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El Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar es una patología mental grave, de curso cíclico, caracterizada por episodios anímicos recurrentes que habitualmente transcurren entre dos polos opuestos: la manía o hipomanía y la depresión. Cuenta con una elevada morbimortalidad (enfermedad cardiovascular, deterioro cognitivo, alteración de la funcionalidad y ausentismo laboral) y costo socioeconómico asociado, siendo su desenlace más dramático la muerte por suicidio (el cual sucede en 5% a 15% de los pacientes). La detección precoz juega un rol importante en modificar el curso natural de la enfermedad; un elemento fundamental, junto con determinar los factores de riesgo para TAB, consiste en la identificación de factores protectores específicos, de modo que la enfermedad no se presente, y de serlo así, sea más tarde y con menor deterioro. Características tales como el perfil genético, la reserva cognitiva (explicada en parte por el nivel educacional y la inteligencia premórbida), el cronotipo (en particular el cronotipo matutino), aspectos de personalidad (que incluyen la resiliencia y el temperamento hipertímico), la ausencia de consumo de sustancias y maltrato infantil, además de una adecuada red de apoyo, se han asociado con un menor impacto en relación al inicio y curso de la enfermedad. Una vez presente, intervenciones tanto en la etapa temprana como tardía (farmacoterapia y psicoterapias específicas, factores dietéticos, actividad física y uso juicioso de antipsicóticos), pueden jugar un rol protector en relación a la aparición y/o gravedad de los episodios anímicos.

Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is a severe mental pathology characterized by recurrent mood episodes that usually cycle between two opposite poles: mania or hypomania and depression. It has a high level of morbidity/mortality (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, altered functionality, and absenteeism from work) and associated substantial socioeconomic costs. The most dramatic outcome is death by suicide, which occurs in 5% to 15% of patients. Early detection plays a vital role in modifying the natural course of the disease. It is essential to determine the disease's risk and specific protective factors to prevent its occurrence, delay its appearance, and reduce its deterioration effects. Characteristics such as genetic profile, cognitive reserve (partially explained by educational level and premorbid intelligence), chronotype (particularly morning chronotype), personality aspects (including resilience and hyperthymic temperament), the absence of substance use and childhood maltreatment, in addition to an adequate support network, have been associated with a lower impact in the onset and course of the disease. Once present, interventions -both in the early and late stages (i.e., specific pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, dietary factors, physical activity, and judicious use of antipsychotics)-can play a protective role against the appearance of the disease and the severity of its mood episodes.

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Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is a severe mental pathology characterized by recurrent mood episodes that usually cycle between two opposite poles: mania or hypomania and depression. It has a high level of morbidity/mortality (i.e., cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, altered functionality, and absenteeism from work) and associated substantial socioeconomic costs. The most dramatic outcome is death by suicide, which occurs in 5% to 15% of patients. Early detection plays a vital role in modifying the natural course of the disease. It is essential to determine the disease's risk and specific protective factors to prevent its occurrence, delay its appearance, and reduce its deterioration effects. Characteristics such as genetic profile, cognitive reserve (partially explained by educational level and premorbid intelligence), chronotype (particularly morning chronotype), personality aspects (including resilience and hyperthymic temperament), the absence of substance use and childhood maltreatment, in addition to an adequate support network, have been associated with a lower impact in the onset and course of the disease. Once present, interventions -both in the early and late stages (i.e., specific pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, dietary factors, physical activity, and judicious use of antipsychotics)-can play a protective role against the appearance of the disease and the severity of its mood episodes.

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INTRODUCTION: Household cleaning products and cosmetics are necessary for daily life and widely used by the population. However, their use may not be risk-free, especially when they are not used or stored as recommended. It is important to characterize exposures, as this is useful for developing stra tegies to reduce morbidity, mortality, and health costs associated, especially in the child population. OBJECTIVE: To describe reports associated with household cleaning products and cosmetics exposure in patients under the age of 12, reported to the Poison Information Center of the Catholic University of Chile (CITUC). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional study of phone calls to CITUC during 2016. The analyzed variables were age, sex, product, caller, caller and incident location, ex posure circumstances, exposure route(s), symptoms, and severity from manual records and from the WHO's electronic record software 'INTOX Data Management System'. RESULTS: 3,415 cases met the inclusion criteria. Children under the age of five represented 91% of the exposures, and 58.5% were male. 99.4% were accidental exposures, and 98.6% occurred at home. Family members (57%) and health personnel (42%) made the calls. 68.3% of the patients had no symptoms after exposure. The four products with the highest incidence were household bleach (27.6%), floor cleaners and polishers (13.1%), dish soap (7.9%), and perfume/cologne (5.8%). The main exposure route was by ingestion (89.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Household cleaning products and cosmetics are common causes of exposures especially in children under the age of five. Although these products have a low morbidity and mortality rate, it is important to educate the population to prevent possible poisonings in the child population.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los productos de aseo y cosméticos son necesarios en el diario vivir y ampliamente utilizados por la población. Sin embargo, su uso puede no estar exento de riesgos, especialmente cuando no se utilizan o almacenan según lo recomendado. Es importante caracterizar las exposiciones, ya que eso es útil para implementar estrategias para reducir la morbilidad, mortalidad y costos asociados, especialmente en la población infantil. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los reportes asociados a exposiciones a productos de aseo y productos cosméticos en pacientes menores de 12 años reportados al Centro de Información Toxicológica de la Universidad Católica de Chile (CITUC). PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal de llamados telefónicos reportados a CITUC durante el año 2016. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, agente, interlocutor, localización del interlocutor e inciden te, circunstancia de exposición, vía(s) de exposición, sintomatología, y severidad, mediante fichas de registro manual y desde el software de registro electrónico denominado "INTOX Data Manage ment System" de la OMS. RESULTADOS: Cumplieron criterios de inclusión 3.415 casos. Los menores de 5 años representaron el 91% de las exposiciones y el 58,5% correspondió al sexo masculino. Un 99,4% correspondió a exposiciones accidentales y el 98,6% ocurrieron en el hogar. El 68,3% no presentó síntomas, tras la exposición. Las llamadas fueron realizadas por familiares (57%) y personal de salud (42%). Los 4 agentes con mayor incidencia fueron cloro doméstico (27,6%), limpiadores y lustres de pisos (13,1%), lavalozas (7,9%) y perfumes/colonias (5,8%). La principal vía de exposición fue digestiva (89,4%). CONCLUSIONES: Los productos de aseo y cosméticos son causas comunes de exposiciones especialmente en menores de 5 años. Si bien son productos de baja mortalidad y morbilidad, es importante educar a la población para prevenir posibles intoxicaciones en la población infantil.

INTRODUCTION: Household cleaning products and cosmetics are necessary for daily life and widely used by the population. However, their use may not be risk-free, especially when they are not used or stored as recommended. It is important to characterize exposures, as this is useful for developing stra tegies to reduce morbidity, mortality, and health costs associated, especially in the child population. OBJECTIVE: To describe reports associated with household cleaning products and cosmetics exposure in patients under the age of 12, reported to the Poison Information Center of the Catholic University of Chile (CITUC). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional study of phone calls to CITUC during 2016. The analyzed variables were age, sex, product, caller, caller and incident location, ex posure circumstances, exposure route(s), symptoms, and severity from manual records and from the WHO's electronic record software 'INTOX Data Management System'. RESULTS: 3,415 cases met the inclusion criteria. Children under the age of five represented 91% of the exposures, and 58.5% were male. 99.4% were accidental exposures, and 98.6% occurred at home. Family members (57%) and health personnel (42%) made the calls. 68.3% of the patients had no symptoms after exposure. The four products with the highest incidence were household bleach (27.6%), floor cleaners and polishers (13.1%), dish soap (7.9%), and perfume/cologne (5.8%). The main exposure route was by ingestion (89.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Household cleaning products and cosmetics are common causes of exposures especially in children under the age of five. Although these products have a low morbidity and mortality rate, it is important to educate the population to prevent possible poisonings in the child population.

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Resumen La principal complicación a largo plazo en trasplantados de pulmón es la disfunción crónica de injerto identificado como bronquiolitis obliterante, existiendo un nuevo patrón denominado Disfunción de Injerto Restrictivo. Objetivo: Evaluar seguimiento espirométrico, radiológico y clínico entre pacientes con síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante (SBO) y Disfunción de Injerto Restrictivo (DIR) post trasplante pulmonar. Metodología: Se revisaron registros clínicos de trasplantados pulmonares desde 1999 hasta 2017. Se efectuó seguimiento espirométrico e imágenes por tomografía de tórax y factores asociados: infección por Citomegalovirus(CMV), reflujo gastro-esofágico (RGE) y episodios de rechazo agudo. Se analizó sobrevida por Kaplan Meier. Resultados: De 88 pacientes trasplantados de pulmón, 40 desarrollaron disfunción crónica de injerto: 31 (80%) presentaron SBO y 9 (20%) tuvieron DIR. Edad promedio: 47 años en SBO y 46 años en DIR. Siendo fibrosis pulmonar la patología basal predominante en ambos. En SBO se consignaron 14 episodios de rechazo agudo (50%), infección por CMV en 18% y RGE activo en 26%. En la serie DIR hubo 5 episodios de rechazo agudo (62%), 13% de infección por CMV y 67% de RGE activo 6 (p = 0,02). En el seguimiento a 1-2-4-5 años el promedio del VEF1 en SBO fue: 67,3,65, 60 y 48% del valor predicho y en DIR fue 61, 65, 62 y 45% respectivamente. Las imágenes tomográficas en SBO mostraron: hiperinflación y en DIR: fibrosis pleuropulmonar superior. La sobrevida fue de 96,9 meses en SBO y 65,6 meses en DIR (p = 0,06). Conclusions: La disfunción restrictiva presentó menor sobrevida que SBO. RGE se asoció a rechazo restrictivo. La tomografía de tórax difiere en ambos tipos de rechazo crónico.

The main long-term complication in lung transplant patients is chronic graft dysfunction identified as bronchiolitis obliterans, and there is a new pattern called Restrictive Graft Dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate spirometric, radiological and clinical follow-up among patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and Restrictive Allograft Syndrome (RAS) after lung transplantation. Methodology: Lung transplant recipients ' clinical records were reviewed from 1999 to 2017. We carried out a follow up of spirometry, chest tomography imaging and associated factors: cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and episodes of acute rejection. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan Meier. Results: Out of 88 lung transplant patients, 40 developed chronic graft dysfunction: 31 (80%) presented BOS and 9 (20%) had RAS. Mean age: 47 yr.o. in BOS and 46 yr. o. in RAS. Lung fibrosis was the primary pathology predominant in both conditions. In BOS were reported 14 episodes of acute rejection (50%), CMV infection in 18% and active GER in 26%. In RAS there were 5 episodes of acute rejection (62%), CMV infection in 13% and active GER in 67% (p = 0.02). VEF1 follow-up at 1-2-4-5 years averaged 67, 65, 60 and 8% of reference value in BOS and 61, 65, 62 and 45% in RAS respectively. CT scans showed hyperinflation in BOS and upper pleuropulmonary fibrosis in RAS. BOS survival time was 96.9 months versus 65.6 months in RAS (p = 0.06). Conclusiones: Restrictive dysfunction presented a lower survival rate than BOS. GER was associated with restrictive rejection. Chest tomography differs in both types of chronic rejection.

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AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ultrasonography and other antecedents and exams usually availables, in the study of patients with thyroid nodules aged 0-20 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional analytical observational study. We reviewed the data of patients undergoing FNAP (thyroid puncture with a fine needle) and / or thyroidectomy between January 2007 and December 2013. The ultrasound evaluation was performed by 3 specialists. The surgical biopsy was considered an indicator of benignity or malignancy and, in its absence the FNAP (excluding the Bethesda diagnoses 3 and 4). The association between cancer and the different variables was evaluated through binary logistic regression, with measure of association of odds ratio (OR). With the initially significant variables, a multivariate analysis was carried out and a cut-off score was subsequently defined to allow the diagnosis to be discriminated. RESULTS: 104 nodules are included in the analysis (100 patients), 89♀ / 11♂; age x16 ± 2.8; TSH 2.8 uIU / ml ± 5; lymphocytic thyroiditis 30%; pathological anatomy: benign 46 (44%) cancer 58 (56%). Sonographic findings predictive of malignancy were: hypoechogenicity (OR 2.95 p = 0.008) irregular shape (100% CA) non-smooth edges (OR 8.5 p = 0.000) microcalcifications (OR 39 p = 0.000) thick calcifications (OR 18 p = 0.001) and presence of suspicious adenopathy (100% CA). In the TIRADS classification, cases classified as 4 and 5 corresponded to cancer in 50 and 92%. The presence of thyroiditis did not show an insignificant association with malignancy. From the joint analysis of the significant variables, a score with adequate sensitivity and specificity is obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of ultrasound as a fundamental examination in the evaluation of the pediatric patient who consults by thyroid nodule is corroborated. Accurately describing their sonographic characteristics and, above all, analyzing them together, allows us to determine an approximate risk of malignancy and define with greater certainty the indication of performing FNAP

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Resumen El cáncer en la población pediátrica representa la segunda causa de muerte en niños mayores de 5 años en nuestro país, después del trauma. La tomografia por emisión de positrones/tomograña computada (PET/CT) es una técnica hibrida que involucra radiación y que progresivamente se está implementando en niños. Esta técnica permite hacer evaluaciones morfológicas y funcionales del cuerpo con aplicaciones en patología neoplásica y no neoplásica. Su principal rol en la oncología se encuentra en la evaluación y control de linfomas, sarcomas y neuroblastomas, entre otros. La calidad de los resultados depende de la realización de procesos rigurosos para obtener las imágenes. En este artículo se revisan los pasos para la obtención de las imágenes, los aspectos técnicos involucrados, las fuentes de mala interpretación y las principales indicaciones que debe conocer el médico radiólogo y pediatra.

Abstract Pediatric cancer is the second cause of death in children older than 5 years in our country, after trauma. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a hybrid technique that involves radiation, which has been used for some time in adults and is being progressively imple mented in children. This technique allows morphological and functional assessments of the body with applications in neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology. Its main role in oncology is in the evaluation and control of lymphomas, sarcomas and neuroblastomas, among others. The quality of the results is determined by a number of rigorous processes to obtain the images. In this article we describe the steps in obtaining the images, the technicalities involved, sources of misinterpretation and what the main current indications that must be known by radiologists and pediatricians are.

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PURPOSE: There is a need for recent, nationally representative data on the prevalence of mental disorders in Latin America. We aim to assess the prevalence of depression in Chile and possible changes over time. METHODS: In the Chilean National Health Surveys in 2003 (n = 5469) and 2010 (n = 7212), two nationally representative cross-sectional population surveys, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Short Form (CIDI-SF) was applied to establish diagnosis of major depressive episode (MDE) using DSM-IV criteria. Sociodemographic correlates of MDE and time trends were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of MDE was 20.5% (95% CI 18.3-22.7) in 2003 and 18.4% (95% CI 16.5-20.2) in 2010. In 2003, women and persons residing in urban areas had increased risk of depression, whereas in 2010 the risk factors were female sex, younger age and lower education. There were up to 15-fold differences in prevalence between regions. No significant changes in prevalence occurred over the observation period. 21.2% (95% CI 16.6-25.8) of those depressed were currently receiving antidepressant treatment, with large regional variations in access to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorders are a pressing public health concern in Chile, and particularly women, persons with low education, and the poorer regions of the country are affected. Prompt actions are needed to address the burden of depression with sufficient resources for treatment and prevention.

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Pediatric cancer is the second cause of death in children older than 5 years in our country, after trauma. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a hybrid technique that involves radiation, which has been used for some time in adults and is being progressively imple mented in children. This technique allows morphological and functional assessments of the body with applications in neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathology. Its main role in oncology is in the evaluation and control of lymphomas, sarcomas and neuroblastomas, among others. The quality of the results is determined by a number of rigorous processes to obtain the images. In this article we describe the steps in obtaining the images, the technicalities involved, sources of misinterpretation and what the main current indications that must be known by radiologists and pediatricians are.

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This article analyses and compares the epidemiology of mental disorders and relevant public policies in Chile and Finland. In Chile, a specific mental health law is still lacking. While both countries highlight the role of primary care, Finland places more emphasis on participation and recovery of service users. Comprehensive mental health policies from Finland, such as a successful suicide prevention program, are presented. Both countries have similar prevalence of mental disorders, high alcohol consumption and high suicide rates. In Chile, the percentage of total disease burden due to psychiatric disorders is 13% and in Finland 14%. However, the resources to address these issues are very different. Finland spends 4.5% of its health budget on mental health, while in Chile the percentage is 2.2%. This results in differences in human resources and service provision. Finland has five times more psychiatric outpatient visits, four times more psychiatrists, triple antidepressant use and twice more clinical guidelines for different psychiatric conditions. In conclusion, both countries have similar challenges but differing realities. This may help to identify gaps and potential solutions for public health challenges in Chile. Finland’s experience demonstrates the importance of political will and long-term vision in the construction of mental health policies.

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This article analyses and compares the epidemiology of mental disorders and relevant public policies in Chile and Finland. In Chile, a specific mental health law is still lacking. While both countries highlight the role of primary care, Finland places more emphasis on participation and recovery of service users. Comprehensive mental health policies from Finland, such as a successful suicide prevention program, are presented. Both countries have similar prevalence of mental disorders, high alcohol consumption and high suicide rates. In Chile, the percentage of total disease burden due to psychiatric disorders is 13% and in Finland 14%. However, the resources to address these issues are very different. Finland spends 4.5% of its health budget on mental health, while in Chile the percentage is 2.2%. This results in differences in human resources and service provision. Finland has five times more psychiatric outpatient visits, four times more psychiatrists, triple antidepressant use and twice more clinical guidelines for different psychiatric conditions. In conclusion, both countries have similar challenges but differing realities. This may help to identify gaps and potential solutions for public health challenges in Chile. Finland’s experience demonstrates the importance of political will and long-term vision in the construction of mental health policies.

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Intravascular catheters are widely used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The major types of intravascular access in the newborn are peripheral catheters, venous or arterial umbilical catheters, central venous catheters and peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICC). Anomalous positioning of catheters, especially umbilical catheters, is quite frequent as their installation is without imaging guidance. The radiographic assessment of the catheter performed by pediatricians and/or radiologists, who must be able to recognize those poorly positioned as they can cause serious complications, is essential. This article contains a sample of correct and misplaced catheter x-ray often used in a NICU.

Los catéteres intravasculares son ampliamente utilizados en las Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal. Dentro de los métodos de acceso intravascular en el RN se incluyen catéteres periféricos, catéteres umbilicales arteriales o venosos, catéteres venosos centrales y catéteres venosos centrales de instalación periférica (CCIP). Las posiciones anómalas de los catéteres, especialmente de los catéteres umbilicales son frecuentes ya que su instalación no es guiada por imágenes. Dado lo anterior es muy importante la evaluación radiológica de control de los catéteres que realizan los médicos pediatras y/o radiólogos, quienes deben ser capaces de reconocer aquellos mal posicionados ya que pueden causar complicaciones graves. Este artículo contiene una muestra pictográfica de radiografías de catéteres de uso frecuente en UCI Neonatal, bien y mal posicionados.

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Thiol groups of cysteine residues represent redox centers involved in multiple biological functions. It has been postulated that changes in the redox status of mammalian epididymal spermatozoa contribute to the sperm maturation process. The present work shows the thiol-disulfide protein profile of stallion epididymal spermatozoa achieved by two-dimension electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry of proteins labeled with a thiol-reactive fluorescent tag, monobromobimane. Our results have shown the formation of disulfide bonds in several sperm protein fractions during the epididymal maturation process. The majority of the oxidized thiol sperm proteins identified correspond to structural molecules of the flagellum (as the outer dense fiber-1 protein - ODF1), followed by glycolytic enzymes (as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase spermatogenic), antioxidant protectors (as glutathione S-transferase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase - PHGPx). The magnitude of the thiol oxidation differs between proteins, and was more drastic in polypeptides with molecular weights of up to 33kDa, identified as ODF1 and PHGPx. A kinase anchor protein, a voltage-dependent anion channel protein and a zona pellucida-binding protein were also found in the polypeptide samples that contained oxidized SH groups. These proteins may be modified or controlled by the mechanisms involved in the cysteine-redox changes, corroborating the belief that a correct degree of protein oxidation is required for the stabilization of sperm structure, protection against oxidative damage, induction of progressive sperm motility and fertilization.

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Intravascular catheters are widely used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The major types of intravascular access in the newborn are peripheral catheters, venous or arterial umbilical catheters, central venous catheters and peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICC). Anomalous positioning of catheters, especially umbilical catheters, is quite frequent as their installation is without imaging guidance. The radiographic assessment of the catheter performed by pediatricians and/or radiologists, who must be able to recognize those poorly positioned as they can cause serious complications, is essential. This article contains a sample of correct and misplaced catheter x-ray often used in a NICU.

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El trauma es la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes pediátricos mayores de 1 año, siendo el trauma abdominal responsable del 10 por ciento de las causas de muerte. Las lesiones de vísceras huecas es inferior al 1 por ciento , sin embargo, su mortalidad es del 20 por ciento en el caso de perforación intestinal. La tomografía computada es el método de elección en la identificación y cuantificación de las lesiones en trauma abdominal, dado su excelente rendimiento para lesiones de vísceras sólidas, con menor sensibilidad en lesiones de vísceras huecas, por lo que en estas últimas es importante una alta sospecha clínica y análisis minucioso de las imágenes por parte de los radiólogos. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de los hallazgos en pacientes pediátricos referidos a tomografía computarizada, con historia de trauma abdominal contuso. Los principales hallazgos en tomografía computada sugerentes de lesión de víscera hueca fueron: aire extraluminal, extravasación de medio de contraste, presencia de líquido libre intraperitoneal, coágulo centinela adyacente al asa comprometida y engrosamiento de la pared intestinal.

Trauma is the leading cause of death in pediatric patients older than 1 year, with abdominal trauma accounting for 10% of causes of death. Hollow viscera injuries are less than 1%, however its mortality is 20% in the case of intestinal perforation. Computed tomography is the method of choice for the identification and quantification of abdominal trauma injuries, given its excellent performance for solid viscera injuries, with less sensitivity in hollow visceral injuries, so that in the latter a high clinical suspicion and thorough analysis of the images by radiologists is important. A retrospective review was conducted of the findings in pediatric patients, with a history of blunt abdominal trauma, referred to computed tomography. The main findings on computed tomography suggestive of hollow visceral injury were: extraluminal air, extravasation of contrast medium, the presence of free intraperitoneal fluid, sentinel clot adjacent to the affected loop and thickening of the bowel wall.

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Resumen: Objetivos. Conocer las características epidemiológicas y radiológicas en TC, de las lesiones vasculares en pacientes que han sufrido heridas por arma de fuego (HAF), en el servicio de urgencia de un hospital público de Santiago-Chile, en un período de tres anos. Material y método. Revisión retrospectiva de 211 TC realizadas a pacientes ingresados al servicio de urgencia con diagnóstico de HAF entre 31/05/2009 y el 31/05/2012. Se incluyeron pacientes con TC dentro de las primeras 48 horas de ocurrido el evento, excluyendo los pacientes que por su condición clínica, fueron a intervención quirúrgica previa a la TC, obteniendo un N° final de 178. Se analizó la distribución según sexo, edad, tipo de lesión vascular, segmento topográfico afectado, tipo de proyectil y outcome de los pacientes. Resultados. El 96,8 por ciento (n°= 31) de los afectados fueron hombres, 71,8 por ciento menores de 36 años. El segmento más afectado correspondió a las EEII, con un 55,8 por ciento. El tipo de lesión que más frecuente fue el pseudoaneurisma y la hemorragia activa, con un 20,5 por ciento en cada caso. El tipo de proyectil que más frecuentemente se encontró, fueron las balas (65 por ciento) y en la gran mayoría de las veces, sin salida del proyectil. En nuestro grupo hubo un fallecido. Conclusión. Si bien el trauma vascular representa un bajo porcentaje dentro del total de las lesiones por trauma, su extrema gravedad, y por ende necesidad de diagnóstico certero y precoz, explica la importancia del conocimiento y familiarización que los radiólogos deberíamos tener con ese tipo de lesiones. Las extremidades son el principal sitio de lesiones vasculares por herida penetrante, alcanzando hasta el 70 por ciento en nuestro trabajo. En estos casos los exámenes imaginológicos muchas veces son sólo complementarios, porque clínicamente el diagnóstico está hecho, no así en las lesiones de vasos intratorácicos e intra-abdominales, donde las imágenes son indispensables para su...

Objectives. To determine the epidemiological and CT characteristics of vascular lesions in patients who have suffered gunshot wounds, in the emergency department of a public hospital in Santiago, Chile, over a period of three years. Material and Methods. Retrospective review of 211 CT performed on patients admitted to the emergency department with gunshot wounds, between 31/05/2009 and 31/05/2012. Patients with a CT within the first 48 hours after the event occurred were included, excluding patients who for their clinical condition, underwent surgery prior to the CT, obtaining a final number of 178. Distribution was analyzed by sex, age, type of vascular injury, topographic segment affected, projectile type and outcome of patients. Results. 96.8 percent (n° = 31) of those affected were men, 71.8 percent under 36 years. The most affected segment were to the lower extremities, with 55.8 percent. The most frequent type of injury was pseudoaneurysm and active hemorrhage, with 20.5 percent in each case. The type of projectile most frequently found were bullets (65 percent) and the majority, without projectile exit. In our group there was 1 death. Conclusion. Although vascular trauma represents a low percentage of total trauma injuries, their seriousness, and therefore the need for early and accurate diagnosis, explains the importance of the knowledge and familiarity that radiologists should have, with that kind of injury. Extremities are the main site of vascular injury caused by penetrating wounds, affecting up to 70 percent in our sample. In these cases CT examinations are often only complementary because the diagnosis is made clinically; this is not the case in intrathoracic and intraabdominal vessel injuries, where images are essential for diagnosis.

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The expression of α-D-mannosidase activity was fluorometrically and electrophoretically assessed in spermatozoa, epididymal fluid and homogenates of stallion epididymal tissue. Enzyme activity had regional differences; it was higher (P<0.05) in samples from the cauda epididymal region than in samples from the proximal caput region (largely composed of efferent ducts). Based on enzyme activity, as a function of pH of the assay substrate, electrophoretic analysis in native and native/SDS-PAGE conditions, and the effect of inhibitors or activators, we inferred the presence of at least two catalytically active forms of α-D-mannosidase. The neutral form of the enzyme (α-mannosidase II) was activated by Co2+, whereas the acid form (optimum pH 3.5 to 4.0) was sensitive to swainsonine (an inhibitor of α-mannosidase I), stabilized or stimulated by Zn2+, and not activated by Co2+ (activator of the neutral form). The activity of the acid form of the enzyme was highest in the epididymal fluid, where it seemed to be mainly in a secretory form. This form of the enzyme may have a role in plasma membrane remodeling associated with sperm maturation. In contrast, the activity of α-mannosidase II was higher in mature spermatozoa. It has been postulated that α-mannosidase II may act as a receptor in the recognition and binding of the complementary carbohydrate moieties present on the zona pellucida. With non-denaturing electrophoresis, α-D-mannosidase had an electrophoretic mobility of 0.35 and 0.24. When resolved by 1D and 2D SDS-PAGE (under denaturing conditions) the enzyme had a major protein band of molecular weight 154 kDa in spermatozoa and epididymal samples. Based on its properties under native conditions, we inferred that this enzyme might interact with other proteins and form transitory aggregates.

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There is no available data on prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal thrombosis (PT) in Chilean cirrhotic patients. Objectives: To evaluate the development of these entities and the role ultrasound (US) may play as the imaging method of choice in their diagnostic approach. Material and methods: A cohort study of patients with diagnosis of cirrhosis by US or CT scans between 2004 and 2008. We evaluated both demographic and clinical records, along with disease development until 2011, by performing a retrospective review of their imaging findings. We investigated whether patients presented HCC and / or PT as detected by US / CT studies. Results: Two hundred and eleven (211) patients with an average age of 62.6 years were included. HCC was diagnosed in 10.4 percent of cases, whilst PT was observed in 4.3 percent of patients. A 33 percent of PT occurred in association with HCC and exhibited worse survival rates. Ultrasonographic studies yielded suspicious results in a significant percentage of cases, thus CT scans were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Conclusions: Ultrasound examination appears to be a useful tool for detecting complications of cirrhosis.

No existen datos en pacientes cirróticos chilenos de prevalencia de hepatocarcinoma(CHC) y trombosis portal(TP). Objetivos: Evaluar el desarrollo de estas complicaciones y el rol que podría jugar el ultrasonido (US) como primer método de imagen en su aproximación diagnóstica. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte en pacientes diagnosticados mediante US o TC de cirrosis entre 2004 y 2008. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, clínicos, y su evolución hasta 2011, realizando revisión retrospectiva de sus estudios imagenológicos. Se investigó si presentaron HCC y/o TP que fueran detectados mediante US/TC. Resultados: Se incluyeron 211 pacientes, con un promedio de 62,6 años. En el 10,4 por ciento se diagnosticó HCC y en el 4,3 por ciento TP. El 33 por ciento de TP ocurrieron asociadas a CHC y determinaron peor sobrevida. El US fue sospechoso en un porcentaje significativo de los casos, motivando la realización de TC confirmatoria. Conclusiones: El US aparece como una herramienta útil para la detección de complicaciones de cirrosis.

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