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Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease that poses a major challenge in cereal production that has important food and feed safety implications due to trichothecene contamination. In this study, the effect of stevioside-a glycoside found in the leaves of candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)-was evaluated in vitro against Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc., alone and in combination (in a 1:1 molar ratio) with polyphenols obtained from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). Different concentrations, ranging from 32 to 512 µg·mL-1, were assayed, finding EC50 and EC90 inhibitory concentrations of 156 and 221 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based only on stevioside, and EC50 and EC90 values of 123 and 160 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based on the stevioside-polyphenol conjugate complexes. Colony formation inhibition results were consistent, reaching full inhibition at 256 µg·mL-1. Given that synergistic behavior was observed for this latter formulation (SF = 1.43, according to Wadley's method), it was further assessed for grain protection at storage, mostly directed against mycotoxin contamination caused by the aforementioned phytopathogen, confirming that it could inhibit fungal growth and avoid trichothecene contamination. Moreover, seed tests showed that the treatment did not affect the percentage of germination, and it resulted in a lower incidence of root rot caused by the pathogen in Kamut and winter wheat seedlings. Hence, the application of these stevioside-S. marianum seed extract conjugate complexes may be put forward as a promising and environmentally friendly treatment for the protection of cereal crops and stored grain against FHB.

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Introducción. Los estudios enfocados a la determinación de parámetros de referencia para análisis bioquímicos en individuos longevos son escasos. Para cubrir esta deficiencia se aportan los relativos a parámetros bioquímicos séricos en centenarios y nonagenarios de nuestro área geográfica. Material y métodos. Dos grupos de individuos longevos procedentes de consultas del Hospital Universitario Río Hortega (Valladolid, España) han sido seleccionados: 30 centenarios y 80 nanogenarios sanos. Como grupo control se han sido incluidos 110 adultos sanos. Los parámetros de laboratorio han sido determinados utilizando sistemas automatizados. Para el análisis de las diferencias significativas entre las medias ha sido utilizado un análisis de varianza a fin de determinar si los niveles medios de 20 parámetros eran diferentes en los dos grupos anteriores. Adicionalmente, ha sido realizado un análisis factorial para ubicar variables y casos en gráficos 3 D. Resultados. En individuos centenarios han sido observadas diferencias significativas para las concentraciones séricas de proteínas totales, colesterol, alanino-aminotransferasa, gamma-glutamiltransferasa y ácido fólico (disminuidas respecto a controles) y para las de urea, ácido úrico, homocisteína y ferritina (aumentadas). En nonagenarios solo han sido encontradas diferencias significativas para urea (aumentada), proteínas totales y colesterol (disminuidas). En centenarios ha sido hallado un alto coeficiente de correlación (r2=0,86) al asociar la fosfatasa alcalina a la bilirrubina. Para ambos colectivos las concentraciones séricas de homocisteína y vitamina B12 han correlacionado inversamente (r2=0,88). Conclusión. En nonagenarios, para todas las determinaciones excepto urea, proteínas totales y colesterol, pueden utilizarse como valores de referencia los de los adultos sanos. En centenarios, las significativas variaciones frente a controles que aparecen para la mitad de las determinaciones estudiadas y en especial para los parámetros urea, ácido úrico, proteínas totales, colesterol, alanino-aminotransferasa, gamma-glutamil transferasa, homocisteína, ácido fólico y ferritina hacen aconsejable disponer de intervalos propios (AU)

Introduction. There are few studies aimed at determining reference parameters for biochemistry analyses in the elderly. An attempt was made to define these by measuring serum biochemistry parameters in centenarians and nonagenarians on our geographic area. Materials and methods. Two groups of elderly individuals from the Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega (Valladolid, Spain) were selected: 30 healthy centenarians and 80 nonagenarians. Control group included 110 healthy normal adults. Laboratory parameter levels were determined using automated systems. Data were analysed for significance using a blocked analysis of variance from the above groups to determine if the mean levels of 20 parameters were different. In addition, a factorial analysis has been conducted so as to locate variables and cases in 3D graphs. Results. Significant differences were observed for serum total proteins, cholesterol, alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and folic acid levels, being reduced in centenarians compared to the control group, whereas urea, uric acid, homocysteine and ferritin levels were found to be significantly increased. In nonagenarians, the only significant differences compared to the control subjects were for, urea (increased), total proteins and cholesterol (decreased). In the centenarians of our population, a high coefficient (r2=0,86) was found for the relationship between alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Among the elderly homocysteine correlated inversely with serum vitamin B12 (r2=0,88). Conclusion. With the exceptions of urea, total proteins and cholesterol, reference values of healthy adults can also generally been used for the nonagenarians group. In the centenarians, due to the significant changes compared to the control group for half of the assayed parameters, in particular, urea, uric acid, total proteins, cholesterol, alanine-aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, homocysteine, folic acid and ferritin, it is recommended to have specific reference intervals for these (AU)

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BACKGROUND: A retrospective analysis was carried out in all specimens from subjects with chronic hepatitis C sent for testing to our laboratory in Hospital Universitario Río Hortega (Valladolid, Spain) over the period 1999-2009. The reason for this study was to examine the suggestion of other authors on the spread of genotype 4 strains. The objective was to describe the distribution of VHC genotypes in our geographical area and compare it with other state-wide reports. METHODS: A total of 1074 patients were studied. Specimen preparation to isolate HCV RNA was carried out with the COBAS AmpliPrep system (Roche). Reverse transcription, amplification and reverse hybridization were performed with Qiagen and Siemens kits. RESULTS: The most frequent HCV genotype was 1 (69%), followed by 3 (19,6%) and 4 (8.2%). The most frequent HCV subtype was 1b (41.3%). Most infections with genotype 4 (58%) were found among HCV-HIV-coinfected patients. From our previous report in 2002 to date (end December 2010), both an increase in the prevalence of genotypes 4 (from 7.3 to 8.8%) and 1 and 1a (from 25.9 to 29.4%) and a decrease in the prevalence of genotype 1b (from 44% to 39,5%) has been observed over time. Patients with genotype 4 were, mostly, men and with HIV-HCV coinfection. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of genotype 4 in our geographical environment was significantly different than the national average which leads to the conclusion that the spread of this genotype was much slower than suggested.

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Fundamento: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los resultados de genotipado en sueros de pacientes con hepatitis Cremitidos a nuestro laboratorio del Hospital Universitario Río Hortega (Valladolid) durante el periodo 1999–2010. El motivode esta investigación fue constatar, en nuestra área geográfica, la sugerencia de otros autores sobre la diseminación de las cepas del genotipo 4. El objetivo fue conocer la prevalencia de cada genotipo y compararlo con la prevalencia en el resto delpaís. Métodos: El número de pacientes estudiados fue de 1.074. La extracción de ARN del VHC se llevó a cabo mediante el sistema COBAS Ampli-Prep (Roche). La transcripción inversa, amplificación e hibridación inversa se realizaron con reactivosQiagen y Siemens. En pacientes coinfectados VHC-VIH la prueba de anticuerpos anti-VIH se realizó por una técnica EIAy en caso de positividad fue confirmada por WesternBlot o LIA. Resultados: El genotipo VHC más frecuente fue el 1(69%), seguido por el 3 (19,6%) y el 4 (8,2%). El subtipo VHC más frecuente fue el 1b (41,3%). La coinfección VIH-VHC enlos pacientes con genotipo 4 de nuestro medio geográfico alcanzó el 58%. Desde el informe previo que realizamos en 2002hasta la actualidad (finales de Diciembre 2010) los cambios producidos fueron un aumento de prevalencia para los genotipos 4 (del 7,3% al 8,8%), 1 y 1a (del 25,9% al 29,4%) y una disminución para el 1b (del 44% al 39,5%). Los pacientes congenotipo 4 fueron, mayoritariamente, varones y con coinfección VIH-VHC. Conclusiones: La prevalencia del genotipo 4 en el área estudiada fue significativamente diferente de la media estatal, lo que llevó a concluir que la dispersión de este genotipo es mucho más lenta de lo previsto(AU)

Background: A retrospective analysis was carried out in allspecimens from subjects with chronic hepatitis C sent for testing to our laboratory in Hospital Universitario Río Hortega(Valladolid, Spain) over the period 1999–2009. The reason for this study was to examine the suggestion of other authors on thespread of genotype 4 strains. The objective was to describe the distribution of VHC genotypes in our geographical area andcompare it with other state-wide reports. Methods: A total of 1074 patients were studied. Specimen preparation to isolate HCV RNA was carried out with theCOBAS AmpliPrep system (Roche). Reverse transcription, amplification and reverse hybridization were performed withQiagen and Siemens kits. Results: The most frequent HCV genotype was 1 (69%), followed by 3 (19,6%) and 4 (8.2%). The most frequent HCVsubtype was 1b (41.3%). Most infections with genotype 4 (58%) were found among HCV-HIV-coinfected patients. Fromour previous report in 2002 to date (end December 2010), both an increase in the prevalence of genotypes 4 (from 7.3 to 8.8%)and 1 and 1a (from 25.9 to 29.4%) and a decrease in the prevalence of genotype 1b (from 44% to 39,5%) has been observedover time. Patients with genotype 4 were, mostly, men and with HIV-HCV coinfection. Conclusions: The prevalence of genotype 4 in our geographical environment was significantly different than the national average which leads to the conclusion that the spread of thisgenotype was much slower than suggested(AU)

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