RESUMEN
Couples' cognitions about marriage and their communication patterns have both been found to be highly associated with marital distress. To examine the relationships among marital cognitions, communication, and marital adjustment, we had a sample of 387 community couples complete three self-report measures: the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Inventory of Specific Relationship Standards, and the Communication Patterns Questionnaire. Results indicated that the correlation of communication with marital adjustment is higher for women with more relationship-focused standards than for women with less relationship-focused standards; this interaction does not occur for men. The implications of the interaction and the gender difference as well as the importance of teaching communication skills, and working with associated cognitions are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Comunicación , Relaciones Interpersonales , Matrimonio/psicología , Ajuste Social , Adulto , Cognición , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Low doses (50-200 pg or 3.1-12.4 fmol) of interleukin 1 (IL-1) infused into the brain of rats produced rapid suppression of various cellular immune responses in peripheral lymphocytes of rats. Fifteen minutes after infusion of purified IL-1 beta into the lateral ventricle, natural killer cell activity, response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation, and interleukin 2 production were markedly suppressed in lymphocytes isolated from blood and spleen. These effects were due to infusion of IL-1 into brain since they did not occur when IL-1 was infused into the cisterna magna (essentially posterior to brain) or was injected intraperitoneally. Effects of IL-1 in brain could be blocked by simultaneous infusion of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is known to block the biological actions of IL-1. To stimulate release of endogenous IL-1 in brain, lipopolysaccharide was infused; this produced similar effects as IL-1, and these effects also were blocked by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. At longer intervals after infusion of IL-1 and lipopolysaccharide (3, 6, and 24 hr), immune responses returned to baseline or remained suppressed; i.e., "rebound" immunopotentiation did not occur. Finally, IL-1 infusion suppressed cellular immune responses in adrenalectomized animals, thereby showing that the effects of central IL-1 on peripheral cellular immune responses were, at least in part, independent of the stimulatory effect of IL-1 on secretion of adrenal hormones. These results indicate a link from brain to peripheral immune responses by means of action of a cytokine acting in the brain.