RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and impaired production of adipokines in childhood obesity contribute to the development of obesity-related disorders. We assessed whether weight loss after lifestyle intervention alters biomarkers of oxidant/antioxidant status, and whether these alterations are associated with changes in anthropometric parameters and adipokines in obese children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), anti ox-LDL, paraoxonase1 (PON1), leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin concentrations and body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in 60 prepubertal obese children (Body Mass Index, BMI Z-score>2) before and after a 3-month intervention. The control group consisted of 44 non-obese children (BMI Z-score<-1+1>). RESULTS: Ox-LDL, ox-LDL/LDL, and anti ox-LDL concentrations as well as leptin to sOb-R ratio were reduced (p<0.001; p=0.018; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively) in obese children with weight loss (BMI Z-score change≤-0.5) after a 3-month therapy. These parameters were stable in the obese group without weight loss (BMI Z-score change>-0.5). Changes in ox-LDL and PON1 levels in all obese children correlated positively with changes in the leptin to sOB-R ratio (r=0.400, p=0.002; r=0.304, p=0.028, respectively). After adjustment for changes in BMI Z-score in the multivariate regression model, the association between the changes in ox-LDL levels and changes in the leptin/sOb-R ratio remained statistically significant (ß=0.184, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: We found out that a 3-month lifestyle intervention associated with weight loss improves the oxidant/antioxidant balance and promotes anti-atherogenic changes in prepubertal obese children in a way dependent on the alterations in the leptin to sOB-R ratio.
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Arildialquilfosfatasa/sangre , Leptina/sangre , Estilo de Vida , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangre , Obesidad Infantil/sangre , Obesidad Infantil/terapia , Receptores de Leptina/sangre , Programas de Reducción de Peso/métodos , Adiponectina/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
AIMS: Oxidative stress is a factor involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD), possibly affecting the course of the disease and celiac-related complications. We assessed the intensity of oxidative processes and the efficiency of antioxidant defense in children with celiac disease. Methods. Group I (n = 32) consisted of children with CD treated with a gluten-free diet, and group II (n = 24) consisted of healthy children on a traditional diet. Antioxidative and oxidative status was assessed by measurement of serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and on the basis of oxidative stress index (OSI). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in serum TAC, TOC, ox-LDL, and OSI between children with CD and healthy children. Cluster analysis showed that the group of children with CD is not homogeneous in terms of serum TAC and TOC levels. About 50% of these children had TAC levels < 1.3 mmol/L and TOC levels > 0.35 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Strict adherence to a gluten-free diet by children with CD seems to be important for maintaining oxidative-antioxidant balance. However, further research is needed to identify factors potentially responsible for increased oxidative stress in some children with celiac disease despite adherence to a gluten-free diet.
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Antioxidantes/análisis , Enfermedad Celíaca/terapia , Dieta Sin Gluten/métodos , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Adolescente , Niño , HumanosRESUMEN
Background: Adequate nutrition and nutritional status during pregnancy are essential for mother's health and foetus development. Due to increased demands, pregnant women are vulnerable to inadequate nutritional status and paradoxically it may also affect overweight women Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate energy and nutrients intake in the group of pregnant women in relation to nutritional standards and pre-pregnancy BMI Material and methods: The study included 90 women, during the third trimester of pregnancy, recruited from Warsaw antenatal classes. The anthropometric data gathered in the research were used to calculate BMI value before pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy BMI was categorised as: normal weight (BMI=18.5-24.9 kg/m2, n=47) and overweight (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2, n=43). The assessment of women's nutrition was based on 3-days dietary record. Due to heterogeneous variances, differences between groups were assessed using Mann Whitney U test, p<0.05 was considered as significant Results: The mean intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates in the overweight women were significantly higher than in healthy weight women (p<0.05). Most of the healthy weight women did not reach EAR standard for vitamin D (79.5%), whereas in overweight group it was 41.3% Conclusions: Despite the fact that intakes of energy and all nutrients were higher in overweight women than in normal weight ones, we observed that women in both groups had risk of insufficient supply of energy, iodine, potassium and vitamin D. For this reason, accurate nutritional assessment should be an integral part of obstetric care
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Dieta , Estado Nutricional , Valor Nutritivo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Fenómenos Fisiologicos de la Nutrición Prenatal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Registros de Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Peso Corporal Ideal , Evaluación Nutricional , Sobrepeso , Polonia , Embarazo , Atención PrenatalRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Children's appropriate dietary pattern determines their optimal development, reduces the risk of childhood diseases and the risk of diet-dependent diseases, including obesity in adulthood. AIM: To analyze the dietary patterns of children with excess weight aged 1-3 years in comparison with the main components of the safe nutrition model including: the organization of meals (frequency of meals), selection of products (food intake), energy and nutritional value of children's diets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out in 2016 on a representative nationwide sample of children aged 5-36 months (n=1059). The analysis of dietary patterns covered 173 with excess weight children aged 13-36 months (BMI-z-score >1 SD). Their nutritional status was evaluated based on BMI and its standardisation according to the WHO reference child growth standards for children aged 0-5 years (BMI z-score). The diets of children were assessed using 3-day dietary records. The dietary patterns of the children who were analysed were determined using the cluster analysis (k-means method), including 11 variables concerning average daily intake of main food group products (cow's milk, junior formula, milk products, bread, groats and rice, cereals, cured meats, fats, sugar and sweets, fruits, nectars and juices). RESULTS: Three clusters of overweight and obese children with different dietary patterns were identified. The diet of children from the first cluster (n=58) was based primarily on junior formula and foods for infants and toddlers. This dietary pattern was defined as the "baby food diet". The second cluster comprised 33 children whose diets were characterised by high consumption of cow's milk and dairy products, as well as cereal products, including bread, groats, rice and breakfast cereals. This dietary pattern was defined the "milk and cereals diet". The third cluster consisted of 82 children whose dietary pattern was characterised by high consumption of bread, cold meats and fats, sweets, juices and fruits (the "sandwich and sugar diet"). In all the clusters the average intake of vegetables and fruit by children with excess weight was significantly lower than the recommended amounts. The study showed too high intake of energy, protein, sodium, B vitamins and saccharose and an insufficient supply of calcium, fibre, vitamin D, vitamin E, LCPUFA, iodine and potassium in the children's diet in reference to nutritional recommendations. Younger children with the "baby food diet" pattern, due to the contribution of enriched food, had a more balanced diet in relation to the model of safe nutrition (nutritional norms). Older children's diets - in the third year of life, were characterized by a diversified choice of products that are a source of protein and carbohydrates (milk, breakfast cereals, meat, bread, cold meats, sugar from beverages, dairy desserts and juices). CONCLUSION: The identified dietary patterns of toddlers with excess weight differ from the safe nutrition model in terms of product selection and nutrient profile.
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Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Alimentaria , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Preescolar , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas/estadística & datos numéricos , Dieta Reductora/estadística & datos numéricos , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Obesidad Infantil/prevención & control , Polonia/epidemiología , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
AIMS: Obesity is accompanied by the formation of oxygen free radicals, whose intensified activity without effective defense mechanisms can lead to oxidative stress and related complications. We evaluated the presence of oxidative stress in obese prepubertal children. METHODS: The study included 83 healthy children aged 2-10 years (62 with obesity and 21 nonobese controls). Total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), lipid parameters, glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in serum. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. RESULTS: Serum TOC concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and TAC concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in obese children. OSI was higher (p < 0.01) in obese subjects compared with controls. CRP levels were normal in all children, but median CRP value was higher (p < 0.01) and HDL cholesterol levels were lower (p < 0.05) in the obese group. We found a significant negative correlation between TAC and ox-LDL concentrations (r = -0.27, p < 0.05) in obese children. Furthermore, obesity duration was positively correlated with TOC level (r = 0.32, p < 0.05) in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity-related oxidative stress already occurs in prepubescence. Early obesity diagnosis and the necessary therapeutic activity implementation is a vital strategy for the prophylaxis of free radical damage and related multiorgan complications.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Oxidantes/metabolismo , Pubertad/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Obesidad/sangre , Pubertad/sangreRESUMEN
The study evaluating the feeding practices and the nutritional status of children aged 5 to 36 months in a general, Polish, representative population (n=1059) was carried out from May to July 2016. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding practices in children aged 5 to 36 months with regard to models of safe nutrition on the basis of the outcome of the population study performed in 2016. The data obtained show that the feeding practices in children in their first year of life do not meet the guidelines presented in the model of safe nutrition, particularly in matters of timing of complementary feeding introduction and food choice. The analysis of nutrient profile in toddlers' diets indicated the differentiated energy and protein intake is significantly higher than population norms (EAR/AI). It is necessary to modify the nutrition of infants and young children through a better selection of products. Nutritional practice should always be monitored and modified according to the model of safe nutrition as part of medical nutritional counselling. More educational efforts are required to increase the awareness of the relation between the diet and nutritional status of young children among healthcare professionals.
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Lactancia Materna , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Estado Nutricional , Preescolar , Dieta , Femenino , Preferencias Alimentarias , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , PoloniaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Obese children are predisposed to vitamin D deficiency. Most of the findings suggest that requirement for vitamin D is increased in obese children due to this vitamin sequestration in adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary intake of vitamin D in children with simple obesity in relation to nutritional standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 73 children aged 1-3 years: 38 with simple obesity (group I) and 35 non-obese ones (group II - control). The inclusion criterion for the obese group was BMI z-score > +2.0, for the control group BMI z-score between -1.0 and +1.0.The intake of vitamin D was estimated using the Dieta 5.0 software on the basis of 3-days dietary record. Outcomes were related to nutritional standards. Differences in intake of energy and nutrients between both groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test (statistical significance was set at p = 0.05). RESULTS: Vitamin D intake in both groups was below the nutritional standards (10 µg/400 IU). Median values / interquartile ranges of results were 2.0 / 1.3-5.9 µg and 4.0 / 1.1-7.6 µg daily, for obese and non-obese children, respectively. The risk of deficient vitamin D intake was observed in 94.7% of obese children and in 82.4% of control group. The main dietary source of vitamin D in both groups was growing-up milk/Junior formula. The median intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates in the obese children were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In obese children aged 1-3 years adequate dietary intake of vitamin D was not achieved. Similarly, the intake of vitamin D by normal weight children was lower than recommended. Consequently, it is necessary to provide products rich in vitamin D in the diet of toddlers, particularly obese.
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Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Obesidad Infantil/prevención & control , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Índice de Masa Corporal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales Infantiles , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammation of the skin recognised to be one of the first clinical signs of allergy. In the first years of life, epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that common causative foods of a child's diet are: cow's milk, hen's eggs, wheat and soya. Children with AD being treated with elimination diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies that include those nutrients required for ensuring proper skin structure and function. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess dietary intake of nutrients which affect skin condition in children with AD being treated with a milk-free diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects were 25 children aged 4-6 years with AD undergoing the milk exclusion diet and 25 age-matched healthy controls. The energy and nutritional value of diets were evaluated that included those components affecting skin condition; ie. vitamins A, D, E, B2 and C; minerals iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn); polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The Dieta 5.0 programme was used for dietary assessment and outcomes were then related to dietary recommendations. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups in mean energy values and mean intakes of protein, fats and carbohydrates (p>0.05). The percentage of subjects with low energy value were 44% and 36% in respectively Groups I and II. Deficiencies of fat intake were observed in 60% in Group I and 44% in Group II. There were however no risks in the dietary intakes of protein, carbohydrate, vitamins A, B2 and C nor of Fe and Zn. Deficiencies of dietary intakes were observed in respectively Groups I and II in the following; vitamin E (24% vs 64%), vitamin D (36% vs 92%), linoleic acid (36% vs 72%), α-linolenic acid (36% vs 40%) and long chain PUFAs (96% in both groups). CONCLUSIONS: Ensuring recommended dietary supply of those nutrients affecting skin condition is required for both groups of children. Children with AD had better balanced diets in respect of the studied nutrients that may reflect the influence of continuous healthcare received from physicians and dieticians.
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Dermatitis Atópica/dietoterapia , Dermatitis Atópica/prevención & control , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Oligoelementos/administración & dosificación , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación , Animales , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Leche , Evaluación Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales , PoloniaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Proper vitamin D intake is important due to its pleiotropic effect. It seems that obese population is a groups at risk of the vitamin D deficiency. OBJECTIVE: To assess the vitamin D status in 1-5-year-old children with simple obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 100 children: classified according to their body mass index (BMI) as obese - Group I (n=50) and non-obese - Group II (n=50). Their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were determined in the spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons and vitamin D intake (diet/supplements) was assessed. The study results were statistically analysed by means of Statistica 10PL. RESULTS: In Group I the mean serum 25(OH)D level was 23.6±10.8 ng/ml, while in Group II it reached 26.6±9.8 ng/ml (p=0.08). The concentration ≤30 ng/ml was observed in 80% of children in Group I and in 70% of Group II. In autumn- winter and spring-summer period, respectively, 88.5% and 70.9% of the obese children had an insufficient vitamin D status (p=0.002). The mean daily intake of vitamin D was 128 IU (3.2 µg) in Group I and 188 IU (4.7 µg) in Group II. CONCLUSIONS: Children aged 1-5 (obese and non-obese) are a group at risk of the vitamin D deficiency, as a consequence of its insufficient intake and the lack of appropriate supplementation. Those particularly exposed to that risk are obese children in the autumn-winter season. Children aged 1-5 should be monitored with regard to their vitamin D status. KEY WORDS: vitamin D, obesity, children, obese children, vitamin D deficiency.
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Suplementos Dietéticos , Obesidad/prevención & control , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Protección a la Infancia , Comorbilidad , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Polonia , Prevalencia , Estaciones del Año , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the study was to analyse the diets of children aged 13-36 months in Poland compared to nutritional recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire study was conducted between June and September 2010 on a representative, nation-wide sample of children aged 13-36 months. The study concerned 400 children from across Poland. They were selected by means of drawing their PESEL (personal identity) number. The nutritional status of children was assessed using anthropometric data, i.e. their current weight and height. The relative body mass index BMI (kg/m2) and the BMI z-score were calculated for each child and compared with the WHO child growth standards. The diets of children were assessed using an original questionnaire with 3-day diet records. Nutritional value was calculated using Dieta 4.0 computer programme. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that 45.5% of children were in the normal BMI z-score range (from -1.0 to +1.0). Underweight children accounted for 12.5% (BMI z-score between -2.0 and -1.0) and severely underweight for 14.5% (BMI z-score < -2.0) of the studied group. The share of overweight and obese children was 14.5% and 13.0%, respectively. Large individual variation in food intake was observed in diets of the children. The intake of cereal products, meat, poultry and cold meats in daily diets was twice higher than recommended. The children ate significantly less vegetables and fruits and drank less milk and fermented milk beverages than recommended in model food rations. Energy and nutritional value of an average daily food ration differed considerably from the standards for majority of nutrients. The intake of proteins was three times higher than the current norms. CONCLUSIONS: The diets of children aged 13-36 months differed from current recommendations but the nutritional status evaluated based on BMI was normal in 45.5% of children from the analysed group. The content of majority of macronutrients, in particular protein, in average daily food rations was incompliant with nutritional norms, which in long term may increase the risk of diet-related diseases. Current nutritional recommendations concerning the diets of children in the post-infancy period need to be verified and disseminated.
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Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Alimentaria , Preferencias Alimentarias , Estado Nutricional , Obesidad/epidemiología , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Preescolar , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Humanos , Lactante , Evaluación Nutricional , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad/prevención & control , Polonia/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Early childhood obesity may play an important role in development of the metabolic syndrome characterized by abnormalities in several major cardiovascular risk factors. Only a few studies demonstrate that weight reduction leads to an improvement of the atherogenic risk-factor profile in prepubertal children. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of C-peptide and selected parameters of lipid profile in prepubertal obese children before and after weight reduction therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Changes in nutrition, anthropometric and biochemical parameters including C-peptide concentration and lipid profile were determined in 52 obese children (z-score BMI > or =2SD) aged 4-10 years, before and after a 3-months lifestyle intervention programme. This programme consisted of dietary (1200-1400 kcal/day) and physical activity modifications and behaviour therapy, including individual psychological care of the child and its family. The reference group consisted of 30 healthy normal-weight children. Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL-cholesterol and triglicerydes levels were measured by routine enzymatic methods. Concentration of C-peptide was determined using the immunoenzymatic kit. RESULTS: All obese children were divided into two groups: A and B. In group A with decreased BMI by 10% (25.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 22.8 +/- 2.9 kg/mi; p < 0.01) after the 3-months therapy we found also decreased concentrations of triglicerydes and C-peptide by about 20% (77.9 +/- 28.5 vs. 60.7 +/- 17.5 mg/dl; p < 0.02) and 35% (2.96 +/- 1.52 vs. 1.94 +/- 1.40 ng/ml; p < 0.05) respectively. In group B, without changes in the BMI during therapy, no significant differences in these biochemical parameters were observed. Moreover, higher level of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 10% (p < 0.05) observed in this group may be related to dietary cholesterol, which was similar both at baseline and 3 months later. CONCLUSION: We suggest that weight-reduction programme is necessary in prepubertal obese children with abnormal lipid profile as a prevention of metabolic syndrome in later life. Our findings support the beneficial effects of weight reduction programme if it is accepted by obese children and their parents. Additionally, we suggest, that C-peptide may be useful in monitoring of this therapy. Further studies with longer term intervention are needed to confirm the value of this biochemical marker in the management of prepubertal obese children.
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Péptido C/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/rehabilitación , Pérdida de Peso , Antropometría , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , HDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Triglicéridos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was the assessment of nutritional education of 13-15 year old adolescents with simple obesity in comparison to their normal weight peers. The studied group consisted of 25 obese and 31 normal weight children. The questionnaire method was used to collect the data. Obese adolescents, compared to the normal weight counterparts, showed higher level of education concerning principles of proper nutrition. Nevertheless, high level of obesity in this group of children indicates that they do not comply with these principles. The study results suggest that emphasis should be placed on the quantity of food in diet of overweight and obese adolescents.