RESUMEN
Discutem-se os fenômenos de imitação neonatal e de imitação recíproca mãe e bebê para a promoção de sintonia em relação ao senso de self em desenvolvimento e à vivência de pertencimento do bebê. Formulam-se vínculos com o conceito psicanalítico de identificação primária, bem como com as teorias psicanalíticas de espelhamento, imitação e identificação introjetiva. Propõe-se que essa imitação evolutiva [developmental imitation] pressupõe o equilíbrio entre a posição do bebê real e a de suposto ocupante interno da mãe. Considera-se que esse equilíbrio forneça o alicerce para a identificação projetiva e a assimilação da experiência, conduzindo ao enriquecimento do senso de identidade. Em contraposição, pode ocorrer a identificação adesiva ou a identificação projetiva na imitação que envolve mimetização. Ilustram-se essas hipóteses com material proveniente de observações de bebê e do tratamento de duas crianças do espectro autístico.
The phenomena of neonatal imitation and of mutual imitation by mother and baby in the service of attunement are discussed in relation to the infant's developing sense of self and experience of belonging. Links are proposed to the psychoanalytic concept of primary identification, as well as to psychoanalytic theories of mirroring, imitation and introjective identification. It is suggested that developmental imitation presupposes a balance between the position of the actual baby and that of the mother's supposed internal occupant. This balance is seen as underlying introjective identification and the assimilation of experience, leading to an enriched sense of identity. In contrast, in the kind of imitation involving mimicry, adhesive or projective identification may be operative. These hypotheses are illustrated with material from infant observation and from the treatment of two children on the autistic spectrum.
Se discuten los fenómenos de imitación neonatal y de imitación recíproca madre y bebé para promover la sintonía en relación al sentido del self en el desarrollo y la vivencia de pertenencia del bebé. Se formulan vínculos con el concepto psicoanalítico de identificación primaria, así como con las teorías psicoanalíticas de reflejo, imitación e identificación introyectiva. Se propone que esta imitación evolutiva [developmental imitation] presupone el equilibrio entre la posición del bebé real y la de supuesto ocupante interno de la madre. Se considera que este equilibrio ofrece la base para la identificación proyectiva y la asimilación de la experiencia, llevando al enriquecimiento del sentido de identidad. En contrapartida, puede ocurrir la identificación adhesiva o la identificación proyectiva en la imitación que involucra la mimetización. Se ilustran estas hipótesis con material proveniente de observaciones de bebé y del tratamiento de dos niños del espectro autístico.
RESUMEN
This paper addresses factors other than symbolic capacity that can influence the use of language by children on the autism spectrum. Chief among the issues considered are the influence of bodily experience on the articulation of words and the influence of fantasies concerning bodily relationships on the construction of words and sentences. It is suggested that such considerations may shed light on the behavior of those children on the autism spectrum whose symbolic capacity is greater than might be assumed from their use of language, and also on that of some children with selective mutism.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista/fisiopatología , Imagen Corporal/psicología , Lenguaje , Mutismo/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/complicaciones , Niño , Humanos , Mutismo/etiología , Narrativas Personales como Asunto , SimbolismoRESUMEN
Recent work in neuroscience has highlighted the contrast between 'procedural' memory for bodily experiences and skills, which is unconscious though unrepressed, and verbalizable, 'declarative' memory, which includes autobiographical memory. Autobiographical memory is weak in people with autistic spectrum disorder, who frequently turn to self-generated sensations for reassurance that they continue to exist. The author suggests that, instead of internalizing shared experiences leading to growth, children with autism can feel that they add to themselves by taking over the qualities of others through the 'annexation' of physical properties that leads to a damaged object and can trigger a particular sort of negative therapeutic reaction. Clinical illustrations drawn from the treatment of two children on the autistic spectrum illustrate some ramifications of these processes in relation to the sense of a separate identity and the capacity to access memories.