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Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad viral causada por el síndrome agudo respiratorio severo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). El riesgo de eventos trombóticos venosos (ETV), que aumenta en pacientes críticamente enfermos, probablemente sea aún mayor en aquéllos con SARS-CoV-2 y enfermedad crítica. Objetivos: Investigar el perfil hemostático mediante tromboelastograma (TEG) en pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de un solo centro hospitalario. Se inscribieron retrospectivamente pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19, se les realizó TEG a las 24 y 72 horas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado, para las variables cuantitativas continuas y discretas se emplearon las pruebas t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney. Para las variables categóricas y nominales se empleó la prueba de χ2 de Pearson. Además, se realizó una curva ROC (característica de funcionamiento del receptor) para determinar el punto de corte del índice de masa corporal (IMC) con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad con relación al desarrollo de alteraciones en el TEG. Después se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión binaria logística, ajustado para las variables con significancia clínica y estadística. La significancia estadística se estableció como una p < 0.05 o < 5%. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 66 pacientes, se observó un predominio del perfil hipercoagulable en 28 pacientes (42.4%) a las 24 horas y 20 (30.3%) a las 72 horas a pesar de dosis profiláctica de enoxaparina. Para determinar el punto de corte con mayor asociación entre el IMC y la presencia de trastorno en el TEG, se realizó una curva ROC, obteniendo un ABC de 64.7% (p = 0.003). Encontramos un odds ratio (OR) 1.8 por cada kilogramo de peso por arriba de un IMC > 26.2 kg/m2, para desarrollar hipercoagulabilidad. Conclusión: El alto porcentaje de pacientes con estado hipercoagulable e hiperfibrinogenemia podría condicionar un aumento de la formación y polimerización de fibrina que puede predisponer a la trombosis. La mayoría de la población en nuestro medio cuenta con sobrepeso u obesidad, por lo que probablemente tengan necesidad de un régimen más alto de anticoagulación. Dicho esquema de tromboprofilaxis no debe ser guiado por parámetros como dímero D, sino con una prueba más amplia del perfil hemostático como el TEG.

Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The risk of venous thrombotic events (VTE), which is increased in critically ill patients, is likely to be even higher in those with SARS-CoV-2 and critical illness. Objectives: To investigate the haemostatic profile by TEG in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective study of a single hospital centre. Patients hospitalised with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia were retrospectively enrolled and underwent thromboelastogram (TEG) at 24 and 72 hours. Bivariate analysis was performed, in which Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for continuous and discrete quantitative variables. For categorical and nominal variables, Pearson's χ2 test was used. In addition, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to determine the body mass index (BMI) cut-off point with the highest sensitivity and specificity in relation to the development of TEG alterations. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic binary regression analysis was performed, adjusted for variables with clinical and statistical significance. Statistical significance was established as a p < 0.05 or < 5%. Results: A total of 66 patients were included, a predominance of hypercoagulable profile was observed in 28 patients (42.4%) at 24 hours and 20 (30.3%) at 72 hours despite prophylactic doses of enoxaparin. To determine the cut-off point with the strongest association between BMI and the presence of TEG disorder, a ROC curve was performed, yielding an ABC of 64.7% (p = 0.003). We found an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 for each kilogram of weight above a BMI > 26.2 kg/m2, for developing hypercoagulability. Conclusion: The high percentage of patients with hypercoagulable status and hyperfibrinogenemia could lead to an increase in fibrin formation and polymerisation that may predispose to thrombosis. The majority of the population in our setting is overweight or obese and therefore probably requires a higher anticoagulation regimen. Such a thromboprophylaxis scheme should not be guided by parameters such as dimer D but by a broader haemostatic profile test such as TEG.

Resumo: Introdução: A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) é uma doença viral causada pelo coronavírus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2). O risco de eventos trombóticos venosos (ETV), que é aumentado em pacientes críticos, provavelmente será ainda maior naqueles com SARS-CoV-2 e doença crítica. Objetivos: Investigar o perfil hemostático por TEG em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de um único centro hospitalar. Pacientes hospitalizados diagnosticados com pneumonia por COVID-19 foram incluídos retrospectivamente, tromboelastograma (TEG) foi realizado em 24 e 72 horas. Realizou-se análise bivariada, para variáveis ​​quantitativas contínuas e discretas, foram utilizados os testes t de Student ou U de Mann-Whitney. Para variáveis ​​categóricas e nominais, foi utilizado o teste χ2 de Pearson. Além disso, foi realizada uma curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) para determinar o ponto de corte do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com maior sensibilidade e especificidade em relação ao desenvolvimento de alterações do TEG. Posteriormente, realizou-se análise de regressão binária logística multivariada, ajustada para as variáveis ​​com significância clínica e estatística. A significância estatística foi estabelecida como p < 0.05 ou < 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 66 pacientes, sendo observado predomínio do perfil hipercoagulável em 28 pacientes (42.4%) em 24 horas e 20 (30.3%) em 72 horas apesar da dose profilática de enoxaparina. Para determinar o ponto de corte com maior associação entre o IMC e a presença de alteração no TEG, foi realizada uma curva ROC, obtendo-se uma AUC de 64.7% (p = 0.003). Encontramos um Odds Ratio (OR) de 1.8 para cada quilograma de peso acima de um IMC > 26.2 kg/m2, para desenvolver hipercoagulabilidade. Conclusão: O alto percentual de pacientes com estado de hipercoagulabilidade e hiperfibrinogenemia pode condicionar um aumento na formação e polimerização de fibrina que pode predispor à trombose. A maioria da população em nosso meio está acima do peso ou obesa, então eles provavelmente precisam de um regime de anticoagulação mais alto. Esse esquema de tromboprofilaxia não deve ser guiado por parâmetros como o D-dímero, mas sim com um teste mais amplo do perfil hemostático como o TEG.

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BACKGROUND: The present retrospective study reviewed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cases recorded in Mexico between January 2007 and January 2017. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate overall survival (OS) in Mexican patients with APL. Secondary objective was to evaluate the impact of induction treatment with different anthracyclines on OS, event-free survival (EFS) and complications in this patient population. METHODS: The medical charts of patients referred to medical institutions in Mexico from January 2007 through January 2017 for the treatment of suspected APL were reviewed retrospectively. Patients aged 15 - 75 years, in whom the diagnosis of APL was confirmed, who had an Eastern Cooperative Group performance status of 0 - 2, and who were eligible for combined treatment with intensive chemotherapy and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), were included in the study. Study participants received induction and consolidation treatment with ATRA plus either daunorubicin or idarubicin, followed by 2 years of single-agent ATRA as maintenance therapy. Patients who were unable to pay for ATRA treatment received anthracycline-based induction and consolidation, with methotrexate plus mercaptopurine as maintenance therapy. RESULTS: A total of 360 patients from 21 public and private hospitals were included in the study. The median age of the population was 37 years, and 51% were male. Of the 360 patients, 205 (57%) vs. 155 (43%) received daunorubicin vs. idarubicin as induction treatment for APL. ATRA was administered to 201 (98%) patients in the daunorubicin group vs. 138 (89%) in the idarubicin group (P = 0.001), and was initiated at diagnosis in 92% vs. 73% of recipients, respectively (P = 0.0001). At 150 months, OS and EFS for the entire population were 84% and 79%, respectively. Both OS (90% vs. 76%, P = 0.003) and EFS (85% vs. 72%, P = 0.001) were significantly prolonged in daunorubicin vs. idarubicin recipients. Rates of complications were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: As arsenic trioxide (ATO) is not currently available in Mexico, anthracycline plus ATRA is the mainstay of treatment for APL here. Our results confirm the efficacy of this strategy, with high OS and EFS rates being observed 12.5 years after diagnosis.

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BACKGROUND: There is no epidemiological registry in Mexico. The information about the epidemiology in our country is obtained by these types of studies, such as multicentric studies. A lot of improvements in the survival in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients had occurred in the last 20 years. The access to treatment in these types of pathology could change the prognostic factors in Mexican Mestizos patients. The primary objective of the study was to learn what the most frequent histological varieties of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Mexico are. The secondary objectives included clinical characteristics, treatments used, treatment response, disease-free survival and overall survival. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study of consecutive cases was carried out in 14 hospitals across 14 Mexican states with patients diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 criteria. Inclusion criteria included: ≥ 18 years of age, male or female, any clinical stage at diagnosis, who had received any chemotherapy regimen, with a known outcome. Descriptive statistics was performed for all variables, and survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Totally, 609 patients were enrolled, of which 545 were B-cell lymphomas and 64 were T-cell lymphomas. Median ages were 61 and 50, respectively. B-cell lymphomas were more common in males with 52.1%, and 65.5% of T-cell lymphomas occurred in females. For B-cell lymphomas, the two most frequent histological subtypes were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in 63.9%, followed by follicular lymphoma at 18%. Meanwhile, 50% of T-cell lymphomas were of the T/natural killer (NK) subtype, and 87.1% of the patients received a CHOP-like regimen. Radiotherapy was given to 31% of B-cell Lymphomas and 46.9% of T-cell lymphomas. Overall survival at 9 years was 84.6% for B-cell lymphomas, and 73.4% for T-cell lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma constitutes the most frequent subtype for B-cell lymphomas in Mexico. The most frequent T-cell lymphoma is the NK/T histological subtype.