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In Brazil, heifers typically calve at 36-48 months. Due to the high demand for meat and the need to reduce slaughter age, high supplementation has become commonly used in beef cattle farming. However, the literature remains scarce on studies that explore the impact of grazing management during the background phase on the productivity and reproductive efficiency of young Nellore heifers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two-herbage allowances (HA) on forage characteristics, performance, physiology and reproductive parameters of replacement Nellore heifers. Ninety weaned heifers [169 ± 19 kg of shrunk body weight (SBW); 210 ± 28 days of age] were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to receive different HA: (1) High herbage allowance (HHA: 7.2 kg DM/kg BW) and (2) Low herbage allowance (LHA: 3.3 kg DM/kg BW); and divided into six paddocks, totaling 12 paddocks. The experimental period was divided into the growing phase (D173) and the reproductive season (D83). Continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate was used. The supplement was provided daily with expected intake of around 10 g/kg of BW. The HHA pasture showed greater values of canopy height, greater HA, and lower values of CP and CP: in vitro digestible DM ratio than the LHA pasture over the days of the study (P ≤ 0.05). Herbage mass and the green stem proportion were lower in LHA pasture (P < 0.01), while the green leaf (g/kg DM) and senescent stem proportions (g/kg DM) were higher (P = 0.080) when compared to HHA pasture. Heifers maintained on HHA pasture had a higher average daily gain (P < 0.01), forage intake (P < 0.003), higher SBW (P < 0.01), Longissimus area (P < 0.01), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P < 0.01) than those kept in the LHA pasture. The proportion of heifers that reached the weight at maturity on D173 (P = 0.027) and the proportion of pubertal pregnancy heifers (P = 0.042) were greatest in the HHA treatment. The blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.002) was higher in heifers maintained in the LHA pasture. Heifers maintained in HHA pasture showed higher values of relative abundance of mRNA for UGT1A6 (P = 0.004) and IGFBP3 (P = 0.072). The use of HHA criteria increased forage intake, body gain, and carcass attributes of animals, which led to better reproductive performance of Nellore heifers.

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Mycotoxins are present in almost all feedstuffs used in animal nutrition but are often ignored in beef cattle systems, even though they can affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbent (ADS) on performance of Nellore cattle finished in a feedlot. One hundred Nellore cattle (430 ± 13 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors consisted of two diets with either natural contamination (NC) or exogenous contamination (EC) and the presence (1 g/kg of DM; ADS) or absence of a mycotoxin adsorbent. The NC and EC diets had the following contaminations, respectively: 0.00 and 10.0 µg/kg aflatoxins, 5114 and 5754 µg/kg fumonisins, 0.00 and 42.1 µg/kg trichothecenes B, 0.00 and 22.1 µg/kg trichothecenes A and 42.9 and 42.9 µg/kg fusaric acid. At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed, and four randomly selected animals were slaughtered to evaluate the initial carcass weight. After 97 days of treatment, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. There was no interaction among factors for the DM intake (DMI; P = 0.92); however, there was a tendency for the EC diets to decrease the DMI by 650 g/day compared to animals fed NC diets (P = 0.09). There was a trend for interaction among factors (P = 0.08) for the average daily gain (ADG), where the greatest ADG was observed for cattle fed the NC diet (1.77 kg), and the lowest was observed for those fed the EC diet (1.51 kg). The NC + ADS and EC + ADS treatments presented intermediate values for ADG. The animals fed the NC diet had a greater final BW (596 kg) than animals fed the EC treatment (582 kg; P = 0.04). There was a tendency for interaction among factors for carcass gain (P = 0.08). Similarly to ADG, the highest carcass gain was observed for animals fed the NC diet (1.20 kg), and the lowest was observed for those fed the EC diet (1.05 kg). The NC + ADS and EC + ADS treatments presented intermediate values. The natural contamination groups had greater carcass gain than that of the EC groups, and the use of the ADS recovered part of the weight gain in animals fed the EC diet. In conclusion, mycotoxins at the levels evaluated affected the performance of beef cattle, and adsorbents may mitigate their impact.

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We investigated the effects of different types and doses of inoculants for ensiling rehydrated corn grain. Shelled corn was finely ground and rehydrated to 35% moisture. Treatments were as follows: (1) control (no additives); (2) Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici (LPPA) at a theoretical application rate of 1 × 105 cfu/g; (3) LPPA at 5 × 105 cfu/g; (4) LPPA at 1 × 106 cfu/g; (5) Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) at 1 × 105 cfu/g; (6) LB at 5 × 105 cfu/g; and (7) LB at 1 × 106 cfu/g. We detected no effect of inoculant dose. Gas losses were greater in silages treated with LB compared with control and LPPA silages. Treating silages with LB reduced the concentrations of lactic acid and ethanol and increased silage pH and concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and 1,2-propanediol. At silo opening, silages treated with LB had higher counts of lactic acid bacteria but lower yeast counts than the control silage. Aerobic stability was greater for silages treated with LB and lower for silages treated with LPPA compared with the control. The LB reduced dry matter (DM) losses during aerobic exposure, whereas LPPA increased them. Prolamin content was lower in silages treated with LB compared with the control, resulting in greater ruminal in situ DM degradability. Inoculating LB to a dose of 1 × 105 cfu/g increased aerobic stability and ruminal in situ DM degradability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The addition of LPPA did not alter the fermentation process and worsened the aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. Further studies are warranted to confirm these conclusions in other corn hybrids, inoculants, and their combinations.

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This work evaluated the beef quality parameters of 108 bulls randomly administered to three treatments during rearing in pastures and two treatments during fatting in feedlots, including mineral and rumen-protected lipids. Meat and fat color, cooking yield, shear force, sensorial traits and chemical and fatty acid compositions were evaluated. Generally, the beef quality parameters were not affected by the rumen protected lipids; however, supplementation with rumen-protected lipids during the rearing period yielded darker beef and brighter fat and increased beef tenderness in meat aged for 28days compared to the meat from animals that received only mineral supplementation. In addition, the percent of meat polyunsaturated fatty acids was negatively affected by the inclusion of protected lipids, yielding 5.58 and 3.72% in animals fed with and without rumen-protected lipids, respectively, during the fatting period.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources.

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Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos. (AU)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources. (AU)

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Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes dietas sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de bovinos de corte em confinamento: dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação fixa durante o período de confinamento (SMF); dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação variável durante o período de confinamento (SMV); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação fixa (SCF); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação variável (SCV); SCV na metade inicial do confinamento e SMV no período final (SCV/SMV). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Houve maior deposição de gordura renal-pélvica-inguinal (P=0,03), de gordura subcutânea (P=0,06) e de gordura na carcaça (P=0,06) nas dietas com silagem de milho (6,7kg; 6,2mm e 34,6 por cento) em relação àquelas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (5,3kg; 4,8mm e 31,7 por cento). Houve maior (P=0,05) rendimento de contrafilé e de miolo de alcatra nas dietas com silagem de milho (10 por cento e 6,9 por cento) em relação às com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (9 por cento e 6,6 por cento). Não houve efeito das dietas sobre rendimento de cortes primários (P>0,1), perdas por cocção (P>0,3) e força de cisalhamento (P>0,1). O ajuste da formulação da dieta e a troca de silagem não influenciaram as características de carcaça e da carne. A utilização de silagem de cana-de-açúcar permitiu carcaças com acabamento satisfatório.

The effects of different diets on the carcass and meat characteristics of beef steers in feedlot were evaluated using the following: diet containing corn silage, with fixed formulation during the period of feedlot (CSF); diet containing corn silage, with variable formulation according to the phase of feedlot (CSV); diet containing sugar cane silage with fixed formulation (SCSF); diet containing sugar cane silage, with variable formulation (SCSV); CSV diet in initial half of feedlot and SCSV diet in final half (SCSV/CSV). A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and three replicates (collective pens) was used. There was higher content of kidney-pelvic-inguinal fat (P=0.03), subcutaneous fat (P=0.06), and fat tissue (P=0.06) deposition in animals fed diets containing corn silage (6.7kg, 6.2mm, and 34.6 percent) as compared to those fed sugar cane silage (5.3kg, 4.8mm, and 31.7 percent). A higher (P=0.05) yield of strip loin and rostbiff ( percent of hindquarter) were measured in carcasses from animals fed diets containing corn silage (10 percent and 6.9 percent) than in carcasses from animals fed diets containing sugar cane silage (9 percent and 6.6 percent). No effects of the diets on yield of primary meat cuts of the carcass (P>0.1), cooking losses (P>0.3), and shear force (P>0.1), with averages of 23.4 percent and 4.4kgf/mIII. The adjustment of the diet formulation as the period of confinement and the exchange of silage did not affect the characteristics of carcass and meat. The use of sugar cane silage allowed carcasses with good finishing.

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Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes dietas sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de bovinos de corte em confinamento: dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação fixa durante o período de confinamento (SMF); dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação variável durante o período de confinamento (SMV); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação fixa (SCF); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação variável (SCV); SCV na metade inicial do confinamento e SMV no período final (SCV/SMV). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Houve maior deposição de gordura renal-pélvica-inguinal (P=0,03), de gordura subcutânea (P=0,06) e de gordura na carcaça (P=0,06) nas dietas com silagem de milho (6,7kg; 6,2mm e 34,6 por cento) em relação àquelas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (5,3kg; 4,8mm e 31,7 por cento). Houve maior (P=0,05) rendimento de contrafilé e de miolo de alcatra nas dietas com silagem de milho (10 por cento e 6,9 por cento) em relação às com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (9 por cento e 6,6 por cento). Não houve efeito das dietas sobre rendimento de cortes primários (P>0,1), perdas por cocção (P>0,3) e força de cisalhamento (P>0,1). O ajuste da formulação da dieta e a troca de silagem não influenciaram as características de carcaça e da carne. A utilização de silagem de cana-de-açúcar permitiu carcaças com acabamento satisfatório.(AU)

The effects of different diets on the carcass and meat characteristics of beef steers in feedlot were evaluated using the following: diet containing corn silage, with fixed formulation during the period of feedlot (CSF); diet containing corn silage, with variable formulation according to the phase of feedlot (CSV); diet containing sugar cane silage with fixed formulation (SCSF); diet containing sugar cane silage, with variable formulation (SCSV); CSV diet in initial half of feedlot and SCSV diet in final half (SCSV/CSV). A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and three replicates (collective pens) was used. There was higher content of kidney-pelvic-inguinal fat (P=0.03), subcutaneous fat (P=0.06), and fat tissue (P=0.06) deposition in animals fed diets containing corn silage (6.7kg, 6.2mm, and 34.6 percent) as compared to those fed sugar cane silage (5.3kg, 4.8mm, and 31.7 percent). A higher (P=0.05) yield of strip loin and rostbiff ( percent of hindquarter) were measured in carcasses from animals fed diets containing corn silage (10 percent and 6.9 percent) than in carcasses from animals fed diets containing sugar cane silage (9 percent and 6.6 percent). No effects of the diets on yield of primary meat cuts of the carcass (P>0.1), cooking losses (P>0.3), and shear force (P>0.1), with averages of 23.4 percent and 4.4kgf/mIII. The adjustment of the diet formulation as the period of confinement and the exchange of silage did not affect the characteristics of carcass and meat. The use of sugar cane silage allowed carcasses with good finishing.(AU)

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Utilizaram-se 86 bovinos, castrados e não-castrados, com peso médio de 329kg e 20 meses de idade, sendo 12 Gir, 20 Guzerá, 20 Nelore e 20 Caracu - todos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade (P378) - e 14 Nelore controle-selecionados com base no diferencial de seleção nulo para P378. A dieta, usada na relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 na matéria seca (MS), continha 14,8 por cento de proteína bruta na MS e silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (grupos genético e classe sexual). Os ganhos médios diários de 1,51kg para Nelore seleção e 1,53kg para Guzerá foram semelhantes e maiores que os dos demais grupos genéticos, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças de ganho entre animais castrados e não-castrados. O consumo de MS em kg/dia foi maior para Nelore, Guzerá e Caracu selecionados (10,30; 10,04 e 10,71kg/dia, respectivamente), e os valores para os demais foram semelhantes entre si. A eficiência bionutricional foi pior para a raça Caracu (2,13) e melhor para Nelore controle (1,58). Os animais Caracu precisaram de maior tempo em confinamento (133 dias) para atingir 4mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, sendo os valores para as demais raças próximos entre si

Eighty-six castrated and non-castrated, approximately 20-month-old bovines averaging 329kg were used. They were 12 Gyr, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá and 20 Caracu, which were submitted to selection to weight at 378 day-old (W378) and 14 control Nellore - chosen based on nule selection differential to W378. The diet contained 14.8 percent of crude protein in dry matter (DM) and corn silage was used in the ratio of 60:40 percent forage: concentrate in DM basis. A completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement (breed and sexual condition) was used. The average daily gain of 1.51kg and 1.53kg for selected Nellore and Guzerá did not differ, however surpassed those from the other breeds, which did not differ from each other. There was no difference between castrated and non-castrated animals. The dry matter intake in kg/day were higher for selected Nellore, Guzerá and Caracu (10.30; 10.04 and 10.71kg/day, respectively) and the values observed for the two other groups did not differ from each other. The bionutritional efficiency was worse for Caracu (2.13) and better for control Nellore (1.58). Caracu needed to remain in feeding 133 days longer to reach 4mm of subcutaneous fat thickness. The time in feeding for the others groups were similar

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Utilizaram-se 86 bovinos, castrados e não-castrados, com peso médio de 329kg e 20 meses de idade, sendo 12 Gir, 20 Guzerá, 20 Nelore e 20 Caracu - todos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade (P378) - e 14 Nelore controle-selecionados com base no diferencial de seleção nulo para P378. A dieta, usada na relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 na matéria seca (MS), continha 14,8 por cento de proteína bruta na MS e silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (grupos genético e classe sexual). Os ganhos médios diários de 1,51kg para Nelore seleção e 1,53kg para Guzerá foram semelhantes e maiores que os dos demais grupos genéticos, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças de ganho entre animais castrados e não-castrados. O consumo de MS em kg/dia foi maior para Nelore, Guzerá e Caracu selecionados (10,30; 10,04 e 10,71kg/dia, respectivamente), e os valores para os demais foram semelhantes entre si. A eficiência bionutricional foi pior para a raça Caracu (2,13) e melhor para Nelore controle (1,58). Os animais Caracu precisaram de maior tempo em confinamento (133 dias) para atingir 4mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, sendo os valores para as demais raças próximos entre si(AU)

Eighty-six castrated and non-castrated, approximately 20-month-old bovines averaging 329kg were used. They were 12 Gyr, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá and 20 Caracu, which were submitted to selection to weight at 378 day-old (W378) and 14 control Nellore - chosen based on nule selection differential to W378. The diet contained 14.8 percent of crude protein in dry matter (DM) and corn silage was used in the ratio of 60:40 percent forage: concentrate in DM basis. A completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement (breed and sexual condition) was used. The average daily gain of 1.51kg and 1.53kg for selected Nellore and Guzerá did not differ, however surpassed those from the other breeds, which did not differ from each other. There was no difference between castrated and non-castrated animals. The dry matter intake in kg/day were higher for selected Nellore, Guzerá and Caracu (10.30; 10.04 and 10.71kg/day, respectively) and the values observed for the two other groups did not differ from each other. The bionutritional efficiency was worse for Caracu (2.13) and better for control Nellore (1.58). Caracu needed to remain in feeding 133 days longer to reach 4mm of subcutaneous fat thickness. The time in feeding for the others groups were similar(AU)

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Avaliou-se a relação custo-benefício do tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus. Foram selecionados 270 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e sadios, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o estádio de lactação e o tratamento. O grupo 1 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação e tratados contra mastites; o grupo 2 incluiu animais entre 61 dias da lactação e dois meses antes da secagem e tratados contra mastite; o grupo 3 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação, não tratados contra mastite; e o grupo 4 foi formado por animais entre 61 dias em lactação e dois meses antes da secagem, não tratados. O tratamento foi realizado pela infusão intramamária de 150mg de gentamicina, uma vez ao dia. A reavaliação foi efetuada após 30 dias. Para os cálculos dos custos com o tratamento, foram considerados uma prevalência de S. aureus de 5 por cento e os gastos com medicamento, descarte do leite, antibiograma e mão-de-obra. Observou-se redução de 2 por cento e 14 por cento das receitas nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente, quando comparada com as receitas obtidas antes do tratamento, demonstrando ser economicamente inviável o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus, durante a lactação.

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5 percent as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2 percent and 14 percent in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.

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Avaliou-se a relação custo-benefício do tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus. Foram selecionados 270 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e sadios, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o estádio de lactação e o tratamento. O grupo 1 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação e tratados contra mastites; o grupo 2 incluiu animais entre 61 dias da lactação e dois meses antes da secagem e tratados contra mastite; o grupo 3 foi formado por animais entre 10 e 60 dias da lactação, não tratados contra mastite; e o grupo 4 foi formado por animais entre 61 dias em lactação e dois meses antes da secagem, não tratados. O tratamento foi realizado pela infusão intramamária de 150mg de gentamicina, uma vez ao dia. A reavaliação foi efetuada após 30 dias. Para os cálculos dos custos com o tratamento, foram considerados uma prevalência de S. aureus de 5 por cento e os gastos com medicamento, descarte do leite, antibiograma e mão-de-obra. Observou-se redução de 2 por cento e 14 por cento das receitas nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente, quando comparada com as receitas obtidas antes do tratamento, demonstrando ser economicamente inviável o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus, durante a lactação.(AU)

Economic evaluation of the treatment bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus was evaluated. Two hundred and seventy udder quarters with or without subclinical mastitis were distributed into four groups, in conformity to lactational stage and treatments. Group 1 included animals treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 2 included animals treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying; group 3 included animals no treated between 10 and 60 days of lactation; group 4 included animals no treated from 61 days of lactation to two months before drying. Treatment with gentamicin (150mg) was accomplished by intramammary doses, once a day, after performing sensitivity tests. The mammary quarters were re-evaluated after 30 days. The costs with the treatment were calculated considering a S. aureus prevalence of 5 percent as well as expenses with antibiotic, milk disposal, tests of drug sensitivity and workload. There was loss of income of 2 percent and 14 percent in the groups 1 and 2, respectively, when compared with the values before the treatment. In such case, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by S. aureus in the lactation was economically unviable.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Eighty-six castrated and non-castrated, approximately 20-month-old bovines averaging 329kg were used. They were 12 Gyr, 20 Nellore, 20 Guzerá and 20 Caracu, which were submitted to selection to weight at 378 day-old (W378) and 14 control Nellore - chosen based on nule selection differential to W378. The diet contained 14.8% of crude protein in dry matter (DM) and corn silage was used in the ratio of 60:40% forage: concentrate in DM basis. A completely randomized design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement (breed and sexual condition) was used. The average daily gain of 1.51kg and 1.53kg for selected Nellore and Guzerá did not differ, however surpassed those from the other breeds, which did not differ from each other. There was no difference between castrated and non-castrated animals. The dry matter intake in kg/day were higher for selected Nellore, Guzerá and Caracu (10.30; 10.04 and 10.71kg/day, respectively) and the values observed for the two other groups did not differ from each other. The bionutritional efficiency was worse for Caracu (2.13) and better for control Nellore (1.58). Caracu needed to remain in feeding 133 days longer to reach 4mm of subcutaneous fat thickness. The time in feeding for the others groups were similar.

Utilizaram-se 86 bovinos, castrados e não-castrados, com peso médio de 329kg e 20 meses de idade, sendo 12 Gir, 20 Guzerá, 20 Nelore e 20 Caracu - todos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias de idade (P378) - e 14 Nelore controle-selecionados com base no diferencial de seleção nulo para P378. A dieta, usada na relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 na matéria seca (MS), continha 14,8% de proteína bruta na MS e silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (grupos genético e classe sexual). Os ganhos médios diários de 1,51kg para Nelore seleção e 1,53kg para Guzerá foram semelhantes e maiores que os dos demais grupos genéticos, os quais não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferenças de ganho entre animais castrados e não-castrados. O consumo de MS em kg/dia foi maior para Nelore, Guzerá e Caracu selecionados (10,30; 10,04 e 10,71kg/dia, respectivamente), e os valores para os demais foram semelhantes entre si. A eficiência bionutricional foi pior para a raça Caracu (2,13) e melhor para Nelore controle (1,58). Os animais Caracu precisaram de maior tempo em confinamento (133 dias) para atingir 4mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, sendo os valores para as demais raças próximos entre si.

RESUMEN

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar diferenças na composição e na produção de leite ao serem estudadas as interações entre estágios de lactação, número de lactações e mastite subclínica. Quartos mamários foram distribuídos em 6 grupos: Grupo "A", animais com até 2 meses após o parto e até 5 lactações; Grupo "B", animais com até 2 meses após o parto e após a quinta lactação; Grupo "C", com vacas em meses intermediários do estágio de lactação e com até 5 lactações; Grupo "D", com animais em meses intermediários do estágio de lactação e após a quinta lactação; Grupo "E", com vacas nos 2 meses anteriores à secagem e até 5 lactações; e Grupo "F", composto por animais com até 2 meses antes da secagem e após a quinta lactação. Foram analisadas a produção láctea, a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), o teor de cloretos, a acidez titulável, a densidade, o extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e a crioscopia. O estágio de lactação e o número de lactações influenciaram a produção láctea e o conteúdo de cloretos do leite de quartos sadios, devendo ser considerados quando estudada a influência da mastite subclínica sobre a composição e a produção de leite. Além disso, em conjunto com o período lactacional e o número de lactações, a etiologia infecciosa da mastite subclínica deve ser investigada pela possível variação do grau de acometimento da glândula mamária de acordo com os microrganismos envolvidos.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to investigate differences in milk composition and production when followed the stages of lactation, parities and subclinical mastitis. The mammary quarters of cows were arranged in agreement to days in milk and parities: Group "A" (lactating cows until 2 months after parturition and until the fifth lactation); Group "B" (lactating cows until 2 months after parturition and after fifth lactation); Group "C" (animals in intermediary months of lactation stage and until the fifth lactation); Group"D" (animals in intermediary months of lactation stage and after fifth lactation); Group "E" (cows in corresponding period of 2 months before the end of lactation and until the fifth lactation); Group "F" (lactating cows within 2 months before the end of lactation and after fifth lactation). The milk characteristics studied were the milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), chloride levels, titratable acidity, density, non-fat solids and cryoscopy. The lactation stage and the parities changed the milk production and chloride levels and these factors should be considered when the influence of subclinical mastitis upon the milk composition and milk production is analyzed. The days in milk and the parities of lactating cows should be investigated in addition to the infective etiology of subclinical mastitis because variations of the effects can occur in agreement to the microorganisms.