RESUMEN
Smoking is a serious health risk, particularly for people with diabetes. This study was designed to examine important aspects of smoking in a large group of individuals with diabetes. A survey was mailed to 2,056 individuals with diabetes. The variables examined were the stages of change for smoking, prevalence of quitting advice given by health care providers, and the patterns of readiness for change. The majority (57.8%) of current smokers were in the precontemplation stage. Comparisons on the stage of change indicated that more individuals with Type 2 diabetes have quit while there are more current smokers among those with Type 1 diabetes. Comparisons on current smokers indicated no differences on stage of change across the Type 1 and Type 2 groups, across three subgroups of individuals with Type 2 diabetes, or across duration of diabetes. Those who reported that they were given cessation advice were further along in the stages of change. These results suggest that the majority of individuals with diabetes who smoke are in the precontemplation stage of change and provider advice is important in moving smokers toward change. The current findings underscore the importance of assessing stage of change and providing stage-matched interventions when working with smokers with diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Actitud Frente a la Salud , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/psicología , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/psicología , Adulto , Conducta Adictiva/epidemiología , Conducta Adictiva/psicología , Comorbilidad , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Psicológicos , Aceptación de la Atención de SaludRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study retrospectively compared subjects from three unrelated studies using eight algorithms to stage exercise behavior. SUBJECTS AND SETTINGS: Study One included 936 employees involved in a smoking cessation study at four worksites--a medical center, retail store, manufacturing firm, and a government agency. Study Two included 19,212 members of a New England HMO; and Study Three included a convenience sample of 327 adult New Englanders. MEASURES: The eight algorithms used different descriptions of stages based on the transtheoretical model, as well as different definitions of exercise and response formats. RESULTS: Algorithms using longer, more precise definitions of exercise resulted in larger numbers of subjects being staged in precontemplation and contemplation in comparison to algorithms using shorter definitions, which tended to stage subjects in preparation and action. Maintenance was the most and preparation the least consistently described stage across algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration of the descriptions of stage and the definition of exercise has consequences for the staging of subjects. Definitions need to be explicit, stating all parameters needed to meet criterion, and subjects must be able to assess themselves. Either a 5-Choice or a true/false response format is effective in assessing stage.
Asunto(s)
Algoritmos , Ejercicio Físico , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Modelos Psicológicos , Psicometría , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New England , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Diabetes self-management is the cornerstone of overall diabetes management. Yet many questions concerning self-management remain unanswered. The current study was designed to examine several questions about diabetes self-management: 1) What do individuals report being told to do? 2) What are their self-reported levels and patterns of self-care? 3) Are there differences on self-reported self-management recommendations and levels across various subgroups? RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Mailed surveys were returned by 2,056 individuals (73.4% response rate). Of the total, 13.8% had IDDM and the remainder had NIDDM, with 65% of the NIDDM group using insulin. RESULTS: The levels and patterns of self-management were consistent with those found in previous studies, i.e., individuals most regularly followed their prescribed medication regimen and least regularly followed recommendations for lifestyle changes of diet and exercise. There were significant differences on reported self-management recommendations across different subgroups. Comparisons on level of self-management across diabetes type revealed significant differences for diet and glucose testing. Differences were also found on self-management levels for a number of individual characteristics, including age, working status, and type of insurance, along with knowledge of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial findings. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide important information on perceived self-management recommendations and the specific self-management levels and patterns in individuals with diabetes. The current findings may help health professionals better understand the levels and correlates of diabetes self-management and direct future research.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/rehabilitación , Estado de Salud , Autocuidado , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/rehabilitación , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/rehabilitación , Dieta para Diabéticos , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Seguro de Salud , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Población BlancaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To develop an algorithm that defines a person's stage of change for fat intake < or = 30% of energy. The Stages of Change Model describes when and how people change problem behaviors; change is defined as a dynamic variable with five discrete stages. DESIGN: A stage of change algorithm for determining dietary fat intake < or = 30% of energy was developed using one sample and was validated using a second sample. SUBJECTS: Sample 1 was a random sample of 614 adults who responded to mailed questionnaires. Sample 2 was a convenience sample of 130 faculty, staff, and graduate students. STATISTICS: Subjects in sample 1 were initially classified in a stage of change using an algorithm based on their behavior related to avoiding high-fat foods. Dietary markers were selected for a Behavioral algorithm using logistic regression analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the Behavioral algorithm were determined, then compared between samples using the Z test. RESULTS: The following dietary markers predicted intake < or = 30% of fat (chi 2 = 131; P < .0001): low-fat cheese, breads without added fat, chicken without skin, low-calorie salad dressing, and vegetables for snacks. The specificity of the Behavioral algorithm was validated; the algorithm classified subjects consuming > 30% of energy from fat with 93% specificity in sample 1 and 87% in sample 2 (Z = 1.36; P > .05). Predictive value was also validated; 64% and 58% of subjects meeting the behavioral criteria had fat intakes < or = 30% of energy (Z = 1.1; P > .05). The algorithm was not sensitive, however; most subjects with fat intakes < or = 30% of energy from fat failed to meet the behavioral criteria. The sensitivity differed between samples 1 and 2 (44% and 27%, respectively; Z = 3.84; P < .0001). APPLICATIONS: The Behavioral algorithm determines stage of change for fat reduction to < or = 30% of energy in populations with high fat intakes. The algorithm could be used in dietary counseling to tailor interventions to a patient's stage of change.