the average of successive squared differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.03, 95% CI -0.265 to 0.197, p=0.77) and high frequency (HF) index (SMD -0.061, 95% CI -0.272 to 0.150, p=0.57). Furthermore, metaregression analysis, employing a fixed-effects model and accounting for the administered CAF doses, revealed no significant correlation between caffeine doses and HRV indices (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there is moderate-certainty evidence suggesting that different CAF intake strategies, encompassing aspects such as form, time, and dose, do not have a significant impact on HRV indices recovery post-exercise (i.e., vagal modulation).

Asunto(s)

Cafeína , Ejercicio Físico , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/administración & dosificación , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Recuperación de la Función , Recuperación Después del Ejercicio

RESUMEN

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different caffeine dietary strategies to compare the impact on athletic performance and cardiac autonomic response. The order of the supplementation was randomly assigned: placebo(4-day)-placebo(acute)/PP, placebo(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/PC and caffeine(4-day)-caffeine(acute)/CC. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (simulated cycling). CC and PC showed improvements in time (CC vs PP, Δ - 39.3 s and PC vs PP, Δ - 43.4 s; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.33) and in output power (CC vs PP, Δ 5.55 w and PC vs PP, Δ 6.17 w; P = 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.30). At the final of the time-trial, CC and PC exhibited greater parasympathetic modulation (vagal tone) when compared to the PP condition (P < 0.00; ƞ2 = 0.92). Our study provided evidence that acute caffeine intake (6 mg∙kg-1) increased performance (time-trial) and demonstrated a relevant cardioprotective effect, through increased vagal tone.

Asunto(s)

Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Ciclismo/estadística & datos numéricos , Cafeína/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Ejercicio Físico , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Adulto , Cafeína/sangre , Cardiotónicos/sangre , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/sangre , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxígeno

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association among overweight, obesity and high blood pressure in Brazilian students aged between 6 and 10 years old. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out in the city of Macaé, RJ, in which body mass, height and blood pressure were collected. The body mass index was calculated using the Anthro Plus software and classified according to SISVAN. High systolic/diastolic blood pressure when ≥ 90th percentile by age, gender and height/age percentile (7th Brazilian Guideline on Hypertension). Logistic regression with a 95% confidence interval, using SPSS software were done. RESULTS: A total of 911 children were evaluated and, after stratification by nutritional status, the underweight were excluded. Among the remaining 888 children, the prevalence of overweight was 17.7% and obesity 16.2%. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 34%, with no statistical difference between gender (p=0.57). Overweight was significantly associated with high blood pressure in the 8-9 year old group (OR 1.99; p=004), while obesity was associated in both groups (6-7 year old OR 2.50; p=0.004 and 8-9 year old OR 4.21 p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The results showed that overweight and obesity significantly increased the chance of high blood pressure among children aged 6 to 10 years old.

Asunto(s)

Hipertensión/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Prevalencia , Estudiantes

RESUMEN

Identificar a prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade abdominal de forma isolada e combinada em escolares de 6 a 10 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 1267 escolares do município de Macaé, RJ, Brasil. Os dados antropométricos analisados foram a massa corporal, a estatura, e a perimetria da cintura (PC). Os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram usados para definir o sobrepeso e a obesidade. A obesidade abdominal (OA) foi estimada pela relação cintura/estatura (RCEst) ≥0,50. A prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade nos escolares foi de 33,8% e 16,4%, respectivamente.A prevalência de OA foi de 22,7%, sendo 11,9% meninas e 10,8% meninos (p>0,05). Verificamos que 37,7 %das crianças com sobrepeso apresentam OA, sendo mais presente entre as meninas em comparação com os meninos (50% vs. 26,3%, respetivamente; p<0,05). Entre as crianças obesas, 93,7% apresentaram OA. O status de peso dos escolares esteve acompanhado pela elevada prevalência de excesso de peso e pela presença combinação de obesidade e OA, encontradas em ambos os sexos e em todas as idades.

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To identify the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in an isolated and combined way in schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years old. 1267 schoolchildren from Macaé, RJ, and Brazil participated in the study. The anthropometric data analyzed were body mass, height, and waist circumference (WC). The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to define overweight and obesity. Abdominal obesity (AO) was estimated by the waist / height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.50. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren was 33.8% and 16.4%, respectively. The prevalence of AO was 22.7%, 11.9% girls and 10.8% boys (p> 0.05). We found that 37.7% of overweight children have AO, being more present among girls when compared to boys (50% vs. 26.3%, respectively; p <0.05). Among obese children, 93.7% had AO. The students' weight status was accompanied by the high prevalence of overweight and the presence of a combination of obesity and AO, found in both sexes and at all ages.

RESUMEN

The present study investigated whether the caffeine supplementation for four days would induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters of cyclists. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design was employed, involving four experimental trials; placebo (4-day)-placebo (acute)/PP, placebo (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/PC, caffeine (4-day)-caffeine (acute)/CC and caffeine (4-day)-placebo (acute)/CP. Fourteen male recreationally-trained cyclists ingested capsules containing either placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) for 4 days. On day 5 (acute), capsules containing placebo or caffeine (6 mg∙kg-1) were ingested 60 min before completing a 16 km time-trial (TT). CC and PC showed improvements in time (3.54%, ES = 0.72; 2.53%, ES = 0.51) and in output power (2.85%, ES = 0.25; 2.53%, ES = 0.20) (p < 0.05) compared to CP and PP conditions, respectively. These effects were accompanied by increased heart rate (2.63%, ES = 0.47; 1.99%, ES = 0.34), minute volume (13.11%, ES = 0.61; 16.32%, ES = 0.75), expired O2 fraction (3.29%, ES = 0.96; 2.87, ES = 0.72), lactate blood concentration (immediately after, 29.51% ES = 0.78; 28.21% ES = 0.73 recovery (10 min), 36.01% ES = 0.84; 31.22% ES = 0.81), and reduction in expired CO2 fraction (7.64%, ES = 0.64; 7.75%, ES = 0.56). In conclusion, these results indicate that caffeine, when ingested by cyclists in a dose of 6 mg∙kg-1 for 4 days, does not induce tolerance to the ergogenic effects promoted by acute intake on physiological, metabolic, and performance parameters.

Asunto(s)

Rendimiento Atlético , Ciclismo/fisiología , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Cafeína/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Sustancias para Mejorar el Rendimiento , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos en la Nutrición Deportiva/fisiología , Adulto , Glucemia , Cafeína/sangre , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Fatiga/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Lactatos/sangre , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to access the association between overweight or obesity and abdominal obesity (AO) and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) of schoolchildren. METHODS: We evaluated body weight (BW), height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glycaemia (FG), blood pressure (BP), triacylglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 501 students (6-10 y of age) from municipal schools in Macaé, Brazil. Statistical analyses were performed by χ2, Fisher exact tests, and odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval [CI]). RESULTS: Children with overweight or obesity had higher TG, TC, and BP values than normal weight children (P < 0.05). The same trend was observed in children with AO versus those without AO. Among the schoolchildren, 58.5% had at least one CRF. Overweight or obese children had increased risk for high BP (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 2.4-6.57), high TGs (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.64-4.8), high TC (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.53-4), high LDL-C (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.09-8.6) and two or more CRFs (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.89-7.3). Children with AO had increased risk for high BP (OR, 3.97; 95% CI, 2.18-7.22), high TGs (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.79-6.49), high TC (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.39-4.75), high LDL-C (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.24-11.07), and two or more CRFs (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.82-5.78). Schoolchildren with CRFs presented higher means of BW, BMI, WC, FG, TGs, TC, LDL-C, SBP, DBP, and lower HDL-C than children without CRFs. CONCLUSION: The relationship between increased body weight or AO and CRF, described in the present data, reinforces the importance of early prevention of excess weight in children.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Obesidad Abdominal , Glucemia , Presión Sanguínea , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo Cardiometabólico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad Abdominal/complicaciones , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Sobrepeso/complicaciones , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Circunferencia de la Cintura

RESUMEN

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar associação entre sobrepeso, obesidade e pressão arterial elevada em escolares brasileiros com idade entre 6 e 10 anos incompletos. Método: Estudo seccional realizado no município de Macaé, RJ, em que foi coletado massa corporal, estatura e pressão arterial. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado pelo software Anthro Plus e classificado conforme SISVAN. Pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica elevada quando ≥ percentil 90 por idade, sexo e percentil da estatura/idade (7ª Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão). A análise foi por regressão logística com intervalo de confiança 95%, software SPSS. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 911 crianças e, após estratificação por estado nutricional, as com magreza foram excluídas. Entre as 888 crianças restantes, a prevalência de sobrepeso foi 17,7% e obesidade 16,2%. A prevalência de pressão arterial elevada foi 34%, não diferindo entre sexo (p=0,57). Sobrepeso foi significativamente associado à pressão elevada no grupo de 8-9 anos (OR 1,99; p=0,004), enquanto a obesidade associou-se em ambos os grupos (6-7 anos OR 2,50; p=0,004 e 8-9 anos OR 4,21 p=0,001). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que sobrepeso e obesidade aumentaram expressivamente a chance de pressão arterial elevada entre crianças de 6 a 10 anos incompletos.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprobar la asociación entre sobrepeso, obesidad y presión arterial alta en escolares brasileños con edad comprendida entre 6 y 10 años incompletos. Método: Se trata de un estudio seccional realizado en el municipio de Macaé, Río de Janeiro, en el que se recogió masa corporal, estatura y presión arterial. El índice de masa corporal se calculó con el software Anthro Plus y se clasificó conforme SISVAN. Se estima como presión arterial sistólica/diastólica alta ≥ 90 percentil por edad, sexo y percentil de estatura/ edad (7ª Directiva Brasileña de Hipertensión). El análisis se realizó por regresión logística con intervalo de confianza del 95% mediante el software SPSS. Resultados: Se evaluó un total de 911 niños y, tras la estratificación por estado nutricional, se excluyeron los delgados. Entre los 888 niños restantes, la prevalencia del sobrepeso era del 17,7% y la obesidad, del 16,2%. La prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial fue del 34%, sin diferencia entre géneros (p=0,57). El sobrepeso estaba asociado significativamente a la hipertensión arterial en el grupo de 8-9 años (OR 1,99; p=0,004), y la obesidad, a ambos grupos (6-7 años OR 2,50; p=0,004 y 8-9 años OR 4,21 p=0,001). Conclusión: Los resultados demuestran que el sobrepeso y la obesidad de niños entre 6 y 10 años incompletos aumentan expresivamente la posibilidad de padecer hipertensión.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association among overweight, obesity and high blood pressure in Brazilian students aged between 6 and 10 years old. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out in the city of Macaé, RJ, in which body mass, height and blood pressure were collected. The body mass index was calculated using the Anthro Plus software and classified according to SISVAN. High systolic/diastolic blood pressure when ≥ 90th percentile by age, gender and height/age percentile (7th Brazilian Guideline on Hypertension). Logistic regression with a 95% confidence interval, using SPSS software were done. Results: A total of 911 children were evaluated and, after stratification by nutritional status, the underweight were excluded. Among the remaining 888 children, the prevalence of overweight was 17.7% and obesity 16.2%. The prevalence of high blood pressure was 34%, with no statistical difference between gender (p=0.57). Overweight was significantly associated with high blood pressure in the 8-9 year old group (OR 1.99; p=004), while obesity was associated in both groups (6-7 year old OR 2.50; p=0.004 and 8-9 year old OR 4.21 p=0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that overweight and obesity significantly increased the chance of high blood pressure among children aged 6 to 10 years old.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Estudiantes , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Presión Arterial , Índice de Masa Corporal , Modelos Logísticos , Estado Nutricional , Estudios Transversales , Distribución por Sexo , Distribución por Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: to describe the measurement process of the body mass in children under seven years old, assisted by community health agents in primary health care units of the Family Health Strategy, in Macaé-RJ, Brazil. METHODS: a descriptive study with community health agents who measured the body mass of children, from August 2010 to August 2011. RESULTS: ¾ (n=65) of the community health agents from Macaé Primary Health Care were observed in 196 measurements; in 66.8% of measurements, the professionals used domestic scales (p<0.001); 65.3% of the scales were put on uneven floor; the procedure 'undress the child' was followed in 18.4% of cases; of those, 72.2% were performed properly (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: failures in the technical procedures of measurement were detected, pointing to the need to expand the reflection and discussion on the impact of the measurements, which help determine the nutritional diagnose of children.

Asunto(s)

Índice de Masa Corporal , Agentes Comunitarios de Salud/organización & administración , Atención Primaria de Salud/métodos , Antropometría/métodos , Brasil , Niño , Preescolar , Salud de la Familia , Humanos , Atención Primaria de Salud/normas

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: descrever o processo de medição da massa corporal de crianças menores de sete anos assistidas pelos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) nas unidades básicas de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família em Macaé-RJ, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com ACS que mediram a massa corporal de crianças entre agosto de 2010 e agosto de 2011. RESULTADOS: do total de ACS da Atenção Básica de Macaé, ¾ (n=65) foram observados em 196 medições de crianças; detectou-se a utilização de 66,8% de balanças de uso doméstico pelos profissionais (p<0,001); 65,3% das balanças foram posicionadas em chão desnivelado; o procedimento 'despir a criança' foi realizado em 18,4% das medições, e destas, 72,2% adequadamente (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: detectaram-se falhas nos procedimentos técnicos de medição, indicando a necessidade de ampliar a reflexão e discussão sobre o impacto das medidas geradas na determinação dos diagnósticos nutricionais do público infantil.

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OBJETIVO: describir el proceso de medición de la masa corporal de los niños menores de siete años por trabajadores comunitarios de salud (TCS) en unidades básicas con Estrategia de Salud de la Familia en Macaé-RJ, Brasil. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con TCS que midieron la masa corporal de niños, entre agosto 2010-2011. RESULTADOS: del total de ACS de Atención Primaria de Macaé, ¾ (n=65) fueron observados en 196 mediciones; se detectó que 66,8% de los TCS usaba las balanzas de uso doméstico (p<0,001); 65,3% colocándola en un terreno irregular; el procedimiento de 'desvestir al niño' se realizó en 18,4% de las veces; siendo que 72,2% lo realizaba correctamente (p<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: se detectaron fallas en los procedimientos técnicos de acuerdo con la literatura; hay una necesidad de ampliar la reflexión y el debate sobre el impacto de las medidas generadas en la determinación del diagnóstico nutricional y la formulación de políticas públicas para la infancia.

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OBJECTIVE: to describe the measurement process of the body mass in children under seven years old, assisted by community health agents in primary health care units of the Family Health Strategy, in Macaé-RJ, Brazil. METHODS: a descriptive study with community health agents who measured the body mass of children, from August 2010 to August 2011. RESULTS: ¾ (n=65) of the community health agents from Macaé Primary Health Care were observed in 196 measurements; in 66.8% of measurements, the professionals used domestic scales (p<0.001); 65.3% of the scales were put on uneven floor; the procedure 'undress the child' was followed in 18.4% of cases; of those, 72.2% were performed properly (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: failures in the technical procedures of measurement were detected, pointing to the need to expand the reflection and discussion on the impact of the measurements, which help determine the nutritional diagnose of children.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Atención Primaria de Salud , Índice de Masa Corporal , Antropometría/métodos , Epidemiología Descriptiva

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the curves of cardiorespiratory variables during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in soccer players who had acute alterations in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after performing the pre-season training protocol. Sixteen male professional soccer players (25 ± 3 years; 179 ± 2 cm; and 77 ± 6 kg) were evaluated for oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and pulse relative oxygen (relative O2 Pulse) curves with intervals corresponding to 10% of the total duration of CPET. Athletes were grouped according to the GFR and classified as decreased GFR (dGFR; n = 8) and normal GFR (nGFR; n = 8). Athletes from the dGFR group exhibited lower VO2 values (p < 0.05) when 90% (dGFR 49.8 ± 4.0 vs. nGFR 54.4 ± 6.1 ml·kg-1·min-1) and 100% (dGFR 52.6 ± 4.1 vs. nGFR 57.4 ± 5.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) of the test was complete; HR high values (p < 0.05) when 90% (dGFR 183.7 ± 5.1 vs. nGFR 176.6 ± 4.8 bpm-1) and 100% (dGFR 188.1 ± 5.0 vs. nGFR 180.8 ± 4.8 bpm-1) of the test was complete; and lower relative O2 Pulse values (p < 0.05) when 70% (dGFR 25.6 ± 8.4 vs. nGFR 27.9 ± 9.7 ml·beat-1·kg-1), 80% (dGFR 26.6 ± 8.8 vs. nGFR 29.1 ± 10.0 ml·beat-1·kg-1), 90% (dGFR 27.1 ± 9.0 vs. nGFR 30.8 ± 10.6 ml·beat-1·kg-1) and 100% (dGFR 28 ± 9.2 vs. nGFR 31.8 ± 10.9 ml·beat-1·kg-1) of the test was complete. A correlation was found (r = -0.66, R2 = 0.44, p = 0.00) between lower VO2 peak and elevated levels of urinary protein excretion. In conclusion, soccer players with reduced kidney function after performing the pre-season training protocol also presented alterations in cardiopulmonary variables. We suggest that monitoring of renal function may be used to identify less conditioned soccer players.

RESUMEN

The metabolic risk factors (RF) to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been evidenced at early ages, including children. The aim of the present study was to identify the prevalence of RF to the diagnosis of MetS and its association with nutritional status of schoolchildren from 6 to 10 years old. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 505 students of municipal schools in Macae, Brazil, conducted from 2013 to 2014. The RF evaluated were: blood pressure (mm Hg), triglycerides (mmol/L), HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) fasting glucose (mmol/L) and waist circumference (cm). At least one RF was present in 61% (n = 308) of the sample. By nutritional status, there was higher prevalence of RF in overweight/obese schoolchildren compared to those with normal weight, except in the concentration of HDL-c. The prevalence of one, two and three RF (MetS) were 34.7% (n = 175), 21.0% (n = 106) and 5.3% (n = 27), respectively. Two RF were more present in overweight (28.2% 95%CI 19.0; 39.0) and obese (41.5% 95%CI 31.4; 52.1) compared to normal weight children (13.5% 95%CI 9.9; 17.8). Three or more RF were more frequent among obese (25.5% 95%CI 17.0; 35.5) in relation to overweight (2.4% 95%CI 0.2; 8.2) and normal weight children (0.3% 95%CI 0; 1.7). The data indicate high prevalence of RF and its relationship with the magnitude of body weight excess. Therefore, the identification and early treatment of these RF might minimize the risk of MetS and related diseases.

RESUMEN

AIM: To systematically review studies that investigated the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of physically disabled adult subjects. METHODS: The studies were identified via MedLine, Science Direct, Science Search, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Wiley, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cochrane, Indice Bibliográfico Espanõl de Ciencias de la Salud, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe. No restriction on publication date was imposed. RESULTS: Data from 6 studies were included. The results showed that physically disabled adult subjects have a lower BMR and/or RMR compared to nondisabled subjects. However, the difference between the groups disappeared when the BMR and RMR were adjusted for fat-free mass. Due to the small number of studies on this subject and the limited types of physical disabilities evaluated in the literature, we could not make a definitive conclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Disabled individuals seem to have a lower absolute BMR and/or RMR than able-bodied adults; however, this difference was not present or else it disappeared in half of the studies, after adjusting for body mass and/or fat-free mass.

Asunto(s)

Metabolismo Basal , Personas con Discapacidad , Paraplejía/metabolismo , Adulto , Composición Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto

RESUMEN

Eating disorders are serious mental diseases that frequently appear in female athletes. They are abnormal eating behaviors that can be diagnosed only by strict criteria. Disordered eating, although also characterized as abnormal eating behavior, does not include all the criteria for diagnosing eating disorders and is therefore a way to recognize the problem in its early stages. It is important to identify factors to avoid clinical progression in this high-risk population. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss critical information for the prevention of eating disorders in female athletes. This review discusses the major correlates for the development of an eating disorder. We also discuss which athletes are possibly at highest risk for eating disorders, including those from lean sports and female adolescent athletes. There is an urgent need for the demystification of myths surrounding body weight and performance in sports. This review includes studies that tested different prevention programs' effectiveness, and the majority showed positive results. Educational programs are the best method for primary prevention of eating disorders. For secondary prevention, early identification is essential and should be performed by preparticipation exams, the recognition of dietary markers, and the use of validated self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews. In addition, more randomized clinical trials are needed with athletes from multiple sports in order for the most reliable recommendations to be made and for some sporting regulations to be changed.

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of disordered eating and possible health consequences in adolescent female tennis players. This cross-sectional controlled study investigated the pubertal development (Tanner stages); body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-DXA); dietary intake (food record); presence of disordered eating (EAT-26, BITE and BSQ); menstrual status (questionnaire) and bone mineral density (DXA). The Female Athlete Triad (FAT) was divided into two severity stages. The study included 45 adolescents (24 athletes and 21 controls) at some pubertal developmental stage. The athletes exhibited better body composition profiles. We found that 91.7%, 33.3% and 25% of athletes and 71.4%, 9.5% and 33.3% of controls met criteria for disordered eating and/or low energy availability, menstrual irregularities and low bone mass, respectively. A greater percentage of athletes than controls presented with 1 and 2 FAT components (stage I), and 4.2% presented with the full syndrome. In conclusion, tennis players appear to present with more severe disorders than controls and should be monitored to avoid damage to their performance and health.

Asunto(s)

Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina/epidemiología , Tenis , Adolescente , Amenorrea/epidemiología , Amenorrea/etiología , Composición Corporal , Densidad Ósea , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Menstruación , Osteoporosis/epidemiología , Osteoporosis/etiología , Prevalencia , Tenis/psicología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To verify associations among body composition, biochemical parameters, and food intake in adolescent female swimmers with and without disordered eating (DE). METHODS: Seventy-seven athletes 11 to 19 y old from clubs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were studied. DE was assessed through three questionnaires (Eating Attitudes Test-26; Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; and Body Shape Questionnaire), body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and food intake by a 3-d diet record. Biochemical parameters related to iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were analyzed. The Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Spearman coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: DE was found in 44.2% of the sample. DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented greater body fat percentage (11-14 y: 27.5% versus 23.4%, P = 0.023; 15-19 y: 30.2% versus 24.1%, P = 0.006) and fat mass (11-14 y: 13.8 versus 10.3 kg, P = 0.010; 15-19 y: 17.0 versus 13.2 kg, P = 0.027). In relation to food intake, DE-positive athletes presented lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Most other dietary parameters showed a low adequacy of consumption, with no difference between athletes with and without DE. Four DE-positive athletes presented anemia or iron deficiency. CONCLUSION: DE-positive compared with DE-negative athletes presented a higher percentage of body fat and fat mass, lower protein consumption in the 11- to 14-y-old group, and lower calcium intake adequacy in the 15- to 19-y-old group. Greater attention should be given to the nutritional state of these athletes, considering the number of adolescents with anemia and an inadequate dietary intake.

Asunto(s)

Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/etiología , Natación/fisiología , Adolescente , Anemia Ferropénica/etiología , Composición Corporal , Brasil , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Niño , Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ingestión de Energía , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/patología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiopatología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Femenino , Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina/etiología , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Natación/psicología , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

INTRODUÇÃO: No esporte, o corpo atlético com baixo percentual de gordura é o mais desejado. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de disfunções menstruais e identificar se a composição corporal, especialmente a gordura corporal e o treinamento, são fatores associados a estas disfunções em adolescentes brasileiras nadadoras competitivas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 78 atletas, 11-19 anos, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A presença de disfunções mentruais e o treinamento foram avaliados por meio de questionário validado; a composição corporal por DXA e as análises estatísticas pelo SPSS 17.0. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 14,6 ± 0,2 anos. Das atletas pós-menarca, 26,3% preencheram os critérios de disfunções menstruais. Atletas oligomenorreicas iniciaram o treinamento esportivo mais novas quando comparadas às eumenorreicas (5,7 ± 3,1 anos versus 7,3 ± 2,4 anos, p = 0,04), porém não houve diferença em relação à composição corporal (massa corporal total e gordura corporal: 56,1 ± 6,5kg e 26,3% ± 4,9 versus 53,3 ± 6,9kg e 25,5 ± 6,5%, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A idade de início do treinamento esportivo, mas não a composição corporal, apresentou diferença entre adolescentes nadadoras brasileiras em nível competitivo com e sem disfunção menstrual.

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INTRODUCTION: in sports, an athletic body type with low body fat is the most desired. OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of menstrual disorders and identify if body composition, especially body fat and training are associated factors of menstrual disorders in Brazilian competitive adolescent swimmers. METHODS: the sample consisted of 78 female athletes, 11 - 19-year olds, from the city of Rio de Janeiro. The presence of menstrual disorder and training were assessed through a validated questionnaire. Body composition was measured by DXA. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: the athletes' mean age was 14.6 ± 0.2 years. Concerning the post-menarcheal athletes, 26.3% met the criteria for menstrual irregularity. Oligomenorrheic athletes started training younger than eumenorrheic ones (5.7 ± 3.1 years versus 7.3 ± 2.4 years, p=0.04), but there was no difference in relation to body composition (total body mass and body fat: 56.1 ± 6.5 kg and 26.3% ± 4.9 versus 53.3 ± 6.9 kg and 25.5 ± 6.5%, respectively). CONCLUSION: age of beginning of training instead of body composition is associated with menstrual disorder in Brazilian competitive adolescent swimmers.

RESUMEN

The purpose of the study was to make a systematic review and describe and confront recent studies that compare the presence of disordered eating and its complications in young female athletes and controls subjects - PubMed, Scielo, Medline, ScienceDirect, WILEY InterScience, Lilacs and Cochrane were the databases used for this review. Out of 169 studies 22 were selected and 11,000 women from 68 sports were studied. The short version of the EAT was the most common instrument used to track disordered eating. Results showed that 55% found no significant difference in the percentage of disordered eating between athletes and controls. Also a higher percentage of studies reported higher frequency of menstrual dysfunction in athletes than controls and finally 50% of the studies found incidence of low bone mass in controls. Not all the studies that investigated all the conditions in the triad, but the authors concluded that it seemed that athletes were in more severe stage of this disorder. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a definitive conclusion about the groups and at highest risk for disordered eating and its complications remains to be elucidated.

Asunto(s)

Amenorrea/epidemiología , Atletas/psicología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina , Amenorrea/etiología , Densidad Ósea , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Deportes/fisiología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Female athlete triad (FAT) is a syndrome characterized by the simultaneous presence of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteopenia or osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of FAT in adolescent elite women swimmers. METHODS: The sample was composed of 78 athletes in the age range of 11-19 y from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The presence of disordered eating was assessed through three questionnaires (Eating Attitudes Test, Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh, and Body Shape Questionnaire); the presence of menstrual dysfunctions, through a validated questionnaire; and bone dysfunctions, through assessment of bone mineral density by applying the method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The t test was used to compare means. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the association among categorical variables (P < 0.05). Pearson's coefficients of simple linear correlation between the variables of lean body mass and body mineral density at the spine (L1-L4) and overall in the body were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves to estimate mean menarche age were obtained. All analyses were conducted in SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: The athletes' mean age at menarche was 12.38 +/- 0.2 y. It was verified that 44.9%, 19.2%, and 15.4% of the athletes met the criteria for disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and low bone mass, respectively. Among participants, 47.4% (37 of 78) met one criterion of FAT, 15.4% (12 of 78) met two criteria, and 1.3% (1 of 78) met all three criteria, corresponding with the development of the syndrome. Only 35.9% (28 of 78) of the athletes did not present positive results for any of the criteria assessed. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FAT was low. However, a significant number of athletes presented a partial status of FAT, especially of disordered eating. The present study suggests the need to monitor the causes of these disorders to create preventive actions that will reverse or avoid the development of the syndrome, thus preserving the athletes' health.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/epidemiología , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/epidemiología , Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Menstruación/epidemiología , Natación , Absorciometría de Fotón , Adolescente , Densidad Ósea/fisiología , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/prevención & control , Brasil/epidemiología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/prevención & control , Femenino , Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina/diagnóstico , Síndrome de la Tríada de la Atleta Femenina/prevención & control , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Menarquia/fisiología , Trastornos de la Menstruación/diagnóstico , Trastornos de la Menstruación/prevención & control , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da suplementação dos ácidos graxos ômega 3 em atletas de natação sobre indicadores bioquímicos. MÉTODOS: Nadadores de elite (n = 14) do sexo masculino foram avaliados em estudo randomizado, controlado por placebo pelo período de seis semanas (45 dias). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeu óleo mineral (n = 6) e o grupo suplementado (n = 8), óleo de peixe (GOP) contendo, no total, 950mg de ácido eicosapentaenóico e 500mg de ácido docosapentaenóico. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas imediatamente antes (T0), aos 15 (T15), aos 30 (T30) e aos 45 (T45) dias de suplementação para análise da composição dos ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa e para quantificação das lipoproteínas plasmáticas através de kits comerciais específicos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados revelaram um desajuste na dieta dos atletas considerando a ingestão g/kg de massa corporal dos macronutrientes. A análise do questionário de freqüência de consumo mostrou que os atletas não ingeriram regularmente fontes alimentares de ômega 3 e que o consumo de peixes, em 85 por cento da amostra, era inferior ou igual a uma vez na semana. O perfil de ácidos graxos plasmáticos evidenciou aumento dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega 3 (P < 0,05) e redução do ácido araquidônico no grupo suplementado (P < 0,05). A suplementação com óleo de peixe ocasionou efeito hipocolesterolêmico, com redução nos teores sanguíneos de VLDL, LDL e colesterol total. Os valores de HDL não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos em nenhum momento estudado (P > 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação de ácidos graxos N-3 em atletas nadadores altera os indicadores bioquímicos do metabolismo lipídico, influenciando na redução das lipoproteínas plasmáticas, ricas em colesterol e na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares.

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PURPOSE: To assess the effects of omega 3 fatty acid supplementation to swimmers on biochemical indicators. METHODS: Male elite swimmers (n = 14) were assessed in a placebo-controlled randomized study over a 6-week (45-day) experimental period. The placebo group (GP) received mineral oil (n = 6) and the supplemented group (GOP) received fish oil (n = 8) containing a total of 950 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 500 mg of docosapentaenoic acid. Immediately before starting the supplementation (T0), as well as 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 45 (T45) days after that point, blood samples were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acids composition, and by specific commercial kits for plasmatic lipoproteins. RESULTS: The results showed that the diets of the swimmers were unbalanced regarding the macronutrient ingestion/body weight ratio (g/kg). The analysis of the consumption frequency questionnaire showed that (1) the swimmers have not regularly ingested omega 3 dietary sources and (2) the fish consumption was below once a week for 85 percent of the sample. The plasmatic fatty acids profile presented an increase in omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05) and decrease in arachidonic fatty acid in the supplemented group (p < 0.05). The fish oil supplementation led to a hypocholesterolemic effect, with a decrease in VLDL, LDL and total cholesterol blood levels. The HDL levels presented no significant differences between the groups in any moment of the study (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: N-3 fatty acids supplementation to swimmers alters the biochemical indicators of the lipid metabolism, with an influence in the decrease of the cholesterol-rich plasmatic lipoproteins, so preventing cardiovascular diseases.

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto suplementar de los ácidos grasos omega 3 en atletas de natación sobre indicadores bioquímicos. MÉTODOS: Nadadores de elite (n = 14) del sexo masculino fueron evaluados en estudio aleatorio, controlado por placebo por un período de 6 semanas (45 días). El grupo placebo (GP) recibió aceite mineral (n = 6) y el grupo suplementado (n = 8) recibió aceite de pescado (GOP) conteniendo en total 950 mg de ácido eicosapentaenóico y 500 mg de ácido docosapentaenóico. Muestras de sangre fueron colectadas inmediatamente antes (T0), a los quince (T15), a los treinta (T30) y a los cuarenta y cinco (T45) días de suplementación para análisis de la composición de los ácidos grasos por cromatografía gaseosa y para cuantificación de las lipoproteínas plasmáticas a través de kits comerciales específicos. RESULTADOS: Los resultados revelaron un desajuste en la dieta de los atletas considerando la ingestión g/kg de masa corporal de los macro nutrientes. El análisis del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo mostró que los atletas no ingirieron regularmente fuentes alimentares de omega 3 y que el consumo de pescado, en 85 por ciento de la muestra, era inferior o igual a 1 vez por semana. El perfil de ácidos grasos plasmáticos mostró un aumento de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega 3 (P < 0,05) y reducción del ácido araquidónico en el grupo suplementado (P < 0,05). La suplementación con aceite de pescado ocasionó efecto hipocolesterolémico, con reducción en los grados sanguíneos de VLDL, LDL y colesterol total. Los valores de HDL no presentaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en ningún momento estudiado (P > 0,05). CONCLUSION: La suplementación de ácidos grasos N-3 en atletas de natación altera los indicadores bioquímicos del metabolismo lipídico, influyendo en la reducción de las lipoproteínas plasmáticas, ricas en colesterol y en la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Atletas , /metabolismo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Dieta/efectos adversos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Natación

RESUMEN

Apesar de o futebol ser um esporte popular no Brasil, o futebol de amputados não é conhecido pelo público em geral. Este esporte requer um aumento na demanda metabólica e, com a amputação de membros inferiores, o gasto energético da caminhada e corrida pode aumentar consideravelmente. Logo, o aspecto nutricional tem importante papel no desempenho esportivo e na qualidade de vida desses atletas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de quatro jogadores de futebol de amputados, com idade entre 21 e 33 anos, participantes da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol de Amputados. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através do registro alimentar de seis dias para energia, macronutrientes, fibras alimentares e micronutrientes. A avaliação antropométrica consistiu das medidas da estatura, peso, dobras cutâneas e circunferências que permitiram avaliar o estado nutricional. As análises bioquímicas realizadas foram: hemoglobina, hematócrito, ferritina e transferrina para verificar o estado nutricional de ferro; uréia, albumina e creatinina para caracterizar o perfil protéico e colesterol total e frações e triglicerídios para avaliar o perfil lipídico. Os resultados mostraram que os atletas apresentavam grandes variações quanto ao consumo energético (2.179 a 4.294kcal) e de macronutrientes. Os atletas apresentaram consumo lipídico de 25 a 30 por cento do valor energético total (VET), protéico de 1,8 a 3,9g/kg/dia e baixo percentual de carboidratos (48 a 54 por cento do VET) e baixa ingestão de vitamina E. A avaliação bioquímica demonstrou não haver anemia ferropriva, com as reservas protéicas adequadas e perfil lipídico dentro da faixa de normalidade. Conclui-se que os futebolistas amputados necessitam de orientação nutricional para corrigir os hábitos alimentares, observados no período pré-competitivo e para propiciar melhor desempenho atlético.