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INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus causes recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. Today it is shown that the poisons of insects and animals are rich sources of antimicrobial substances (peptides) and contain a wide range of active biological compounds. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the immune response of the innate immunity of the host in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. Russia has developed an antiviral drug Allokin-alpha on the basis of antimicrobial peptides. The active ingredient of this drug is cytokin-like peptide alloferon. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of allokin-alpha therapy on the amount of EBV DNA in saliva samples and clinical complaints in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr infection (ChEBVI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 59 patients with ChEBVI were examined (45 women and 14 men; mean age 32.52 ± 1.75 years). Patients were examined quantification of DNA Epstein-Barr virus in saliva samples by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection in "real time" mode. The analytical sensitivity of the test system is 400 copies / ml. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 (25 patients) received Allokin-alpha therapy (9 injections of s / c, 1.0 mg every other day); group 2 (33 patients) received Valtrex (500 mg x 2 times / day, by mouth) for two months. RESULTS: 59.67% of patients had negative PCR results after treatment with Allocin-alpha. Only 27.27% of patients had negative PCR results after two months of treatment with Valtrex. In a correlation analysis, a significant effect of the initial number of copies of DNA EBV on the severity of clinical complaints in patients was revealed in the general group ChEBVI. DISCUSSION: Allokin-alpha improves the recognition of virus-infected cells and helps suppress viral replication. CONCLUSIONS: Allocin-alpha therapy can be recommended for the treatment of chronic EBVI at a dose of 1 mg subcutaneously every other day with a course dose of at least 9 injections.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TNF-alpha produced in the kidney in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) type 2 diabetes and its impact on the development of glomerular and tubulointerstitial tissue changes in these patients. The survey was conducted in 49 elderly patients (mean age 66.53 +/- 3.50 years) with type 2 diabetes complicated by the development of DN. The study included patients with serum creatinine less than 0.13-0.14 mmol/l and in the initial stage of chronic renal failure in the level of serum creatinine less than 0.20 mmol/l. Diabetes duration was 17.89 +/- 0.44 years, and the duration of diabetic nephropathy was 1.60 +/- 0.44 years. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy of the renal biopsy specimens obtained by needle lifetime biopsy was performed for all patients. Morphological changes in the tissue were assessed in accordance with the latest international classification of diabetic nephropathy. In addition to light and immunofluorescence microscopy the expression of TNF-alpha in the glomerulus and interstitial tissue by monoclonal antibodies labeled Fitc ("Dako", Germany) were determined in all patients. The location of TNF-alpha expression in the glomeruli (capillary loops, mesangial matrix, glomerular capsule) and in the interstitial tissue (urinary epithelium convoluted tubule basement membrane of urinary tubules, interstitial cells) were estimated. Correlation analysis of the influence of the expression of TNF-alpha on the expression of morphological changes of tissues revealed that a maximum of cytokine production in the glomeruli at the stage IIa class cytokine affected only the development of segmental glomerular sclerosis. With the decrease in TNF-alpha production in the glomeruli you can observe the progression of histological changes--periglomerulyarny sclerosis development, builds thickening of the glomerular basement membrane; mesangial expansion goes from mild to severe and affects more than 25% of mesangial matrix (IIb stage), nodular lesions of Kimmelstil-Wilson are forming. Interstitial produce of TNF-alpha remains relatively high in the epithelium of the urinary tubules and in the interstitial cells of the kidney regardless of the class of diabetic nephropathy and influence the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

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The article presents data of 77 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MezPGN) patients, aged 20 to 71 years. The effect of deposits of immunoglobulins in the kidney tissue to the index of blood pressure and laboratory parameters of disease activity in MezPGN patients regardless of age is shown. The data demonstrate that the presence of IgM deposits in kidney tissue is unfavorable prognostic sign of MezPGN flow.

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Studies in recent years suggest a role for inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines in particular, the development of microvascular complications of diabetes, including nephropathy. We investigated the expression of IL-6 in the biopsy tissue kidneys (in glomeruli and interstitium) in 24 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by diabetic nephropathy. The significant influence of intrarenal expression of IL-6 on the development of morphological (glomerular and tubulointerstitial) changes in renal tissue in patients with diabetic nephropathy is shown.

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In this paper we analyzed the expression of cytokine IL-6 in biopsy tissue of the kidneys in IgA-nephropathy patients in different age groups, its relationship with clinical and morphological picture of the disease. The study showed that IL-6 affects the formation of histopathological changes in kidney tissue and does not depend on the age of the patient. Given that the duration of the disease affects the expression of IL-6 expression in glomeruli (regardless of age of the patient) the role of IL-6 in the progression of the disease is confirmed.

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Apoptosis plays an important role in the mechanism of regulation of the development of glomerulonephritis. We explored the role of apoptosis of mononuclear cells in patients with intrarenal IgA-nephropathy in different age groups and its relation to clinical laboratory, the morphological pattern of the disease. The position of the acceleration of the process of apoptosis intrarenal mononuclear cells in the elderly was confirmed. The effect of Fas antigen by intraglomerular mononuclear cells on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, regardless of the patient's age and its importance in the development of hypertrophy of arteries and arterioles of glomerulus and formation fuksinophilea deposits in the glomerulus were found. It is also shown that the infectious antigen (cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia trachomatis) differently affects the process of apoptosis of mononuclear cells.

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The article presents a review of the literature on the modern mechanisms of proliferation of mesangial cells, which underlie the development of proliferative forms of glomerulonephritis: the role of cytokines, growth factors, PIP-complex and vasoconstrictive factors.

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Currently, much attention is given to studying the etiological role of bacterial and viral infection in the development and progression of IgA-nephropathy. We analyzed the renal biopsy tissue from 117 patients with IgA-nephropathy in presence of an infectious antigen. We have discovered that the presence of an infectious antigen does not depend on the age of a patient. A pronounced effect of infection on the development of morphological changes in the kidneys regardless of the age of the patient is shown.

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This article presents the data of 118 patients (77 men and 41 women) with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, aged 22-70 years. It is concluded that the rate of progression and severity of chronic glomerulonephritis, even within the same morphological form, is determined by age.

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We analyzed data from light microscopy, 87 patients with primary IgA-nephropathy (aged 19 to 65 years) confirmed intravital puncture biopsy of the kidney. The study analyzed the age characteristics of morphological changes and their correlation with age and relationships between them. It is shown that the severity of global and segmental sclerosis does not depend on age of the patient with IgA-nephropathy. It is authentically shown that the severity of sclerotic processes (both segmental and global sclerosis) depends on the morphological changes only in patients aged 31 to 45 years. In this same group we identified the dependence of expression of hypertrophy of arteries and arterioles of kidney tissue from other morphological changes. Thus, the most significant changes according to light microscopy were found in IgA-nephropathy patients aged 31 to 45 years.

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