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El bullying o acoso escolar es un importante factor de riesgo para la salud mental de los adolescentes. Con el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías emergió un tipo de acoso llamado cyberbullying que presenta características cualitativas diferentes. Sin embargo, existen pocos instrumentos para medir ambas conductas conjuntamente. El objetivo de esta investigación era evaluar por vez primera las propiedades psicométricas de la escala BCS-A de Thomas et al. que mide el bullying y el cyberbullying multi-dimensionalmente en una muestra de adolescentes de habla española. Para este fin, se constituyó una muestra intencional de 842 alumnos (46% varones; 53% mujeres y 1% no binario) que cursaban estudios secundarios en la Argentina. Los participantes contestaron dicho cuestionario, el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades de Goodman y preguntas demográficas. Los análisis factoriales –exploratorio y confirmatorio- indicaron cuatro dimensiones: victimización física, verbal, relacional y virtual, como también para llevar a cabo el bullying. También las consistencias internas eran adecuadas. Se halló validez concurrente con el Cuestionario de Goodman. De este modo, la escala BCS-A de Thomas et al. sería una herramienta útil para evaluar ambas problemáticas y tratar de examinar correlatos psicosociales específicos de ambos acosos. (AU)

Bullying is an important risk factor for the mental health of adolescents. With the development of new technologies, a type of harassment called cyberbullying emerged that presents different qualitative characteristics. However, there are few instruments to measure both behaviors together. The objective of this research was to evaluate for the first time the psychometric properties of the BCS-A scale by Thomas et al. that measures bullying and cyberbullying multi-dimensionally in a sample of Spanish-speaking adolescents. For this purpose, an intentional sample of 842 students who attended secondary school in Argentina (46% male, 53% female and 1% non-binary) was constituted. Participants answered the questionnaire, the Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and demographic questions. Factor analysis —exploratory and confirmatory— indicated four dimensions: physical, verbal, relational and virtual victimization, as well as to carry out bullying. Also the internal consistencies were adequate. Concurrent validity was found with respect to Goodman Questionnaire. Thus, the BCS-A scale by Thomas et al. It would be a useful tool to evaluate both issues and try to examine specific psychosocial correlates of both bullying. (AU)

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El bullying o acoso escolar es un importante factor de riesgo para la salud mental de los adolescentes. Con el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías emergió un tipo de acoso llamado cyberbullying que presenta características cualitativas diferentes. Sin embargo, existen pocos instrumentos para medir ambas conductas conjuntamente. El objetivo de esta investigación era evaluar por vez primera las propiedades psicométricas de la escala BCS-A de Thomas et al. que mide el bullying y el cyberbullying multi-dimensionalmente en una muestra de adolescentes de habla española. Para este fin, se constituyó una muestra intencional de 842 alumnos (46% varones; 53% mujeres y 1% no binario) que cursaban estudios secundarios en la Argentina. Los participantes contestaron dicho cuestionario, el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades de Goodman y preguntas demográficas. Los análisis factoriales –exploratorio y confirmatorio- indicaron cuatro dimensiones: victimización física, verbal, relacional y virtual, como también para llevar a cabo el bullying. También las consistencias internas eran adecuadas. Se halló validez concurrente con el Cuestionario de Goodman. De este modo, la escala BCS-A de Thomas et al. sería una herramienta útil para evaluar ambas problemáticas y tratar de examinar correlatos psicosociales específicos de ambos acosos. (AU)

Bullying is an important risk factor for the mental health of adolescents. With the development of new technologies, a type of harassment called cyberbullying emerged that presents different qualitative characteristics. However, there are few instruments to measure both behaviors together. The objective of this research was to evaluate for the first time the psychometric properties of the BCS-A scale by Thomas et al. that measures bullying and cyberbullying multi-dimensionally in a sample of Spanish-speaking adolescents. For this purpose, an intentional sample of 842 students who attended secondary school in Argentina (46% male, 53% female and 1% non-binary) was constituted. Participants answered the questionnaire, the Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and demographic questions. Factor analysis —exploratory and confirmatory— indicated four dimensions: physical, verbal, relational and virtual victimization, as well as to carry out bullying. Also the internal consistencies were adequate. Concurrent validity was found with respect to Goodman Questionnaire. Thus, the BCS-A scale by Thomas et al. It would be a useful tool to evaluate both issues and try to examine specific psychosocial correlates of both bullying. (AU)

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La fortaleza mental es un importante constructo para los deportes siendo el Mental Toughness Index (MTI) uno de los instrumentos más usados a este respecto. En el último tiempo los juegos electrónicos crecieron de manera notoria y como en cualquier deporte la fortaleza mental es central para un desempeño exitoso. De este modo, el objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas del MTI en español ya que el mismo no está validado en dicho idioma. El único estudio existente en población española es uno con adultos mexicanos pero su objetivo era examinar su invarianza de medición con respecto a adultos atletas de los Estados Unidos. Para este fin, se conformó una muestra intencional, no probabilística de 550 jugadores de Esports (80% masculino) con una media de edad de 22 años (DE = 3.91) de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Al dividir la muestra en dos grupos en forma aleatoria, los resultados -tanto de análisis factoriales exploratorios como confirmatorios- arrojaron una estructura unifactorial similar a la postulada por los autores del cuestionario. La consistencia interna fue adecuada con un valor de .85. Se detectó la validez de constructo del cuestionario con la ansiedad y la motivación para los deportes por lo cual sería un instrumento con evidencia de propiedades para una rápida medición del constructo. (AU)

Mental toughness is an important construct for sports, and the Mental Toughness Index (MTI) is one of the most used instruments in this regard. Recently, electronic games have grown remarkably and, as in any sport, mental strength is essential for a successful performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the MTI in Spanish, since it has not been validated in that language. The only existing study in the Spanish population is one with Mexican adults, but its objective was to examine its measurement invariance with respect to adult athletes from the United States. For this purpose, an intentional, non-probabilistic sample of 550 esports players (80% male) with a mean age of 22 years (SD = 3.91) from Buenos Aires, Argentina was formed. By dividing the sample into two groups at random, the results -both from exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyzes-yielded a unifactorial structure similar to that postulated by the authors of the questionnaire. Internal consistency was adequate with a value of .85. The construct validity of the questionnaire with anxiety and motivation for sports was detected, for which it would be an instrument with evidence of properties for a rapid measurement of the construct. (AU)

A força mental é um construto importante para no contexto do desporto, sendo o Índice de Resistência Mental (MTI) um dos instrumentos mais utilizados neste contexto. Nos últimos tempos, os jogos eletrônicos cresceram consideravelmente e, como em qualquer desporto, a força mental é essencial para um bom desempenho. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as propriedades psicométricas do MTI em espanhol, uma vez que não foi validado nesta língua. O único estudo existente na população espanhola foi com com adultos mexicanos, mas seu objetivo foi analisar a invariância em função de atletas adultos dos Estados Unidos. Para isso, recolheu-se uma amostra intencional e não probabilística de 550 jogadores de e-sports (80% do sexo masculino) com idade média de 22 anos (DP = 3,91) de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ao dividir a amostra em dois grupos ao acaso, os resultados -tanto da análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatóriaproduziram uma estrutura unifatorial semelhante à postulada pelosautores do questionário. A consistência interna foi adequada com valor de 0,85. Foi detectada a validadede constructo do questionário com ansiedade e motivação no desporto, o que demonstra que o instrumento apresenta propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a avaliação do constructo em estudo. (AU)

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Trolling with new technologies is a disruptive, deceptive, and destructive behavior, with great psychosocial, legal, and economical relevance. However, there are no studies in the scientific literature that have examined the properties of questionnaires to assess them. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to observe the psychometric properties of the Revised Trolling Questionnaire by Buckels et al.'s in a sample of Argentinean adults. An intentional sample of 837 participants from Argentina (mean age = 28.4 years; 61% female) was formed. They completed the Buckels et al.'s Revised Trolling Questionnaire, measures of dark personality, Internet addiction, cyberstalking, and socio-demographic questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses indicated a one-factor structure with correct fit statistics. Internal consistency was adequate: Cronbach's α = .80 and Omega coefficient (ω) = .81. Concurrent validity of the trolling questionnaire was observed with dark personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy), problematic Internet use (symptomatology and disfunctionality), and cyberstalking. Machiavellianism and disfunctionality were the most significant variables associated with trolling. Therefore, the Argentinean Spanish version of this test showed evidence of adequate psychometric properties.

El trolling mediante las nuevas tecnologías es un comportamiento disruptivo, molesto y destructivo, con una gran relevancia psicosocial, legal y jurídica. No existen estudios en la literatura científica que hayan examinado las propiedades de un instrumento para evaluarlo. El propósito del presente estudio fue observar las propiedades del Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al. en una muestra de adultos argentinos. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 837 participantes argentinos (edad promedio=28,4 años; 61% mujeres). Completaron el Cuestionario Revisado de Trolling de Buckels et al., un cuestionario de personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcicismo), de adicción a internet, de cyberstalking y preguntas sociodemográficas. Un análisis factorial exploratorio como confirmatorio indicó una correcta estructura unifactorial. La consistencia interna fue adecuada: α de Cronbach = .80 y Omega coefficient (ω) = .81. La validez concurrente del cuestionario se observó con el cyberstalking, la personalidad oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y el uso problemático de Internet. El maquiavelismo y la disfuncionalidad eran las variables más asociadas al trolling. De este modo, la versión al español argentino de dicho test mostró evidencia de adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.

RESUMEN

The first goal of the current research was to study the short-term developmental patterns of ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior during the middle adolescence stage among Uruguayan and Colombian adolescents. The second goal was to study the probability of inclusion in each trajectory class arising from gratitude and forgiveness (understood as the absence of negative emotions and the presence of positive emotions toward an aggressor) while controlling for gender and age. The study included two short-term longitudinal samples from two Latin American countries: Colombia (N = 212, M age = 13.82 years, SD = 1.25) and Uruguay (N = 269, M age = 14.02 years, SD = 1.39). The data were collected at three time points within a 3-month interval. The first finding indicated that different patterns in ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior in adolescents emerged in both Latin American countries. Moreover, two classes-high and low-were identified in the trajectory of ingroup prosocial behavior, while three different classes-high, moderate, and low-were found in the trajectory of outgroup prosocial behavior in both countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosocial behavior. High levels of positive emotions toward an aggressor (a dimension of forgiveness) increased the probability that a Colombian adolescent belonged to the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosociality. Regarding outgroup prosocial behavior, different predictors were also identified between the countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude and positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior. Only positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Colombian adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior.

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Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo estudiar si los problemas emocionales (depresión y ansiedad) y la Personalidad Oscura eran predictores del sexting y el grooming, y si este comportamiento varía según el género y la edad. Se constituyó una muestra de 728 adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años (38% hombres) de tres escuelas secundarias privadas ubicadas en Buenos Aires y Paraná, Argentina. Completaron un Cuestionario de sexting, el Cuestionario de Solicitación e Interacción Sexual a menores online por parte de adultos para evaluar el comportamiento de grooming, la Escala de síntomas psicosomáticos de Rosenberg, el Inventario de depresión de Kovacs para niños y el Dirty Dozen para los rasgos de Personalidad Oscura. Los resultados mostraron que 12% de los adolescentes admitió haber padecido una conducta de grooming. Las formas más frecuentes fueron el envío de mensajes escritos de carácter sexual (11%) y fotos (10%) y luego, en orden de frecuencia, el envío de videos (4%), pero no se detectaron diferencias por género. Los predictores significativos de sexting y el tamaño de su varianza explicada variaban según el género (R² = 47% para mujeres y R² = 12% para hombres, respectivamente). En el caso de las mujeres, mayor edad y puntajes de psicopatía fueron predictores significativos, y en el de los hombres, menor ansiedad fue el predictor significativo. Un modelo estructural explicó una varianza del 6% para el sexting y 21% para el grooming, indicando que no hubo invarianza, según el género. Las regresiones lineales para predecir el grooming a partir del sexting también sugirieron que el género moderaba esta relación.

Abstract The present study aimed to study if emotional problems (depression and anxiety) and Dark Personality were predictors of sexting and grooming, and if this behavior differs by gender and age. A sample of 728 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age (38% male) from three private high schools located in Buenos Aires and Paraná, Argentina, was drawn. They completed a Sexting questionnaire, the Questionnaire for Online Sexual Solicitation and Interaction of Minors with Adults for grooming behavior, Rosenberg Scale of Psychosomatic Symptoms, the Kovacs Depression Inventory for Children and the Dirty Dozen for dark personality traits. Results showed that 12% of adolescents admitted having carried out a sexting behavior. Sending written messages of a sexual nature (11%) and photos (10%) were the most prevalent ways, followed by videos (4%), but no differences were detected according to gender. Significant predictors of sexting and the size of its explained variance ranged by gender (R² = 47% for females and R² = 12% for men, respectively). In the case of females, older age and psychopathy were the significant predictors. In the case of males, less anxiety was the significant predictors. A structural model explained a variance of 6% for sexting and 21% for grooming, indicating that there was no inavariance, according to gender. Linear regressions to predict grooming from sexting also suggested this relationship was moderated by gender.

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Resumen El uso de instrumentos para evaluar la personalidad es una práctica común en psicología, de ahí que su validación y adaptación a diferentes grupos poblacionales sea fundamental. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la validez de constructo del NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) en un grupo de 617 personas adultas mayores en Bogotá, Colombia. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios, así como un análisis bifactorial. Los resultados mostraron que el inventario no logra un ajuste adecuado en ninguno de los modelos de primer orden, ni en el modelo bifactorial, como tampoco en el análisis de los factores por separado. Solamente, presentó un ajuste adecuado en los modelos AFC modificados que evalúan cada factor como individual, a excepción del factor Amabilidad. Precisamente, los ítems que tuvieron bajas cargas factoriales son aquellos ítems negativos o reversos, y, dado que la comprensión de este tipo de ítems requiere de mejores habilidades lingüísticas, se infiere que el bajo nivel educativo de las personas que conformaron la muestra pudo interferir en el logro de un ajuste adecuado de los modelos; en consecuencia, se recomienda estudiar este aspecto en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract The use of instruments to assess personality is a common practice in psychology, therefore its validation and adaptation to different population groups is fundamental. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the construct validity of the NEO-FFI Inventory in a group of 617 elderly people in Bogotá, Colombia. First ordered confirmatory factor analyses and bi-factor models were performed. The results showed that the Inventory does not achieve an adequate adjustment in any of the first-order models, nor in the bi-factorial model, nor in the analysis of the factors separately. Only in the modified CFA models that evaluate each factor individually, with the exception of Agreeableness, an adequate fit was achieved. The items registering low factor loadings are especially those negative or reverse items, and since the understanding this type of items requires better linguistic skills, it is inferred that the low educational level of the sample could interfere in achieving an adequate adjustment of the models. Consequently, it is recommended to study this aspect in future research.

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Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Impulsividad (UPPS-P) en su versión breve en una muestra de adultos argentinos. Se exploró su estructura factorial y consistencia interna, y su validez convergente con los estilos de pensamiento experiencial y racional, así como con la psicopatía. A su vez, se exploró la relación de la impulsividad con el narcisismo y maquiavelismo, controlando los puntajes en psicopatía. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra intencional de adultos argentinos (n = 517) de entre 18 y 60 años (54 % femenino, edad media 27), reclutados mediante diversas redes sociales. Los participantes respondieron de forma online a dicha escala, a un inventario sociodemográfico, así como al Inventario Experiencial Racional y a la Escala de Personalidad Oscura. Los resultados obtenidos se procesaron con el programa SPSS 23, Factor 8.10 y AMOS 16.0. Un análisis en paralelo, sumado a análisis factoriales confirmatorios, revelaron una estructura de cuatro factores: urgencia, búsqueda de sensaciones, falta de premeditación y falta de perseverancia. El factor urgencia incluyó tanto la urgencia positiva como la urgencia negativa de la escala UPPS-P. La estructura factorial revelada se asemeja al UPPS, escala de impulsividad previa al UPPS-P, conformada por cuatro factores. Se conservó la totalidad de los ítems de la escala breve. Dos ítems presentaron mayor carga en un factor distinto al que pertenecían en la adaptación. Los valores del alfa de Cronbach fueron adecuados, lo cual aseguró la consistencia interna. El alfa de Cronbach de la escala total fue .79. La escala reveló validez convergente con los puntajes de psicopatía y del Inventario Experiencial Racional. Se observaron correlaciones parciales significativas entre maquiavelismo y narcisismo, y diferentes dimensiones de impulsividad, controlando psicopatía. Se demuestra que la escala de impulsividad en su versión breve mantiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de adultos argentinos.

Abstract This study aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) in its short version in a sample of Argentinean adults. Its factor structure and internal consistency were explored, as well as its convergent validity with experiential and rational thinking styles, along with psychopathy. At the same time, the relationship of impulsivity with narcissism and Machiavellianism was explored, controlling the scores in psychopathy. An intentional sample of Argentinean adults (N = 517) between 18 and 60 years old (54 % female, mean age 27) was selected. Participants responded on-line to this scale, a sociodemographic inventory, as well as to the Rational Experiential Inventory and the Dark Personality Scale. The results obtained were processed with the programs SPSS 23, Factor 8.10, and AMOS 16.0. The sample was randomly divided into two groups of n = 217 and n = 300. An exploratory factorial analysis was first performed on the first group, as a calibration study. After that, a confirmatory analysis was performed on the second group, as a replication study, since there are no previous studies on this subject in Argentina. A parallel analysis was first carried out with the Factor 8.10 program. A number of replications = 100 and percentile representation of simulations = .95 were used. Regarding the exploratory factor analysis, The Unweighted Least Squares method was used along with a Promin rotation. The final solution showed a structure of four factors: urgency, sensation seeking, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance, explaining 56 % of the variance. Each of these factors explained 16 %, 24 %, 10 %, and 6 % of the variance, respectively. The urgency factor included both the positive and negative urgency of the UPPS-P scale. The factor structure revealed is similar to the UPPS, a scale of impulsivity prior to the UPPS-P, made up of four factors. All items on the short scale were retained. Two items loaded better on a different factor. Cronbach's Alphas were adequate, ensuring internal consistency. Cronbach's α of the full scale was .79. Internal consistency was analyzed, resulting in Cronbach's α values of .76 for Emergency; .75 for Sensation Search; .69 for Lack of Premeditation, and .74 for Lack of Perseverance. The resulting Cronbach α values are similar to those of the Spanish version, which presented internal consistencies between .61 and .79. Subsequently, based on the factor structure found, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on the second group sample. A relatively good fit was found for the model, with CFI and TLI values above .90 and the SRMR and RMSEA below .05. The authors' original model, which includes five factors, was also tested. The fit was less satisfactory compared to the previous model, because of the CFI, TLI, SRMR, and RMSEA indicators, and the difference in ∆ from the models, which was statistically significant at the p < .001 level. Finally, a second-order model was tested with all four dimensions as first-order latent variables and impulsivity as second-order latent variables. The fit was relatively satisfactory, with CFI and TLI above .90 and SRMR and RMSEA below .05. Thus, the present adjustment revealed a second-order factor, as did the English short version of the UPPS-P (Cyders et al., 2014). The scale revealed convergent validity with the scores of psychopathy and the Rational Experiential Inventory. Psychopathy resulted positively related to impulsivity. In turn, the correlations between the dimensions of impulsivity and those of the Rational Experiential Inventory were negative with the rational thinking style -excluding sensation seeking- and positive with the significant ones of the experiential style. Significant partial correlations were observed between machiavellianism and narcissism and different dimensions of impulsivity, controlling psychopathy scores. It is demonstrated that the impulsivity scale in its short version maintains adequate psychometric properties in a sample of Argentinean adults.

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The objectives of this study are to analyze the efficacy of the Virtual Hero Program during the social isolation due to COVID-19 to increase the positive emotions (joy, gratitude, serenity, personal satisfaction, and sympathy) and prosocial behavior of Colombian adolescents. Additionally, we will analyze whether the Hero program, by directly promoting positive emotional states in adolescents, can predispose them to take prosocial actions toward other people (via an indirect or mediated effect). The final sample of the study comprised 100 participants from the intervention group (M age = 13.94, SD = 0.97) and 111 from the control group (M age = 14.39, SD = 0.81). The participants were assigned to the groups using a cluster randomized trial. The positive emotions questionnaire and the Kindness and Generosity subscale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths were used to measure the variables. The results indicated that the program increased joy, gratitude, serenity and personal satisfaction but not sympathy of those who participated in the intervention. The promotion of these positive emotions predisposed the Colombian adolescents to act prosocially. Furthermore, the program was also effective in directly promoting prosocial behaviors in the adolescents during social isolation, as observed through a statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-test evaluations between the control and intervention groups. The structure of the intervention brought adolescents closer to social situations to which isolation had limited their access, promoting the importance of closeness and solidarity with others within the complexities of the social confinement context. This study is particularly relevant because interventions with proven effectiveness are necessary to counteract the trauma produced by social isolation in young people throughout the world.

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Resumen El rendimiento escolar en niños y adolescentes es una tarea esencial del desarrollo con implicancias psicosociales contemporáneas como a largo plazo. Un importante constructo neuropsicológico es la atención, la cual está en la base de cualquier aprendizaje. Objetivos: la presente investigación trató de determinar si el desempeño atencional de niños y adolescentes era un predictor de las calificaciones escolares. Métodos: se constituyó una muestra de 82 niños de tres cursos en una escuela primaria privada en Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Además, se constituyó una muestra de 73 adolescentes de dos cursos en una escuela secundaria privada en Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Los participantes completaron el d2 Test de Atención Brickenkamp y se solicitaron las calificaciones de todas las materias escolares. Los datos se procesaron cuantitativamente con el programa SPSS 23. Resultados: tanto en el caso de los niños como los adolescentes, las calificaciones más bajas se hallaban en Matemática y Lengua. El total de respuestas y de aciertos eran predictores significativos de las calificaciones en Matemática, Lengua y Ciencias Básicas en niños. En el caso de los adolescentes, también, el total de respuestas y aciertos predecían las notas de Matemática, Lengua, Inglés y Biología, aunque en todos los casos el tamaño del efecto era pequeño. Se observó un desempeño atencional más elevado en los adolescentes en comparación con los niños. Discusión: los hallazgos del presente estudio sugieren que el desempeño atencional es un predictor significativo del rendimiento escolar de los niños y los adolescentes.

Abstract School performance in children and adolescents is an important development task with notable psychosocial correlates, both contemporary and long term. An important neuropsychological construct is attention, which is the basis of any learning. Objectives: the present investigation was oriented to determine if attention performance in children and adolescents was a predictor of school grades. Method: a sample of 82 children from three grades was selected at a private primary school in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina. In addition, a sample of 73 adolescents from two grades was selected at a private secondary school in Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Participants completed the Brickenkamp d2 Attention Questionnaire and grades for all school subjects were obtained. Results: in the cases of both children and adolescents, their lowest grades were in Mathematics and Language. The total of responses and correct answers were significant predictors of the grades in Mathematics, Language and Basic Sciences in children. In the case of adolescents, total responses and accuracy predicted the Math, Language, English and Biology grades, although in all cases the effect size was small. Higher attentional performance was observed in adolescents, compared to children. Discussion: the findings of the present study suggest that attentional performance is a significant predictor of school performance in children and adolescents.

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Los avances de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) permiten acceder en tiempo real a una cantidad ingente de datos, a través de los cuales es posible conocer el comportamiento de hechos sociales. En este escenario, la actual pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha permitido, bajo cuestionables criterios de inmediatez y urgencia, circular información que genera realidad e impacta en la toma de decisiones; y, además, ha favorecido la apropiación del dato, exponiendo a las personas a violaciones de sus derechos fundamentales. Ambos asuntos son sensibles para América Latina y el Caribe, región que hoy se presenta no sólo como el epicentro de la pandemia sino también de las desigualdades. La contribución que desde la reflexión y deliberación bioética puede realizarse en esta materia, adquiere especial relevancia con vistas a generar un nuevo pacto para el tratamiento de los datos

Advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provide real-time access to a vast amount of data, through which it is possible to know the behavior of social facts. In this scenario, the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has allowed, under questionable criteria of immediacy and urgency, to circulate information that generates reality and impacts on decision-making; and has also favored the appropriation of the data, exposing people to violations of their fundamental rights. Both issues are sensitive to Latin America and the Caribbean, a region that today is presented itself not only as the epicenter of the pandemic but also of inequalities. The contribution that bioethical reflection and deliberation can make in this matter, acquires special relevance with a view to generating a new covenant for the treatment of data

Els avenços de les Tecnologies de la Informació I la Comunicació (TIC) permeten accedir en temps real a una quantitat ingent de dades, a través dels quals és possible conèixer el comportament de fets socials. En aquest escenari, l'actual pandèmia per SARS-CoV-2 ha permès, sota qüestionables criteris d'immediatesa I urgència, circular informació que genera realitat I impacta en la presa de decisions; i, a més, ha afavorit l'apropiació de la dada, exposant a les persones a violacions dels seus drets fonamentals. Tots dos assumptes són sensibles per a Amèrica Llatina I el Carib, regió que avui es presenta no només com l'epicentre de la pandèmia sinó també de les desigualtats. La contribució que des de la reflexió I deliberació bioètica pot realitzarse en aquesta matèria, adquireix especial rellevància amb vistes a generar un nou pacte per al tractament de les dades

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RESUMEN Introducción : El trolling es un fenómeno de gran actualidad, pero mucho menos estudiado a diferencia de otras problemáticas relacionadas con las nuevas tecnologías. El presente estudio evaluó los niveles de trolling en adultos a partir del sadismo y la adicción a internet. Método : Para este fin, se constituyó una muestra intencional de 708 adultos, de ambos géneros (56% mujeres, edad M = 25 años DE = 8.7), de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) y Gran Buenos Aires (GBA), Argentina. Los participantes contestaron el Cuestionario de trolling de Buckels et al., de Tendencias Sádicas de Paulhus et al., de Adicción a Internet de Lam-Figueroa et al. y un cuestionario demográfico. Los datos indicaban que tanto el sadismo vicario, el sadismo directo y la disfuncionalidad en el uso de Internet eran predictores del trolling. Resultados : Los resultados sugerían asociación del trolling con la edad y diferencias según el género. Un modelo estructural para predecir el trolling a partir del sadismo como variable latente y la adicción a internet mostraron un ajuste adecuado CFI = .99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .04, indicando que el sadismo predecía el trolling y la adicción a internet. Conclusión : El sadismo es un predictor importante para la conducta de Trolling a través de internet, donde los individuos con estas características aprovechan el anonimato para realizar sus conductas agresivas.

ABSTRACT Background : Trolling is a very topical phenomenon, but much less studied unlike other problems related to new technologies. The present study evaluated the levels of trolling in adults from sadism and internet addiction. Method : For this purpose, an intentional sample of 708 adults of both genders (56% women, age M = 25 years SD = 8.7), from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) and Greater Buenos Aires (GBA), Argentina is selected. Participants answered the Trolling Questionnaire by Buckels et al., On Sadistic Tendencies by Paulhus et al., On Internet Addiction by Lam-Figueroa et al. and a demographic questionnaire. The data indicated that both vicarious sadism, outright sadism, and dysfunctionality in Internet use were predictors of trolling. Results : The results suggested an association of trolling with age and differences according to gender. A structural model to predict trolling based on sadism as a latent variable and internet addiction shows an adequate fit CFI = .99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .04, indicating that sadism predicted trolling and internet addiction. Conclusion : Sadism is an important predictor for trolling behavior over the internet, where individuals with these characteristics take advantage of anonymity to carry out their aggressive behaviors.

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La victimización de pares es un importante factor de riesgo para la salud mental de los adolescentes. Uno de sus correlatos más graves son las autolesiones y la ideación suicida. Pocos estudios, sin embargo, han examinado si la victimización predice las autolesiones y la ideación suicida, controlando el nivel de depresión. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 532 adolescentes de Paraná, Argentina. El 41% era varón (Medad = 13.8 años, DE=1.6). El 69% de los adolescentes era testigo, el 19%, reportaba victimización, el 5%, reportaba agresión y el 7%, ambos. Las víctimas y el grupo de ambos presentaban altos niveles de autolesiones e ideación suicida. El género introducía diferencias en las autolesiones y la ideación suicida. La victimización resulta un predictor significativo de las autolesiones y la ideación suicida, luego de controlar el nivel de depresión de los adolescentes, prediciendo el 7% y 5% de su varianza, respectivamente

Peer victimization is a significant risk factor for adolescent mental health. One of the most severe correlatives of victimization is selfharm and suicidal ideation. Few studies, however, have examined whether victimization predicts self-harm and suicidal ideation above the level of previous depression. A sample of 532 teenagers was taken from three public middle schools in the city of Paraná, Entre Ríos. 41% were male, and the average age was 13.8 years. The results suggested that 69% were not involved, 19% victim, 5% perpetrator and 7% both. The victims of bullying and the group of both had a higher level of self-harm and suicidal ideation compared to those not involved. Females score higher than males in self-harm and suicidal ideation. Victimization was a predictor of self-harm and suicidal ideation over depression

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Se busca determinar el grado de solapamiento entre la victimización y la cibervictimización, por un lado, y entre la agresión y la ciberagresión, por el otro. Al mismo tiempo, se pretende describir los perfiles de personalidad y eventuales problemas emocionales en los adolescentes involucrados en cibervictimización y ciberbullying y compararlos con los de los involucrados en la victimización y el bullying presencial. Se constituyó una muestra de 898 adolescentes de escuelas secundarias de la Argentina (56% mujeres, edad media = 15;2). En lo relativo al solapamiento entre victimización y cibervictimización, este era 8%, mientras que para agresión y ciberagresión era 4%. Las víctimas y las cibervíctimas no diferían en los niveles de problemas emocionales, con la excepción de que las víctimas presenciales presentaban menor autoestima; también ellas presentaban mayor neuroticismo que los grupos no involucrados. Los ciberagresores puntuaban más bajo en depresión y en conciencia, pero más alto en agradabilidad en comparación con los agresores presenciales. Estos resultados sugerirían que el ciberbullying no es una mera extensión del bullying. En la discusión se analizan las implicancias de estos hallazgos y se brindan sugerencias para futuros estudios

The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of overlap between victimization and cybervictimization, on one hand, and between aggression and cyberaggression, on the other. In addition, it aimed to determine whether those engaged in cybervictimization and cyberbullying perpetration differed in emotional problems and personality from those engaged in traditional victimization and bullying perpetration. An Argentinean sample of 898 high school student was recruited (56% females, mean age = 15;2). The degree of overlap was 8% for victimization and cybervictimization, and 4% for aggression and cyberaggression. Traditional victims and cyber-victims did not differ in the level of emotional problems, but traditional victims scored lower in self-esteem; traditional victims showed higher level of Neuroticism compared to non-involved, as well. As regarding bullying, cyber-aggressors showed less depression than traditional aggressors did. In addition, cyber-aggressors scored low in consciousness and high in agreeableness compared to traditional aggressors. In discussion, we discuss these results and we provide suggestion for future studies

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la estabilidad del ser víctima y ser agresor en tres puntos en el tiempo y la direccionalidad de la causalidad entre la victimización y los problemas emocionales, por un lado, y entre la agresión y los problemas de conducta en adolescentes, por el otro. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 485 alumnos de dos escuelas secundarias de Paraná, Entre Ríos. Un 42% correspondió a alumnos varones; la media de edad fue de 13.6 años. Los participantes contestaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Cuestionario de Agresores/Víctimas de Olweus (que mide bullying verbal, físico, relacional y cyberbullying), el Inventario de Depresión de Kovacs, la Escala de Síntomas Psicosomáticos de Rosenberg para ansiedad y las escalas de conducta antisocial y agresividad del ASEBA de Achenbach y Rescorla (2001). Los resultados indicaron que un porcentaje similar era víctima en cada uno de los tres tiempos (15%, 16% y 18%). Con respecto al ser agresor, también se hallaba un porcentaje similar en los tres tiempos (9% 10% y 9%). Considerando el grupo que era victimizado en el tiempo 1, un 39% lo era también en los tiempos 2 y 3, mientras que dentro del 9% que era agresor en el tiempo 1, un 57% lo era en los dos tiempos subsiguientes. Un modelo autoregressive cross-lagged indicó que existían efectos bidireccionales entre la victimización y la depresión. También se hallaron efectos bidireccionales para el bullying y la agresividad. Estos resultados indican estabilidad, pero también cambio en el ser victimizado y ser agresor. En la discusión se analizan estos hallazgos a partir de diversos aportes teóricos para explicar tanto la estabilidad como el cambio. Finalmente, se proveen limitaciones y sugerencias para futuros estudios.

Bullying is an important risk factor for mental health of children and adolescents. Bullying is a subset of aggressive behavior, generally defined as an act intended to inflict injury or discomfort upon another student. There is considerable evidence for emotional problems (such as, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem) among children and young people who experience bullying or peer victimization, and between bullying and behavioral problems (aggression, antisocial behavior, and substance use), but cross-sectional studies cannot explore the direction of the relationship. Besides, longitudinal studies are crucial to explore stability of being victim and being aggressor. There are no many studies that has attempted to do this. In Latin American countries, such as Argentina, longitudinal studies are very scarce in this respect. Exploring the direction of the link between victimization and emotional problems is vital to identify targets of victimization in adolescents and reducing cost of victimization. So, the purpose of this research was examining stability of victims and aggressor in three-time points and determine the direction of the relationship between emotional problems (depression and anxiety) and victimization, on one hand, and between behavioral problems (antisocial behavior and aggression), on the other hand. To this end, data were obtained from a sample of 485 students from two secondary schools attending first course, second and third in Parana, Entre Rios. A 58% was female and 42% was males; Mage = 13.6. They were examined in May (Time 1, T1), August (Time 2, T2), and November (Time 3, T3). To measure victimization, they completed Olweus Bully/ Victim Questionnaire (tapping verbal, physical, relational, and cybervictimization and these kind of bullying), Kovacs Child Depression Inventory for depression, Rosenberg Psychosomatic Symptom Scale for anxiety, and aggressive behavior and antisocial behavior from Achebanch and Rescorla ASEBA (2001), and some sociodemographic questions. Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured. Date was set up with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 and AMOS 16 to set up structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggested that 15%,16%, and 18% were victims in T1, T2, and T3. As regarding being aggressor, the percentages were 9%, 10%, and 9%. With respect to stability of victim status in each of the three times, a 39% was victim in the three times; as regarding aggressor status, a 57% was aggressor in the three times. An autoregressive cross-lagged with index of victimization, scores on depression and anxiety in T1, T2, and T3 indicated an adequate model fit: CFI = .99, TLI = .96 and RMSEA =.08. Victimization at T1 predicted victimization at T2 and T3. Regarding the links between victimization and emotional problems, this relationship was reciprocal with respect to depression: victimization predicted depression at T2 and T3 and depression predicted victimization in both times, as well. The links between victimization and anxiety was non-significant. Reciprocal links between depression and anxiety were found. With respect to bullying, antisocial behavioral and aggression model, results indicated a good model fit: CFI = .99, TLI = .96, and RMSEA = .06. Findings suggested reciprocal links between bullying and aggression. Links between bullying and antisocial behavioral were non-significant. These results suggested stability in victim status and aggressor status, but also change in only a period of six month. Besides, results showed that the link between victimization and depression was reciprocal: depression was an antecedent but a consequence of victimization, as well; the same happened for bullying and aggression. So, these results are in line with a vast literature suggesting reciprocal effects. In the discussion, we provided further explanation of the results, considering domination theory among others. Finally, limitations and suggestion for carrying out future studies are provided.

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Few studies have examined differences in emotional problems and personality of traditional bullies and cyberbullies. The present study aimed to determine whether those engaged in cyberbullying differ in emotional problems, and personality from those engage in traditional bullying perpetration. An Argentinean sample of 898 high school students was recruited (56% female; mean age = 15.2 SD = 1.6). Adolescents completed measures of traditional bullying, cyberbullying, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and personality. A 6% were traditional bullies; 8%, cyberbullies; and 4% were involved in both forms; the remainders were non involved. Results indicated that cyberbullies showed less depression and anxiety than traditional bullies. Also, cyberbullies scored low in neuroticism and high in agreeableness compared to traditional bullies. The results suggest that cyberbullies are characterized by an emotional and personality profile different from traditional bullies. In the discussion we analyze the implications of these results.

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BACKGROUND: Voluntarily sending sexual content (e.g., photos, videos) among adolescents via the Internet and mobile phones, a phenomenon called sexting, is receiving increasing social and research attention. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyze the prevalence and trends of sexting among adolescents by gender and age and 2) to examine the personality profile of adolescents that participated in sexting. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,223 Spanish adolescents from 12 to 17 years of age (49.9% female; mean age = 14.06, SD = 1.37) who anonymously and voluntarily completed self-report questionnaires on sexting and the big five personality factors. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of sexting was 13.5%. The prevalence was 3.4% at 12 years old and increased to 36.1% at 17 years of age, showing a growing and significant linear trend. Overall, no differences were found between males and females. The personality profile of those involved in sexting was characterized by higher Extraversion and Neuroticism and by lower scores in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. CONCLUSIONS: Given its high prevalence, beyond adopting a perspective based on the dangers of sexting, an educational approach that emphasizes responsible and informed use of information and communication technologies is necessary

ANTECEDENTES: el envío de contenidos sexuales (p.ej., fotos y vídeos) entre adolescentes a través de Internet y el teléfono móvil, o sexting, está recibiendo atención social creciente. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) analizar la prevalencia y tendencias por sexo y por edad del sexting entre adolescentes; y 2) examinar el perfil de personalidad de los adolescentes que participan en sexting. MÉTODO: participaron 3.223 adolescentes españoles entre 12 y 17 años (49,9% mujeres; edad media = 14,06, DT = 1,37) que completaron de forma anónima y voluntaria autoinformes sobre sexting y sobre los cinco grandes factores de personalidad. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia total del sexting fue del 13,5%. La prevalencia fue del 3,4% a los 12 años y ascendió al 36,1% a los 17, mostrando una tendencia lineal creciente y significativa. En general, no se encontraron diferencias entre varones y mujeres. El perfil de personalidad de quienes se implicaron en sexting se caracterizó por una mayor Extraversión y Neuroticismo y por menor Amabilidad y Responsabilidad. CONCLUSIONES: más allá que adoptar una perspectiva basada en los peligros del sexting, se hace necesario un enfoque educativo que enfatice el uso responsable e informado de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación

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BACKGROUND: Voluntarily sending sexual content (e.g., photos, videos) among adolescents via the Internet and mobile phones, a phenomenon called sexting , is receiving increasing social and research attention. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyze the prevalence and trends of sexting among adolescents by gender and age and 2) to examine the personality profile of adolescents that participated in sexting. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,223 Spanish adolescents from 12 to 17 years of age (49.9% female; mean age = 14.06, SD = 1.37) who anonymously and voluntarily completed self-report questionnaires on sexting and the big five personality factors. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of sexting was 13.5%. The prevalence was 3.4% at 12 years old and increased to 36.1% at 17 years of age, showing a growing and significant linear trend. Overall, no differences were found between males and females. The personality profile of those involved in sexting was characterized by higher Extraversion and Neuroticism and by lower scores in Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. CONCLUSIONS: Given its high prevalence, beyond adopting a perspective based on the dangers of sexting, an educational approach that emphasizes responsible and informed use of information and communication technologies is necessary.

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Este trabajo aborda un tema de gran actualidad, pero escasamente evaluado con investigaciones científico-empíricas en la Argentina: el bullying. El Cuestionario Revisado de Agresores / Víctimas de Olweus es uno de los instrumentos más usados en el mundo para medir el ser acosado y acosar a otros alumnos, ya que tiende a funcionar similarmente en las distintas naciones. Estudios extranjeros y preliminares en la Argentina detectaron que dicho cuestionario presenta una dimensión unifactorial tanto para la Escala Ser Agredido como para la Escala Agredir. Así, esta investigación pretendió indagar la equivalencia factorial según género de dichas escalas en una población intencional de adolescentes. Para ello se constituyó una muestra de 1.222 adolescentes (44% varones; media de edad: 14.4 años) que concurrían a escuelas de enseñanza media en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y en la ciudad de Paraná (Argentina), quienes completaron dicho instrumento y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Con este fin, se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales confirmatorios multigrupos para varones y mujeres con el Programa AMOS 16. Al fijar las cargas factoriales de los nueve ítemes de la Escala Ser Agredido, los resultados indicaron que los mismos tendían a funcionar similarmente para varones y mujeres. En cambio, los resultados de la Escala Ser Agresor sugerían que las preguntas de agresión con golpes / empujones y decir mentiras funcionaban de modo distinto, según el género. En las conclusiones se destacan las implicancias de estos hallazgos, se desarrollan explicaciones de por qué dichos ítemes funcionarían en forma diferente y se brindan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.(AU)

The purpose of this research was to investigate a problem of great psychosocial and political relevance but scarcely studied with empirical studies in Argentina: bullying in secondary education. Argentina is a developed Latin American country of Italian and Spanish descend. This nation belongs to the high but not to the very high human development group and is the second best positioned nation in Latin America. Bullying is considered to be an important risk factor for mental health of both children and adolescents due to its association with personal, familial and social problems. Victims suffer of internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, among others), on the other hand, aggressor show higher behavioral problems (antisocial behavior, substance use, among others). Several authors stated that bullying is a subset of aggressive behavior, generally defined as an act intended to inflict injury or discomfort upon another student. It is characterized by certain special features such as an asymmetric power relationship and some repetitiveness. Previous research has shown that this problem is more frequent in adolescence than in childhood. Several studies suggested differences in aggression according to gender; males present higher level of aggression and bullying compared to females due to social and biological factors. Therefore, a vital aspect in this respect is measuring of both victimization and aggression. A well-known tool to measure this problems are self-reports. Although self-reports have disadvantages -as all measures- they are efficient and low-cost techniques. Thus, the main objective was to explore factorial invariance of the Revised Olweus Bully / Victim Questionnaire according to gender. This questionnaire is the most widely used instrument to measure bullying in North America and Northern Europe and several authors suggest that the questionnaire functions similarly in many countries. Besides, studies in first countries and Argentina suggested that this questionnaire showed a unifactorial structure both for the Scale of Being a Bullied and the Scale of Being a Bully as well as good validity and reliability. Even in those countries, however, there are few published studies on their psychometric properties. This instrument asks about being bullied (or bullying other students in a different section of the questionnaire) in the past couple of months, comprising direct physical and verbal harassment and threatening and coercive behaviors as well as indirect ways of bullying. The instrument presents nine items about victimization and nine about aggression. They are rated on a 5-point scale (from 0 to 4). The questionnaire also contains several questions about the reactions of others to bullying. It was administered to a convenience sample of 1222 students belonging to high schools in Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and Paraná (Argentina), (44% males, average age: 14.4). Besides, a sociodemographic questionnaire was administered to this sample. Questionnaires were administered at school and confidentiality was ensured. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17 and AMOS 16 were used for processing data. AMOS 16 was used for performing multigrup confirmatory factorial analysis in males and females. Configural model for being a bullied was acceptable (CFI = .904 y SRMR = .026). Configural model for being a bully was good (CFI = .919 and SRMR = .018), as well. After constrainting parameters, results suggested that nine items of being bullied were invariant across gender. As regards being bully, results indicated that questions regarding hitting, kicking or pushing and regarding telling lies were not invariant across gender (CFIs were .013 and .011, respectively). Conclusions highlight the relevance and implications of these findings; explanations about why those items could be not invariant in males and females are provided. Also, limitations of this research and directions for future research are pointed out.(AU)

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Este trabajo aborda un tema de gran actualidad, pero escasamente evaluado con investigaciones científico-empíricas en la Argentina: el bullying. El Cuestionario Revisado de Agresores / Víctimas de Olweus es uno de los instrumentos más usados en el mundo para medir el ser acosado y acosar a otros alumnos, ya que tiende a funcionar similarmente en las distintas naciones. Estudios extranjeros y preliminares en la Argentina detectaron que dicho cuestionario presenta una dimensión unifactorial tanto para la Escala Ser Agredido como para la Escala Agredir. Así, esta investigación pretendió indagar la equivalencia factorial según género de dichas escalas en una población intencional de adolescentes. Para ello se constituyó una muestra de 1.222 adolescentes (44% varones; media de edad: 14.4 años) que concurrían a escuelas de enseñanza media en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y en la ciudad de Paraná (Argentina), quienes completaron dicho instrumento y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Con este fin, se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales confirmatorios multigrupos para varones y mujeres con el Programa AMOS 16. Al fijar las cargas factoriales de los nueve ítemes de la Escala Ser Agredido, los resultados indicaron que los mismos tendían a funcionar similarmente para varones y mujeres. En cambio, los resultados de la Escala Ser Agresor sugerían que las preguntas de agresión con golpes / empujones y decir mentiras funcionaban de modo distinto, según el género. En las conclusiones se destacan las implicancias de estos hallazgos, se desarrollan explicaciones de por qué dichos ítemes funcionarían en forma diferente y se brindan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.

The purpose of this research was to investigate a problem of great psychosocial and political relevance but scarcely studied with empirical studies in Argentina: bullying in secondary education. Argentina is a developed Latin American country of Italian and Spanish descend. This nation belongs to the high but not to the very high human development group and is the second best positioned nation in Latin America. Bullying is considered to be an important risk factor for mental health of both children and adolescents due to its association with personal, familial and social problems. Victims suffer of internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, among others), on the other hand, aggressor show higher behavioral problems (antisocial behavior, substance use, among others). Several authors stated that bullying is a subset of aggressive behavior, generally defined as an act intended to inflict injury or discomfort upon another student. It is characterized by certain special features such as an asymmetric power relationship and some repetitiveness. Previous research has shown that this problem is more frequent in adolescence than in childhood. Several studies suggested differences in aggression according to gender; males present higher level of aggression and bullying compared to females due to social and biological factors. Therefore, a vital aspect in this respect is measuring of both victimization and aggression. A well-known tool to measure this problems are self-reports. Although self-reports have disadvantages -as all measures- they are efficient and low-cost techniques. Thus, the main objective was to explore factorial invariance of the Revised Olweus Bully / Victim Questionnaire according to gender. This questionnaire is the most widely used instrument to measure bullying in North America and Northern Europe and several authors suggest that the questionnaire functions similarly in many countries. Besides, studies in first countries and Argentina suggested that this questionnaire showed a unifactorial structure both for the Scale of Being a Bullied and the Scale of Being a Bully as well as good validity and reliability. Even in those countries, however, there are few published studies on their psychometric properties. This instrument asks about being bullied (or bullying other students in a different section of the questionnaire) in the past couple of months, comprising direct physical and verbal harassment and threatening and coercive behaviors as well as indirect ways of bullying. The instrument presents nine items about victimization and nine about aggression. They are rated on a 5-point scale (from 0 to 4). The questionnaire also contains several questions about the reactions of others to bullying. It was administered to a convenience sample of 1222 students belonging to high schools in Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and Paraná (Argentina), (44% males, average age: 14.4). Besides, a sociodemographic questionnaire was administered to this sample. Questionnaires were administered at school and confidentiality was ensured. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17 and AMOS 16 were used for processing data. AMOS 16 was used for performing multigrup confirmatory factorial analysis in males and females. Configural model for being a bullied was acceptable (CFI = .904 y SRMR = .026). Configural model for being a bully was good (CFI = .919 and SRMR = .018), as well. After constrainting parameters, results suggested that nine items of being bullied were invariant across gender. As regards being bully, results indicated that questions regarding hitting, kicking or pushing and regarding telling lies were not invariant across gender (CFIs were .013 and .011, respectively). Conclusions highlight the relevance and implications of these findings; explanations about why those items could be not invariant in males and females are provided. Also, limitations of this research and directions for future research are pointed out.