RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The benefits and risks of treatment with antipsychotics during pregnancy must be weighed up carefully and individually because antipsychotics can penetrate the placental barrier and prescription is off-label. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the risks and benefits of administering antipsychotics during pregnancy or for women who wish to become pregnant regarding teratogenic effects, risk of fetal death and stillbirths, perinatal complications, persisting postnatal impairments or disorders and gestational diabetes. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature is provided to aid the selection of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and in determining whether to begin, continue or switch an antipsychotic treatment during pregnancy. RESULTS: Large, well-designed and controlled studies are missing; however, most studies suggest that the group of antipsychotics seem to be safe in terms of teratogenicity during pregnancy, at least in monotherapy. CONCLUSION: Treating mental illnesses during pregnancy requires an individual assessment of the benefits and risks. The risk of an untreated mental illness versus the benefit of a suitable treatment with antipsychotics and the potential harm to the infant must be evaluated. If certain rules are observed and a suitable antipsychotic is selected the risk to the newborn child and/or mother during pregnancy can be minimized, however, a decision about subsequent medication can only be indirectly made from the results of this study.
Asunto(s)
Antipsicóticos , Trastornos Mentales , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Antipsicóticos/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Trastornos Mentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Psicotrópicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
AIMS: The nerve growth factor (NGF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) may be of importance for psychiatric diseases including substance use disorders. The aim of the study was to identify differences in the regulation of both neuropeptides via the DNA-methylation status of the promotor regions of NGF and VEGF-A in different forms of maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and the related stress regulation via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. METHODS: We compared methylation levels of opioid-dependent patients receiving treatment with diamorphine (n = 28) or levomethadone (n = 54) and similar levels in a healthy control group (n = 72). RESULTS: There was a significantly higher methylation of VEGF-A in opioid-maintained patients with levomethadone compared to that in the control group (estimated marginal means [EMM] [SE]): 0.036 [0.003] vs. 0.020 [0.003]; p < 0.001). We performed a cluster analysis for NGF, splitting up the results in 4 clusters. We found significant changes in methylation rates of the opioid-maintained patients compared to the controls in cluster I ([EMM] [SE]: 0.064 [0.005] vs. 0.084 [0.006]; p = 0.03), cluster II ([EMM] [SE]: 0.133 [0.013] vs. 0.187 [0.014]; p < 0.001) and cluster III ([EMM] [SE]: 0.190 [0.014] vs. 0.128 [0.016]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results are of importance, as they indicate that long-term changes in stress regulation regulated by neurotrophines are a crucial part of the symptomatology of opioid dependence, thus influencing drug consumption and the different forms of opioid-maintenance therapies.
Asunto(s)
Epigénesis Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/efectos de los fármacos , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Heroína/farmacología , Heroína/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Metadona/farmacología , Metadona/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) appears to play a crucial role in the reward response to drugs such as heroin. The primary objective of the present study was to examine epigenetic changes and serum levels of BDNF in patients undergoing different opiate-based maintenance treatments. We compared patients receiving treatment with either levomethadone (n = 55) or diamorphine (n = 28) with a healthy control group (n = 51). When comparing all subjects (patients and controls), BDNF serum levels showed a negative correlation with the BDNF IV promoter methylation rate (r = -0.177, p = 0.048). Furthermore, BDNF serum levels negatively correlated with Beck's Depression Inventory measurements (r = -0.177, p < 0.001). Patients receiving diamorphine maintenance treatment showed slightly decreased BDNF serum levels compared to healthy controls, whereas patients on levomethadone maintenance treatment with or without heroine co-use showed a pronounced decrease (analysis of covariance: control vs. levomethadone with and without heroine co-use: p < 0.0001, diamorphine vs. levomethadone with heroine co-use: p = 0.043, diamorphine vs. levomethadone without heroine co-use: p < 0.0001). According to these findings, methylation of the BDNF IV promoter showed the highest level in patients receiving levomethadone without heroine co-use (linear mixed model: control vs. levomethadone group without heroine co-use: p = 0.008, with heroin co-use: p = 0.050, diamorphine vs. levomethadone group with heroine co-use: p = 0.077 and without heroine co-use: p = 0.015.). For the first time, we show an epigenetic mechanism that may provide an explanation for mood destabilization in levomethadone maintenance treatment.