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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic selenium (SE) supplementation on blood constituents related to hematology and serum biochemistry of dairy goats in the productive phase. A total of 16 lactating Saanen × Toggenburg crossbred goats, aged between 2 and 3, lactating, nonpregnant, clinically healthy, and having a body weight (BW) of 40.75 ± 8.31 kg were selected for this study. Higher SE concentrations were observed on the 42nd day of supplementation, and on the 63rd day, the SE concentrations were similar ([Formula: see text]) to the 21st and 42nd days. There was no interaction for plasma constituents comparing treatment effects and days of supplementation ([Formula: see text]). SE supplementation reduced ([Formula: see text]) plasma proteins with a gradual increase in available SE. There was no difference ([Formula: see text]) for the blood count comparing the effects of treatment and days of supplementation. There was no interaction ([Formula: see text]) for serum biochemical constituents between treatments and periods, except for urea ([Formula: see text]). Animals that received SE supplementation had similar plasma urea concentrations before and after supplementation, while animals that did not receive SE in the diet had increased serum urea concentrations. The main action of selenium in metabolism occurred in the reduction of plasma proteins and urea levels, which leads us to conclude that it influenced protein metabolism. Finally, hematology, liver function, and energy metabolism are not affected by selenium supplementation in dairy goats reared in semiarid conditions.

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Methane (CH4) emission from nonruminant livestock, particularly equines, is a colossal burden for veterinarians worldwide. In view of this, the present context was investigated to predict the antimethanogenic attributes of Moringa oleifera L. associated phytocomponents by targeting methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) receptor in horses using in silico tools. Initially, the pharmacokinetics and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties of 26 phytocomponents were analyzed using Lipinski's rule of five and Swiss ADME tool, respectively. Among all the tested phytocomponents, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, Kaempferol, Moringyne, Niazimisin, and Tetradecanoic acid showed drug-likeness traits with no violation. The molecular docking analysis of selected phytocomponents against MCR receptor was carried out using Hex 8.0.0 docking software. Results estimated the highest binding energy of Tetradecanoic acid against MCR receptor with maximum docking E-value of -142.98 KJ/mol, followed by Niazimisin (-133.98 KJ/mol), Kaempferol (-110.36 KJ/mol), 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (-93.72 KJ/mol), and Moringyne (-92.62 KJ/mol). In conclusion, Tetradecanoic acid can be utilized as a pronounced antimethanogenic agent in order to develop efficacious CH4 mitigating drugs by inhibiting the methanogenesis mechanism. Most importantly, this in silico outcomes can certainly reduce the cost of in vivo studies strategy toward the development of antimethanogenic drugs for horses in the future.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro bacterial inhibition of different types of garlic on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial strains were molecularly identified using gen 16S rDNA molecular identification. Four different types of garlics were used: 1) white, 2) Japanese, 3) elephant and 3) black, and these were evaluated at two different concentrations (0.25 and 0.125 g/mL) per garlic type. Bioactive compounds present in the garlics were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), and total polyphenols were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. The Kirby-Bauber method was used for the bacterial evaluation. Aqueous extract of black garlic had the highest amount of polyphenols 6.26 ± 0.21 mg GAE/mL. The area of inhibition was measured and classified as sensitive, intermediate or resistant. Using the disc diffusion assay, higher concentration (0.25 g/mL) of aqueous extract of white garlic had the highest antibacterial activity area, with 21.46 ± 3.94 mm for L. monocytogenes, 20.61 ± 2.47 mm for S. aureus and 17.83 ± 2.21 mm for E. coli. White garlic had comparable antimicrobial activity as the control (tetracycline at 30 µg) as indicated by the size of the inhibition halos. Based on your results, white garlic can be used as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobials.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) e identificar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos e ovinos soropositivos no semiárido do Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 1.733 animais, sendo 1.274 caprinos procedentes de 62 Unidades de Produção (UPs) e 459 ovinos provenientes de 32 UPs. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da infecção por lentivírus foi utilizado o teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Dos 1.274 caprinos analisados 15 (1,18%) foram soropositivos, enquanto que todos os 459 ovinos foram soronegativos. Das 62 propriedades caprinas analisadas oito (12,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de caprinos soropositivos foram área da propriedade (odds ratio = 3,28; p = 0,044), ausência de capacitação dos produtores (odds ratio = 8,29; p = 0,042) e uso de monta natural não controlada (odds ratio = 6,78; p = 0,012). Conclui-se que a infecção por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, demonstrada pela detecção de anticorpos, está disseminada em rebanhos caprinos do semiá­rido paraibano, e sugere-se o incentivo à capacitação contínua dos produtores, manutenção de reprodutores negativos ao LVPR e utilização de inseminação artificial com o intuito de evitar o contato físico entre macho e fêmeas.(AU)

The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats and sheep in the semiarid region of Paraiba State. It were used 1,733 animals, being 1,274 goats from 62 Production Units (PU) and 459 sheep from 38 PU. For the serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was used. Of the 1,274 goats 15 (1.18%) were seropositive, and all 459 sheep were seronegative. Of the 62 goat herds eight (12.9%) presented at least one seropositive animal. Risk factors for the occurrence of seropositive goats were area of the property ≤35 ha (odds ratio = 3.28; p=0.044), not training of producers (odds ratio = 8.29; p=0.042) and use of uncontrolled natural mating (odds ratio = 6.78; p=0.012). It is concluded that lentivirus infection detected by serology is spread in goat flocks in the semiarid of the State of Paraíba, and it is suggested to encourage the continous capacitation of owners, maintenance of reproducers negative for SRLV and use of artificial insemination aiming to avoid the physical contact among male and females.(AU)

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Background: evaluation of reproductive behavior in Creole cows is important to determine several parameters, such as fertility, that show the physiologic reproductive mechanisms under different conditions. Therefore, the sequence of events such as ovulation and the subsequent formation of a corpus luteum need to be considered to establish genetic improvement programs under synchronized or naturally-occurring estrous conditions. Objective: to evaluate the ovarian and behavioral estrous characteristics before, during and after prostaglandin F2α-induced or naturally occurring estrous in Creole cows. Methods: thirty Creole cows were subjected to estrous synchronization with PGF2α and observed continuously over five days to determine estrous onset and duration. Seventeen days after synchronized estrous detection, cows were observed during seven d to detect the naturally-occurring estrous and its duration. After the onset of both types of estrous the ovaries of each cow were ultrasounded every 8 h to determine diameter of the preovulatory follicle at deviation and its maximum diameter prior to ovulation, as well as its growth rate, time to ovulation and maximum diameter of the later corpus luteum. Results: time of appearance and duration of synchronized and spontaneous estrous were similar (p>0.1). Diameters of the dominant follicle at deviation and prior to ovulation were similar in both types of estrous. Nevertheless, growth rate (mm/d) of the preovulatory follicle was higher (p<0.05) in synchronized estrous. However, time from onset of synchronized estrous to ovulation was longer (p<0.01). Diameter of corpus luteum 10 d after ovulation was similar in both types of estrous. Results indicate that growth rate of follicle and time from synchronized or spontaneous estrous to ovulation must be considered for estrous cycle manipulation and artificial insemination of Creole cows. Conclusion: a higher proportion of Creole cows show heat during nighttime, growth rate of ovulatory follicle is higher during synchronized estrous, and time from onset of synchronized estrous to ovulation is longer, when compared with spontaneous estrous.

Antecedentes: la evaluación del comportamiento reproductivo en vacas Criollas es importante para determinar varios parámetros como la fertilidad, que muestren los mecanismos fisiológicos de la reproducción bajo diferentes condiciones. Así, la secuencia de eventos como ovulación y la subsiguiente formación de cuerpo lúteo se deben considerar al implementar programas de mejoramiento genético bajo condiciones del estro sincronizado o natural. Objetivo: evaluar las características ováricas y conductuales de vacas Criollas antes, durante y después del estro inducido con prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) o del estro natural. Métodos: treinta vacas Criollas fueron sometidas a sincronización del estro con PGF2α y observadas continuamente durante cinco días para detectar el inicio y la duración del estro. Diecisiete días después del período de detección del estro sincronizado las vacas fueron observadas durante siete días para detectar el estro natural y su duración. Después del inicio de ambos estros, los ovarios de cada vaca fueron monitoreados mediante ultrasonografía cada 8 h para determinar el diámetro del folículo preovulatorio al momento de la desviación y su máximo diámetro alcanzado antes de la ovulación, así como su tasa de crecimiento, tiempo a la ovulación y diámetro máximo del cuerpo lúteo posteriormente formado. Resultados: el momento de inicio y la duración del estro sincronizado y natural fueron similares (p>0,1). El diámetro del folículo dominante al momento de la desviación y antes de la ovulación fueron similares en los dos tipos de estro, pero la tasa de crecimiento del folículo preovulatorio (mm/d) fue mayor (p<0,05) en el estro sincronizado. No obstante, el tiempo del inicio del estro sincronizado a la ovulación fue mayor (p<0,01). El diámetro del cuerpo lúteo 10 d después de la ovulación fue similar en ambos estros. Los resultados indican que la tasa de crecimiento del folículo y el tiempo del estro -sincronizado o natural- a la ovulación deben considerarse cuando se requiere manipular el ciclo estral para inseminación artificial. Conclusión: una mayor proporción de vacas Criollas mostraron estro durante la noche, la tasa de crecimiento del folículo ovulatorio es mayor durante el estro sincronizado, y el tiempo del inicio del estro sincronizado con PGF2α a la ovulación es mayor que en el estro natural.

Antecedentes: a avaliação do comportamento reprodutivo do gado Crioulo é importante para a determinação de parâmetros como a fertilidade, que indiquem claramente os mecanismos fisiológicos da reprodução em diferentes condições. Assim, a sequência de eventos como a ovulação e subsequente formação do corpo lúteo é um grupo dos fatores a considerar quando programas de melhoramento genético são implementados sob condições do estro natural ou sincronizado. Objetivo: avaliar as características do ovário e o comportamento estral antes, durante e depois de um estro induzido por prostaglandinas F2α (PGF2α) ou que ocorre naturalmente. Métodos: trinta vacas Crioulas foram submetidas à sincronização de estros com PGF2α e observadas continuamente ao longo de cinco dias para detectar o início e tempo de duração do estro. Dezessete dias após o período de detecção do estro sincronizado, as vacas foram observadas similarmente ao longo de sete dias para detectar o estro de ocorrência natural e sua duração. Depois do início de ambos os tipos de estro, os ovários de cada vaca foram monitorizados por ultrassom em intervalos de 8 h para determinar o diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório de desvio e o seu diâmetro máximo antes da ovulação, assim como sua taxa de crescimento, tempo da ovulação e o diâmetro máximo do último corpo lúteo. Resultados: a hora do dia da apresentação e a duração dos estros sincronizados e espontâneos foram semelhantes (p>0,1). O diâmetro do folículo dominante em desvio e antes da ovulação foi similar em ambos os tipos de estro, mas a taxa de crescimento (mm/d) do folículo pré-ovulatório foi maior (p<0,05) em vacas sincronizadas com um tempo maior de início do estro até a ovulação (p<0,01). O diâmetro do corpo lúteo 10 d depois da ovulação foi similar em ambos os tipos de estro. Os resultados indicam que a taxa de crescimento do folículo e o tempo do estro sincronizado ou espontâneo até a ovulação devem ser considerados quando a manipulação do ciclo estral e a inseminação artificial de vacas Crioulas são requeridos. Conclusão: uma maior proporção de vacas Crioulas manifestou estro durante a noite, a taxa de crescimento do folículo ovulatório é maior durante o estro sincronizado e o tempo de início do estro sincronizado com PGF2α na ovulação é maior do que no estro natural.

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This study was conducted in order to evaluate the transmission of caprine lentivirus to sheep using different experimental groups. The first one (colostrum group) was formed by nine lambs receiving colostrum from goats positive for small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). The second group (milk group) was established by nine lambs that received milk of these goats. Third was a control group, consisting of lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of negative mothers. Another experimental group (contact group) was formed by eight adult sheep, confined with two naturally infected goats. The groups were monitored by immunoblotting (IB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). All lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of infected goats and six sheep of the contact group had positive results in the nPCR, although seroconversion was detected only in three of the exposed animals, with no clinical lentiviruses manifestation, in 720 days of observation. There was a close relationship between viral sequences obtained from infected animals and the prototype CAEV-Cork. Thus, it was concluded that SRLV can be transmitted from goats to sheep, however, the degree of adaptation of the virus strain to the host species probably interferes with the infection persistence and seroconversion rate.

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This study was conducted in order to evaluate the transmission of caprine lentivirus to sheep using different experimental groups. The first one (colostrum group) was formed by nine lambs receiving colostrum from goats positive for small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). The second group (milk group) was established by nine lambs that received milk of these goats. Third was a control group, consisting of lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of negative mothers. Another experimental group (contact group) was formed by eight adult sheep, confined with two naturally infected goats. The groups were monitored by immunoblotting (IB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). All lambs that suckled colostrum and milk of infected goats and six sheep of the contact group had positive results in the nPCR, although seroconversion was detected only in three of the exposed animals, with no clinical lentiviruses manifestation, in 720 days of observation. There was a close relationship between viral sequences obtained from infected animals and the prototype CAEV-Cork. Thus, it was concluded that SRLV can be transmitted from goats to sheep, however, the degree of adaptation of the virus strain to the host species probably interferes with the infection persistence and seroconversion rate.

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BACKGROUND: There are two inheritance patterns, the X-linked recessive (XL) pattern and the autosomal recessive pattern. There is no information on the predominant inheritance pattern of male patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the inheritance pattern in a cohort of Mexican male patients with CGD by means of the detection of an XL status carrier among their female relatives, and to describe the frequency of discoid lupus (DL) among carriers. METHODS: We detected the female relatives within the families of male patients with CGD, and carried out the 123 dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay in all female participants. All carriers were questioned for current or past established DL diagnosis. RESULTS: We detected 33 families with one or more CGD male patients; we found an XL-CGD in 79% of the relatives from at least one female relative with a bimodal pattern. For the remaining seven relatives we were not able to confirm a carrier status by means of a DHR assay. Moreover, we detected one mother with CGD secondary to skewed X-chromosome inactivation. We also found 47 carriers, and only one carrier with DL among them. CONCLUSION: We concluded that XL-CGD is the most frequent form of CGD in a cohort of CGD male patients in Mexico. DHR assay is a fast and practical tool to determine the CGD form in the Latin-American countries. Finally, DL frequency in Mexico is lower than that reported in the literature for other regions of the world

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BACKGROUND: There are two inheritance patterns, the X-linked recessive (XL) pattern and the autosomal recessive pattern. There is no information on the predominant inheritance pattern of male patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the inheritance pattern in a cohort of Mexican male patients with CGD by means of the detection of an XL status carrier among their female relatives, and to describe the frequency of discoid lupus (DL) among carriers. METHODS: We detected the female relatives within the families of male patients with CGD, and carried out the 123 dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay in all female participants. All carriers were questioned for current or past established DL diagnosis. RESULTS: We detected 33 families with one or more CGD male patients; we found an XL-CGD in 79% of the relatives from at least one female relative with a bimodal pattern. For the remaining seven relatives we were not able to confirm a carrier status by means of a DHR assay. Moreover, we detected one mother with CGD secondary to skewed X-chromosome inactivation. We also found 47 carriers, and only one carrier with DL among them. CONCLUSION: We concluded that XL-CGD is the most frequent form of CGD in a cohort of CGD male patients in Mexico. DHR assay is a fast and practical tool to determine the CGD form in the Latin-American countries. Finally, DL frequency in Mexico is lower than that reported in the literature for other regions of the world.

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Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles en niñas y niños menores de 5 años, pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Camilo Torres Restrepo de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2009, con vistas a identificar los factores de riesgo de la obesidad en esta población infantil. El universo estuvo constituido por 360 pacientes, 120 casos y 240 controles, seleccionados a razón de 1:2, a partir de un estudio efectuado sobre peso y talla. Para la validación estadística se utilizaron la razón de productos cruzados y el riesgo atribuible en expuestos porcentual. Entre los factores de riesgo causantes de la citada enfermedad figuraron: lactancia artificial, antecedentes familiares de obesidad, inadecuado tratamiento contra la anorexia fisiológica, ablactación precoz e inadecuada y hábitos alimentarios incorrectos(AU)

An analytic case-control study was carried out in children under 5 years, belonging to Camilo Torres Restrepo Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba during 2009, in order to identify the risk factors for obesity in this population. The sample consisted of 360 patients, 120 cases and 240 controls, selected at a ratio of 1:2 from a study on weight and height. For statistical validation odds ratio and the attributable risk percentage were used. Among risk factors causing of the disease were: bottle feeding, family history of obesity, inadequate treatment for physiological anorexia, and early and inappropriate solid food introduction and poor eating habits(AU)

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Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles en niñas y niños menores de 5 años, pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente "Camilo Torres Restrepo" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2009, con vistas a identificar los factores de riesgo de la obesidad en esta población infantil. El universo estuvo constituido por 360 pacientes, 120 casos y 240 controles, seleccionados a razón de 1:2, a partir de un estudio efectuado sobre peso y talla. Para la validación estadística se utilizaron la razón de productos cruzados y el riesgo atribuible en expuestos porcentual. Entre los factores de riesgo causantes de la citada enfermedad figuraron: lactancia artificial, antecedentes familiares de obesidad, inadecuado tratamiento contra la anorexia fisiológica, ablactación precoz e inadecuada y hábitos alimentarios incorrectos.

An analytic case-control study was carried out in children under 5 years, belonging to "Camilo Torres Restrepo" Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba during 2009, in order to identify the risk factors for obesity in this population. The sample consisted of 360 patients, 120 cases and 240 controls, selected at a ratio of 1:2 from a study on weight and height. For statistical validation odds ratio and the attributable risk percentage were used. Among risk factors causing of the disease were: bottle feeding, family history of obesity, inadequate treatment for physiological anorexia, and early and inappropriate solid food introduction and poor eating habits.

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O município de Mossoró/RN, no Nordeste do Brasil, tem como destaque a criação de caprinos. A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose que é mais patogênico para os caprinos do que para os demais animais de abate. Em caprinos, o protozoário frequentemente é responsável por problemas reprodutivos e perdas econômicas. Com o objetivo de identificar a soroprevalência e os fatores de risco da toxoplasmose em caprinos de propriedades rurais do Município de Mossoró, amostras de soro de 338 animais (320 fêmeas e 18 machos) de 15 unidades produtoras foram testados pelo Ensaio Imunoenzimático (ELISA). Das 15 propriedades, 14 apresentaram animais soropositivos para toxoplasmose, e nestas o total de animais positivos foram de 125 (123 fêmeas e 2 machos), obtendo uma prevalência de 37,0%. Houve uma relação significativa (p<0,05) entre a prevalência e o sexo, e entre a prevalência e raça dos animais. As chances de ocorrer (OR) mais importantes associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii foram: fonte de água (OR=2,635), vasilhames para a água dos animais localizado fora das instalações da propriedade (OR=3,121) e a exploração do tipo leiteira (OR=2,546). Pela análise do ELISA de avidez, foram encontradas fêmeas em idade reprodutiva na fase aguda da infecção.

The municipality of Mossoró, RN, Northeastern Brazil, is featured on goat rearing. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis which is more pathogenic for goats when compared with other animals for slaughter. In this species, the protozoan is often responsible for reproductive problems and economic losses. In order to identify the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in goats of farms in this municipality, serum samples from 338 animals (320 females and 18 males) of 15 production units were tested by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Of the 15 farms, 14 had animals positive for Toxoplasma gondii, and in these the total number of seropositive animals were 125 (123 females and 2 males), yielding a prevalence of 37.0%. There was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between prevalence and sex, and between the prevalence and breed of animals. The most important risk factors associated with T. gondii infection were: water supply with odds ratio (OR=2.635), containers for water animals located outside the premises of property (OR=3.121) and the exploitation of dairy type (OR=2.546). For the analysis of the avidity ELISA, was found females of reproductive age in the acute phase of infection.

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The ecosystem services concept provides a means to define successful disease management more broadly, beyond short-term crop yield evaluations. Plant disease can affect ecosystem services directly, such as through removal of plants providing services, or indirectly through the effects of disease management activities, including pesticide applications, tillage, and other methods of plant removal. Increased plant biodiversity may reduce disease risk if susceptible host tissue becomes less common, or may increase risk if additional plant species are important in completing pathogen life cycles. Arthropod and microbial biodiversity may play similar roles. Distant ecosystems may provide a disservice as the setting for the evolution of pathogens that later invade a focal ecosystem, where plants have not evolved defenses. Conversely, distant ecosystems may provide a service as sources of genetic resources of great value to agriculture, including disease resistance genes. Good policies are needed to support conservation and optimal use of genetic resources, protect ecosystems from exotic pathogens, and limit the homogeneity of agricultural systems. Research is needed to provide policy makers, farmers, and consumers with the information required for evaluating trade-offs in the pursuit of the full range of ecosystem services desired from managed and native ecosystems.

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ABSTRACT Isolates of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans (n = 327) from the central to southern Peruvian Andes were systematically collected in 1997 to 1999 and analyzed to determine the pathogen's population structure at its host's center of diversity. No isolates of the A2 mating type were detected. Cluster analysis of DNA fingerprinting data indicated that the collection consisted of five major groups that were interpreted to be clonal lineages. Two of the lineages (US-1 and EC-1) have been previously described, and three (PE-3, 5, and 6) are described here for the first time. Collections from three areas in the central Peruvian Andes, including two key sites used in an international potato breeding program, consisted of isolates of the EC-1 lineage, which has been reported to dominate the pathogen population in Andean countries to the north of Peru. The collections from Cusco and Puno were more diverse. More than one lineage was detected in 10 of the 20 fields sampled in Cusco. Data on virulence, metalaxyl sensitivity, and band data for allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ipiB1 suggested that PE-3 may have been produced through recombination events between US-1 and EC-1. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and amplified fragment length polymorphism marker data were not consistent with this hypothesis.

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The self-retaining ureteral stent has evolved to be an invaluable tool in the urologists armamentarium. Its high cost and occasional unavailability led to the innovative idea of designing a local prototype. The Fr 5 feeding tube (polyvinyl chloride) was fashioned into a self-retaining stent by utilizing the inherent property of this thermoplastic. Eight male dogs were divided into 2 groups: one group was stented for three weeks, while the other for six weeks. The prototype stents were placed at the right while silicone stents at the left ureters. Ureteral tissue reactions and tensile strengths of these stents were evaluated. Results showed that tissue reactions were more prominent on those stented with the prototype stents. However, the difference was not statistically significant.

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(1). Insulin levels at the moment of glucose-induced reactive hypoglycemia have been compared with zero-hour insulin levels in 108 subjects in whom the blood glucose had decreased to 50 mg percent or less (50 to 31 mg) at the third, fourth, or fifth hour in the course of an oral glucose tolerance test (1.75 g/kg of body weight). (2). Of the 47 obese subjects, insulin levels at the time of the reactive hypoglycemia were inappropriately high, ie exceeded the fasting insulin level by 20 uU/ml or more in 38 percent and by 40 microunits/ml or higher in 26 percent of the tests. (3). In 61 non-obese subjects, employing the same criteria, inappropriately high insulinemia at the time of reactive hypoglycemia was recorded with about the same frequency. (4). In each instance of reactive hypoglycemia of 50 mg percent or less with concomitant insulin levels above the starting value to the degree stipulated, the so-termed inappropriate hyperinsulinemia was transient. In other words, judging by levels preceding and/or following the reactive hypoglycemia, insulin titers were decreasing and hence, the inappropriately high insulin level at the moment of hypoglycemia represented a lag phenomenon. (5). The above data suggest that insulin levels elevated above the starting value may play a role in reactive hypoglycemia. In subjects with insulin levels at the time of reactive hypoglycemia equal to or below the starting value, the low blood glucose level cannot be attributed to insulin. In such instances, delay or lag in hepatic glucose output and/or counter-regulatory responses probably play the dominant or sole role in the reactive hypoglycemia.

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