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Objective: Microfilariae parasites are common in tropical regions, and some species are reported as potentially zoonotic. The diagnosis of filarial infection in dogs by cytology or hematologic techniques showed lower sensibility and specificity, which may result in misdiagnosis. Thus, molecular techniques seem to be an alternative to identifying and detecting microfilariae infections. On the other hand, lymphoma is one of the main tumors in domestic animals, with a high prevalence in domestic canines. This study aims to report a mixed infection with microfilariae in a dog with lymphoma, emphasizing its diagnosis and the possible role of this infection in the development of the neoplasia. Materials and Methods: An 8-year-old male mixed breed dog was referred to consultation due to the presence of lethargy, recumbency, skin ulceration lesions, nonspecific pain manifestations, emesis, myoclonus in the left temporalis muscle, and seizures. Routine blood and biochemistry tests were normal, and cytology of the skin evidenced a microfilariae infection. The dog died due to a cardiorespiratory arrest, and tissue sampling was done for histopathology and molecular analysis at the necropsy examination. Results: Skin lesions were related to a microfilarial pyogranuloma related to Acanthocheilonema reconditum. Histopathology of the spleen and liver revealed a diffuse lymphoma composed of blast cells and large lymphocytes, distributed diffusely in the parenchyma and surrounding the vasculature. In the skin, microfilariae were seen in some superficial capillaries. Conclusion: This study describes a microfilariae mixed infection with A. reconditum and Dirofilaria immitis in a dog with a lymphoma and its molecular detection. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of a mixed microfilariae infection in a tumor of a dog and highlights the use of molecular techniques, i.e., polymerase chain reaction, for an accurate diagnosis.
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Background and Aim: Canine vector-borne diseases represent an important issue for the welfare and health of animals, but also have great zoonotic potential. These diseases are caused by bacteria, nematodes such as filariae, and other parasites such as Leishmania spp. Given the difficulty in differentiating common microfilariae in dogs by microscopy and serological methods, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing should be valuable for reaching a reliable diagnosis. This study aimed to use microscopy and PCR to identify the microfilarial species in dogs from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, and a possible association with Leishmania infantum parasites. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 270 dogs from Pradera and Florida municipalities. Microfilariae were detected in dogs by optical microscopy and amplification with 5.8S-ITS2-28S. Species identification was achieved through the amplification of the gene cytochrome oxidase I (COX1). Results: Microscopic detection of microfilariae was possible in 4.81% (13/270) of the dogs. In addition, by PCR of COX1 and Sanger sequencing of ITS2, Acanthocheilonema reconditum was identified as the circulating microfilarial species in 12 dogs, coinfecting with the species L. infantum (Leishmania donovani complex). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on A. reconditum and L. infantum mixed infection in dogs in Colombia, particularly in the Valle del Cauca.
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ABSTRACT Soybean cultivation expansion in Colombia has generated the need to seek varieties with high genetic merit. A soybean genetic breeding program seeks to generate varieties with competitive and sustainable yields, and high-quality grain adapted to the conditions of the low tropics. The aim was to determine the genetic parameters and expected gains in quantitative traits of interest in a soybean breeding process using biometric tools. Sixty lines and four commercial varieties were evaluated in an 8x8 alpha lattice design (genotypes x blocks) planted in oxisols from the Altillanura region of Colombia. The estimation of the parameters was performed by applying mixed models with a random-effects adjustment through the REML method. Wide genetic variability was observed for all the evaluated traits, except for plant height. High heritability values were registered for the characters at flowering and maturity. Heritability was high for yield components such as the number of pods and the weight of 100 grains. Overall, the environmental effect was low, with values close to or higher than 1, except for embryonic abortions, number of empty pods, and grain yield. The genetic gain as a mean percentage was high for plant height, moderate for grain yield, and low for the rest of the characters. Moderate heritability and grain yield gain indicate an additive action of the genes ideal for recurrent selection. The most discriminating characters in the evaluated conditions were the grain yield, weight of 100 grains, and number of pods.
RESUMEN La expansión del cultivo de soya en Colombia genera la necesidad de buscar variedades con alto mérito genético y su mejoramiento, la generación de variedades con rendimientos competitivos y con alta calidad de grano, adaptadas a las condiciones del trópico bajo. El objetivo fue determinar, mediante herramientas biométricas, los parámetros genéticos y las ganancias esperadas, en caracteres cuantitativos de interés, para el proceso de mejora de soya. Se evaluaron 60 líneas y 4 variedades comerciales, en un diseño alfa látice 8x8, en oxisoles de la Altillanura. La estimación de los parámetros, se realizó mediante la aplicación de modelos mixtos, con ajuste de efectos aleatorios, por el método REML. Se observó amplia variabilidad genética para todos los rasgos evaluados, exceptuando la altura de planta. Se registraron valores altos de heredabilidad, para los caracteres de floración y madurez. En los componentes de rendimiento, la heredabilidad fue alta para número de vainas y peso de 100 granos. El efecto ambiental fue bajo, con valores cercanos o superiores a 1, con excepción de abortos embrionarios, número de vainas vanas y rendimiento de grano. La ganancia genética, como porcentaje de la media fue alta, para altura de planta; moderada, para rendimiento de grano y baja, para el resto de los caracteres. La heredabilidad y la ganancia moderadas de rendimiento de grano indican una acción aditiva de los genes, ideal para la selección recurrente. Los caracteres más discriminantes en las condiciones evaluadas fueron rendimiento de grano, peso de 100 granos y número de vainas.
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Resumen Introducción: en este artículo se presenta una propuesta sobre cómo mejorar el sistema de comercialización de los productos de los campesinos, derivada de resultados de investigación. Objetivo: establecer una aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productores agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Materiales y métodos: a partir de la investigación realizada con productores del oriente Antioqueño (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) y la experiencia con campesinos productores de otros municipios del departamento de Antioquia, se procede a la construcción de una propuesta de aproximación a un sistema asociativo de comercialización para productos agrarios de pequeños y medianos productores. Resultados: luego de todo el trabajo de campo y de la interacción con los productores, se puede evidenciar que existen unas malas prácticas de comercialización, ya que para la formación de los precios de los productos intervienen múltiples factores como intermediarios y transporte. Conclusiones: las dificultades que afrontan los pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios y que ameritan este tipo de propuesta, parten de la forma como comercializan sus productos, evitando costosos desplazamientos y fletes, y tener que enfrentarse a mayoristas, que algunos consideran irrespetuosos, dominantes y abusadores. Esta circunstancia los lleva a vender a acopiadores veredales, o intermediarios en las plazas de los pueblos, donde negocian a precios muy bajos. Este sistema de ventas, centrado en plazas municipales y grandes centrales de abastos, donde el campesino tiene una gran desventaja competitiva, es el dominante en Colombia y muchos otros países. Acevedo y Palacio (2013), concluyen en su investigación, que, para superar las debilidades de los campesinos en la compra de insumos y comercialización de sus productos, es necesario desarrollar empresas asociativas especializadas en mercadeo de productos agropecuarios, que representen todas las líneas de productos, y que permitan la participación de todos los productores y de sus asociaciones, como asociados. El sistema de comercialización propuesto implica lo local y regional, y podría ayudar a grandes grupos de campesinos a lograr garantía de compra y precios justos para sus productos, a través de organizaciones con alto volumen de operaciones, que les permita ser competitivas y financieramente sostenibles en el tiempo.
Abstract Introduction: this article presents a proposal on how to improve the marketing system of peasant products, derived from research results. Objective: to establish an approximation to an associative marketing system for agricultural producers of small and medium producers. Materials and methods: based on the research carried out with producers from eastern Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) and the experience with peasant farmers from other municipalities in the department of Antioquia, a proposal was made to approach an associative marketing system for products of small and medium producers. Results: after all the field work and the interaction with the producers, it can be evidenced that there are bad marketing practices, since multiple factors such as intermediaries and transport intervene in the formation of the prices of the products. Conclusions: the difficulties that small and medium agricultural producers face and that merit this type of proposal, start from the way they market their products, avoiding costly displacements and freights, and having to face wholesalers, which some consider disrespectful, dominant and abusers. This circumstance leads them to sell to rural collectors, or to intermediaries in the squares of the towns, where they negotiate at very low prices. This sales system, centered in municipal squares and large supply centers, where the farmer has a great competitive disadvantage, is the dominant one in Colombia and many other countries. Acevedo and Palacio (2013), conclude in their research, that to overcome the weaknesses of the farmers in the purchase of inputs and marketing of their products, it is necessary to develop associative companies specialized in marketing of agricultural products, which represent all the product lines , and that allow the participation of all producers and their associations, as partners. The proposed marketing system involves the local and regional and could help large groups of farmers to achieve purchase guarantees and fair prices for their products, through organizations with high volume of operations, which allows them to be competitive and financially sustainable in the time.
Resumo Introdução: este artigo apresenta uma proposta sobre melhorar o sistema de comercialização de produtos camponeses, derivado de resultados de pesquisas. Objetivo: estabelecer uma aproximação a um sistema de marketing associativo para produtores agrícolas de pequenos e médios produtores. Materiais e métodos: com base na pesquisa realizada com produtores do leste de Antioquia (Acevedo y Palacio, 2012) e a experiência com camponeses de outros municípios do departamento de Antioquia, foi feita uma proposta para abordar um sistema associativo de comercialização de produtos de pequenos e médios produtores. Resultados: Após todo o trabalho de campo e interação com os produtores, pode-se constatar que existem más práticas de comercialização, uma vez que múltiplos fatores como intermediários e transporte interferem na formação dos preços dos produtos. Conclusões: as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos agricultores de pequena e média escala e garantindo este tipo de proposta, são baseadas em como comercializar os seus produtos, evitando viagens dispendiosas e frete, e ter que lidar com atacadistas, que alguns consideram desrespeitoso, dominante e abusadores. Esta circunstância leva-os a vender para colecionadores das veredas, ou para intermediários nas praças das cidades, onde negociam a preços muito baixos. Este sistema de vendas, centrado em praças municipais e grandes centros de abastecimento, onde o agricultor tem uma grande desvantagem competitiva, é o dominante na Colômbia e em muitos outros países. Acevedo e Palace (2013), concluir em suas pesquisas, para superar as fragilidades dos agricultores na compra de insumos e comercialização dos seus produtos, é necessário desenvolver especializado empresas cooperativas comercialização de produtos agrícolas, representando todas as linhas de produtos , e que permitem a participação de todos os produtores e suas associações, como parceiros. A comercialização do sistema proposto envolve local e regional, e poderia ajudar grandes grupos de agricultores para atingir garantia de compra e preços justos para os seus produtos, através de organizações com operações de alto volume, o que lhes permite ser competitivos e financeiramente sustentável no tempo.
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Staphylococcus epidermidis is a human commensal and pathogen worldwide distributed. In this work, we surveyed for multi-resistant S. epidermidis strains in eight years at a children's health-care unit in México City. Multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis were present in all years of the study, including resistance to methicillin, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. To understand the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and its association with virulence and gene exchange, we sequenced the genomes of 17 S. epidermidis isolates. Whole-genome nucleotide identities between all the pairs of S. epidermidis strains were about 97% to 99%. We inferred a clonal structure and eight Multilocus Sequence Types (MLSTs) in the S. epidermidis sequenced collection. The profile of virulence includes genes involved in biofilm formation and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). Half of the S. epidermidis analyzed lacked the ica operon for biofilm formation. Likely, they are commensal S. epidermidis strains but multi-antibiotic resistant. Uneven distribution of insertion sequences, phages, and CRISPR-Cas immunity phage systems suggest frequent horizontal gene transfer. Rates of recombination between S. epidermidis strains were more prevalent than the mutation rate and affected the whole genome. Therefore, the multidrug resistance, independently of the pathogenic traits, might explain the persistence of specific highly adapted S. epidermidis clonal lineages in nosocomial settings.
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Resumen Los cambios en normatividad y acceso a recursos naturales permiten repensar el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre métodos de producción sostenibles, sin alterar estabilidad y posición competitiva en las organizaciones. Como metodología se realizó un estudio bibliométrico para 576 documentos recuperados de la base de datos Scopus, a fin de comprender tendencias en investigación. A partir de Ley de Lotka y Ley de Pareto se desarrollaron indicadores de calidad, cantidad y estructura. Los resultados exhiben como tendencias de investigación futura: Life Cycle Assessment, plantas de producción sostenibles, análisis de riesgo en producción, green manufacturing y gestión sostenible en proveedores.
Abstract Changes in regulations and access to natural resources allow us to rethink the decision-making process regarding sustainable production methods without altering the stability and competitive advantage of organizations. As methodology, a bibliometric study was carried out for 576 documents retrieved from the Scopus database in order to understand trends in research. Lotka Law and Pareto Law were used to build quality, quantity and structure indicators. The results show as future research the following trends: Life Cycle Assessment, sustainable production plants, risk analysis in production, green manufacturing and sustainable management in suppliers.
Resumo As mudanças na normatividade e acesso aos recursos naturais permitem repensar o processo de toma de decisões sob métodos de produção sustentáveis, sem alterar a estabilidade e vantagem competitiva nas organizações. Como metodologia realizouse um estudo bibliométrico para 576 documentos recuperados da base de dados Scopus, com o fim de compreender tendências na pesquisa. A partir da Lei do Lotka e a Lei do Pareto desenvolveram-se indicadores de qualidade, quantidade e estrutura. Os resultados amostram como tendências da futura pesquisa: Life Cycle Assessment, usinas de produção sustentáveis, análises de risco em produção, green manufacturing e gestão sustentável em fornecedores.
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Mitochondria both produce the energy of the cell as ATP via respiration and regulate cellular metabolism. Accordingly, any deletion or mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may result in a disease. One of these diseases is Kearns Sayre syndrome (KSS), described for the first time in 1958, where different large-scale deletions of different sizes and at different positions have been reported in the mitochondrial genome of patients with similar clinical symptoms. In this study, sequences of the mitochondrial genome of three patients with clinic features of KSS were analyzed. Our results revealed the position, heteroplasmy percentage, size of deletions, and their haplogroups. Two patients contained deletions reported previously and one patient showed a new deletion not reported previously. These results display for the first time a systematic analysis of mtDNA variants in the whole mtDNA genome of patients with KSS to help to understand their association with the disease.
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ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Síndrome de Kearns-Sayre/genética , Eliminación de Secuencia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Humanos , Masculino , Mitocondrias/genética , Mutación/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical cases with neurological manifestations associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a large cohort of children and adults from Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with neurological manifestation (cranial neuritis, radiculoneuritis, meningitis and encephalomyelitis) were recruited in one pediatric and two general hospitals, during January 2006-December 2015. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were drawn from each patient at inclusion. IgM and IgG antibodies against B. burgdorferi were detected using a commercial ELISA test, and confirmed by Western-Blot test (WB) using three different antigens from Borrelia burgdorferi complex. Following CDC criteria were considered true cases with both positive tests. RESULTS: Of 606 patients recruited, 403 (66.5%) were adults and 203 (33.4%) children, 50.5% were male. B. burgdorferi infection was diagnosed in 168 patients (27.7%), 97 adults, mean age 42 ± 14.7 years and 71 children, mean age 9.6 ± 5 years; early disseminated disease occurred in 130 cases (77.4 %) and chronic stage in 38 (22.6 %). A previous tick bite was reported by 21% cases, and 5% recalled an erythema migrans lesion. Polyradiculoneuropathy and encephalomyelitis were the most common manifestations, whereas 14.8% presented an initial Guillain-Barré Syndrome. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto was identified in 142 (84%) cases, B. garinii in 14 (8%), B. afzelii in three, and nine cases presented coinfection with two species. CONCLUSION: Lyme neuroborreliosis is a frequent condition in patients with neurological diseases in Mexico.
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Borrelia burgdorferi/aislamiento & purificación , Encefalomielitis/patología , Neuroborreliosis de Lyme/epidemiología , Neuroborreliosis de Lyme/patología , Meningitis/patología , Neuritis/patología , Radiculopatía/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Western Blotting , Niño , Preescolar , Encefalomielitis/microbiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Neuroborreliosis de Lyme/microbiología , Masculino , Meningitis/microbiología , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuritis/microbiología , Radiculopatía/microbiología , Mordeduras de Garrapatas/microbiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Serological tests are needed to estimate the prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in endemic rural areas. The predictive value of serum antibody levels to diagnose porcine cysticercosis and human neurocysticercosis (NC) was herein assessed by ELISA using serum samples from 247 backyard pigs (141 without cysticercosis and 106 with cysticercosis) and 183 human subjects (116 non-NC subjects and 67 NC patients) in central Mexico diagnosed by necropsy and computed tomography, respectively. A sensitivity of 77.3 and 92.5% and a specificity of 88.6 and 100% were found to diagnose porcine and human cysticercosis, respectively. The prevalence of porcine and human cysticercosis in the state of Morelos was estimated by ELISA. Anti-cysticercal antibodies were found in 8.4 and 19.02% of assayed sera from 1,811 humans and 804 pigs, respectively. Marginalization and living in the eastern region were risk factors for humans, whereas free-roaming, medium marginalization levels and living in Sierra de Huautla were risk factors for pigs. These results clearly evidence the persistence of cysticercosis transmission and neurocysticercosis in a region neighboring Mexico City, pointing out the need to apply effective measures already available for its control.
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Cisticercosis/veterinaria , Neurocisticercosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Taenia solium/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Niño , Preescolar , Cisticercosis/epidemiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conejos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Porcinos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Virus del Dengue , Infección por el Virus Zika , Antivirales , Brasil , Humanos , Virus ZikaRESUMEN
Conocer el tiempo de espera para la instauración del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes de un hospital de tercer nivel de atención de Lima-Perú, para luego describir los factores médicos y/o administrativos que se encuentren vinculados al tiempo preoperatorio prolongado y describir las complicaciones más frecuentes durante ese tiempo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo û retrospectivo durante el primer semestre del 2013. Se midió los tiempos preoperatorios, complicaciones, seguro médico, antecedentes patológicos, características de la cirugía en pacientes hospitalizados con fractura de cadera. Resultados: El 71% de pacientes fue de sexo femenino. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años. El 70% de pacientes recibió tratamiento quirúrgico con una mediana del tiempo preoperatorio de 18 días. El 77% tuvo antecedentes patológicos al ingreso, la mayoría por anemia, hipertensión arterial o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El 62% tuvo complicaciones médicas. Los pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico tuvieron menos porcentaje de complicaciones (47%) que los que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico (94%), así como menos estancia hospitalaria. La mediana de estancia hospitalaria en los pacientes con tratamiento quirúrgico fue de 26 días y la de los que no recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico fue 41 días. Conclusiones: El tiempo preoperatorio fue mayor a las 2 semanas en la mayoría de los casos, especialmente en los pacientes de mayor edad y usuarios del Seguro Integral de Salud...
Know the waiting time for the establishment of surgical treatment in patients of a third level attention hospital in Lima-Peru for the later description of medical and/or administrative factors that are linked to a prolonged preoperative time and description of the most common complications during that time. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-retrospective study during first semester of 2013. Preoperative times, medical complications, medical assurance, pathological background, surgery characteristics in patients hospitalized for hip fracture were assessed. Results: 71% of the patients were women. The median of age was of 66 years old. 70% of the patients received surgical treatment with a preoperative time of 18 days. 76.9% had a pathological background at the admission, mostly anemia, arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 62% had medical complications. Post-surgery patients had a smaller percentage of complications (47%) than the non-surgery patients (94%), as well as a smaller hospitalization rate. The median of hospitalization on surgery patients was of 26 days and on non-surgery patients was of 41 days. Conclusions: The preoperative time was higher than 2 weeks in most of cases, especially on elderly patients and SIS users...
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Fracturas de Cadera , Periodo Preoperatorio , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Retrospectivos , PerúRESUMEN
Resumen: El virus del Ébola es el agente causal de una de las enfermedades infecciosas más temidas por el humano: la fiebre hemorrágica del Ébola o enfermedad por el virus del Ébola (EVE). Este filovirus puede llegar a causar hasta un 90% de mortalidad. Tiene su origen en África con brotes epidémicos registrados desde 1976. El más reciente se presentó durante el primer trimestre de 2014 en 3 países de África Occidental, Liberia, Sierra Leona y Nigeria. Es considerado el brote más grave y el que se ha mantenido por más tiempo. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud consideró el brote como una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Un aspecto preocupante ha sido la mortalidad generada en el personal médico de los países afectados y personal infectado de las brigadas internacionales que participaron en esta contención. Una de las causas que originaron esta mortalidad fue probablemente el uso inadecuado del Equipo de Protección Personal (EPP). En este artículo se muestran al lector los componentes del EPP con algunos detalles técnicos para su uso como fue requerido al personal médico calificado participante en la contención de la EVE en África. En México es muy baja la probabilidad de la aparición del virus del Ébola. Actualmente se presenta mayor riesgo en el país ante brotes como el virus de chikungunya. El objetivo de esta publicación es presentar el uso apropiado del EPP para el personal médico en alto riesgo de contagio al participar en la contención de brotes causados por agentes infecciosos.
Abstract: The Ebola virus is the causative agent of the most feared human infectious disease, the Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever. This filovirus may reach up to 90% in mortality. The virus was originated in Africa and the outbreaks have been recorded since 1976. The most recent occurred in 2014 in three countries of Western Africa, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Was the outbreak with a highest mortality and long time. The World Health Organization in 2014 mentioned this outbreak as public health emergency of international concern. One point of interest was mortality in medical staff of African countries and the infection in members of international brigades who participated in this containment. The reason that caused this mortality was probably the inappropriate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). In Mexico the risk of an EVD outbreak is very low however a high risk exists in the spread of virus chikungunya. The purpose of this article is showing the components of this equipment with some technical details to the reader. This is an example of the use of personal protective equipment by qualified personnel in outbreaks and necessary in the containment of other outbreaks due to infectious agents.
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Resumen El trabajador de la salud (médicos, enfermeras, paramédicos, laboratoristas clínicos, etc.), por su actividad diaria está en riesgo de adquirir accidentalmente una enfermedad infecciosa. El contacto con pacientes, fluidos biológicos y el cultivo o aislamiento de microorganismos infecciosos durante el trabajo de laboratorio son factores que aumentan ese riesgo, y para disminuirlo se requiere de la aplicación de medidas preventivas o precauciones estándar de bioseguridad para cada una de sus actividades, por lo tanto, debe contar con el entrenamiento necesario. El uso de guantes, cubrebocas, mascarillas, bata, así como la disposición adecuada de los residuos peligrosos biológico-infecciosos (RPBI) resultan primordiales en el trabajo diario. Aunado esto, el lavado de manos, el cambio frecuente de la bata u otra vestimenta hospitalaria son de gran importancia para evitar las infecciones nosocomiales. Es importante considerar, que la carga de trabajo y el estrés ocupacional son factores adicionales que aumentan las probabilidades de incurrir en errores o accidentes laborales que provoquen infecciones en el personal de salud. Nuestro objetivo es presentar los factores de riesgo a los que se expone el trabajador de la salud durante sus actividades diarias y contribuir a la difusión y divulgación de la correcta aplicación de las precauciones universales de bioseguridad para disminuir el riesgo de adquirir una enfermedad infecciosa.
Abstract Healthcare providers (doctors, nurses, paramedics, laboratory technicians, surgeons, etc.) are at risk of accidentally acquiring an infectious disease as a consequence of their everyday activities. Preventive measures or standard biosafety precautions for each one of the activities to perform are required; therefore, health providers must know and have the appropriate training to prevent these infections. For instance, the use of gloves, surgical masks, masks, laboratory coat, as well as the correct disposal of trained to Contact with patients, biological fluids and the culture or isolation of infectious microorganisms during laboratory work are factors increasing that risk. To reduce the risk of acquiring an infectious disease, it requires the application of preventive measures or appropriate biosecurity standard precautions for each of the activities to be performed, so the health worker must know and have the necessary training to prevent these infections in this sense the use of gloves, masks, gown, and the correct management of the Biological-infectious Hazardous Waste (BIHW) are of primary importance in daily work. In addition, hand-washing, frequent change of the coat or any other hospital clothes is very important to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Finally, it is important to consider that the workload and occupational stress are additional factors that increase the chances of work mistakes or accidents causing healthcare personnel acquire infections. The aim of this paper is to present a profile of risk factors to which the health worker is exposed during his/her daily activities and contribute to the dissemination and disclosure of the correct application of the universal biosafety precautions in order to decrease the risk of acquiring an infectious disease.
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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis remains a serious global health problem involving one-third of the world population. A wide diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains cause about 1.5 million deaths/year worldwide, but in developing countries, the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis strains remains largely unknown. We conducted a first insight into the population diversity of M. tuberculosis strains from Tamaulipas, Mexico. METHODS: Seventy-two M. tuberculosis strains were identified and genetic diversity determined by spoligotyping. Drug sensibility testing and punctual mutations in inhA, ahpC, rpoB, and katG genes were assessed. RESULTS: Spoligotyping analysis showed a higher prevalence of LAM9 > T1 > Haarlem3 subfamilies among 53 spoligotype patterns. Unexpectedly, five Beijing strains conforming four unique spoligopatterns were recovered. The more frequently isolated strains (LAM9 and T1), but none of the Beijing strains, were found resistant to INH or RIF. Also, no drug resistance was found among Haarlem3 isolates. The katG(315) gene mutation was found in 83% of INH-resistant strains, whereas rpoB(526) were associated in only 43% of RIF M. tuberculosis drug-resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: This and other studies report a high rate of orphan spoligotypes, which highlights the need for genotyping implementation as a routine technique for better understanding of M. tuberculosis strains in developing countries such as Mexico.
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Tipificación Molecular/métodos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/clasificación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Oligonucleótidos/genética , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from nosocomial infections represent a serious problem worldwide. In various Mexican states several reports have shown isolates from hospitals with antibiotic resistance to methicillin. In Mexico City, there is scarce information on staphylococcal infections in hospitals. Here, our research findings are shown in a four-year period study (2006-2010) for Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. Susceptibility and/or resistance to antibiotics in SE strains were assessed by phenotypic and molecular methods as mecA gene by PCR, as well as the correlation with biofilm production for these isolates and the relationship to the infection site. Out of a total of 161 (66%) negative biofilm SE strains, just 103 (64%) SE strains were confirmed as MRSE by PCR to mecA gene. From 84 (34%) positive biofilm SE strains, 76 (91%) were confirmed as MRSE by PCR to mecA gene. Higher percentages of resistance to antibiotics and higher number of resistance markers were found in biofilm-forming clinical strains (9 to 14) than non-biofilm-forming SE strains (3 to 8). These research findings represent a guide to establish infection control programs for this hospital.
RESUMEN
Mitochondrial DNA mutations have been associated with different illnesses in humans, such as Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), which is related to deletions of different sizes and positions among patients. Here, we report a Mexican patient with typical features of KSS containing a novel deletion of 7629 bp in size with 85% heteroplasmy, which has not been previously reported. Sequence analysis revealed 3-bp perfect short direct repeats flanking the deletion region, in addition to 7-bp imperfect direct repeats within 9-10 bp. Furthermore, sequencing, alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region revealed that the patient may belong to a founder Native American haplogroup C4c.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genes Mitocondriales/genética , Indígenas Norteamericanos/genética , Síndrome de Kearns-Sayre/genética , Filogenia , Eliminación de Secuencia/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Southern Blotting , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Niño , Cartilla de ADN/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Síndrome de Kearns-Sayre/patología , Funciones de Verosimilitud , México , Modelos Genéticos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos Nucleicos/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Neutrophils are critical to the innate immune response; therefore, the proper function of neutrophils is critical to avoid the development of certain diseases. Linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is one of the most abundant long-chain fatty acids found in the plasma of cows after giving birth. In this study, we evaluated the effects of linoleic acid treatment on bovine neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis, metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 release, CD11b expression, intracellular calcium mobilisation, mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and COX-2 and IL-8 expression. Bovine neutrophils isolated from healthy heifers were incubated with different concentrations of linoleic acid, and then neutrophil responses were evaluated. Our results show that the treatment of neutrophils with 100 µM linoleic acid increased their adhesion to the bovine endothelial cell line CPA47. The results of a transwell migration assay revealed that linoleic acid could also promote the chemotaxis of bovine neutrophils. Furthermore, linoleic acid treatment increased MMP-9 activity and CD11b cell surface expression in neutrophils. Fifty and 100 µM linoleic acid also increased intracellular calcium mobilisation in neutrophils loaded with Fluo-4 AM dye. Linoleic acid also rapidly (2-5 min) stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK as evaluated by immunoblot. Finally, COX-2 and IL-8 mRNA expression increased after 2h of linoleic acid treatment. In conclusion, linoleic acid stimulates adhesion, chemotaxis, granule release and intracellular responses in bovine neutrophils.
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Bovinos/inmunología , Ácido Linoleico/farmacología , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Animales , Antígeno CD11b/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Bovinos/sangre , Bovinos/genética , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Células Endoteliales/fisiología , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Femenino , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-8/genética , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/sangre , Neutrófilos/fisiología , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
A comparison was made of the effectiveness of the functionalization reactions of pentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2,6).0(3,10).0(5,9)]undecane-8,11-dione (PCU) using sulphated zirconia in protection-deprotection reactions and Mg/Al hydrotalcite in a cyanosilylation reaction, under classical thermal conditions and imposing microwave radiation; improved yields and reaction times were considered.
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Alcanos/síntesis química , Hidróxido de Aluminio/química , Química Orgánica/métodos , Hidróxido de Magnesio/química , Circonio/química , Catálisis , Cianatos/química , Microondas , Silicio/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Sulfatos/química , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The best approach to determine the burden of neurological disorders in developing countries is to perform population-based studies. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of neurological disorders in a Mexican rural community and assess the usefulness of a household screening questionnaire. METHODS: The survey took place in a Mexican rural community of Puebla State in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional, population-based, 2-phase study including a comparison of the usefulness levels of the individual (IQ) and household (HQ) questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 4,008 individuals participated in the prevalence study using the IQ; of these, 280 neurological examinations allowed to identify 127 individuals suffering from at least 1 neurological disease. The most frequent ailments were headache (22.4/1,000, 95% confidence interval, CI: 17.7-28.2), neuropathy (7.1/1,000, CI 95%: 4.4-11.3) and epilepsy (3.9/1,000, CI 95%: 2.3-6.5). The HQ, used in parallel with the IQ, detected significantly fewer neurological cases. This result was mainly due to the low capacity of the HQ to detect headache. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the prevalence study are discussed emphasizing their relevance in adequately allocating resources. The usefulness of the HQ for screening neurological disorders in general was low, but could be adequate for specific neurological disorders.
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Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Población Rural , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Clima Tropical/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/etiología , Linaje , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Los tumores carcinoides gástricos son infrecuentes, representando menos del 2 por ciento de todos los carcinoides. El desarrollo de una segunda neoplasia maligna primaria en pacientes con tumor carcinoide gastrointestinal es un fenómeno descrito con una incidencia reportada de más del 50 por ciento, sobre todo a nivel del tracto gastrointestinal y genitourinario. Paciente femenino de 57 años con hematoquecia y dolor tipo cólico en hipogastrico y fosas iliacas de 2 meses de evolución. Tracto rectal: a los 8 cms del margen anal, hacia cara posterior, masa de superfucie irregular, dura de aproximadamante 5cms de diámetro. Adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado. BIOPSIA DE POLIPOS GASTRICO: pólipos de 2-3 mm: hiperplásicos y de las glándulas fúndicas Pólipo de 8 mm: Tumor carcinoide corroborado por inmunohistoquimica. NIVELES DE 5 HIDROXINDOLACINDOLACETICO (orina de 24 horas): 23,6 mg/24h (VN0 mg/24h). El estómago es una localización infrecuente de tumor carcinoide. La mayoría ocurren en el cuerpo gástrico. La mayoría son asintomáticos y se diagnostican incidentalmente, como en el caso reportado. Los pacientes con tumor carcinoide tiene mayor riesgo de presentar una segunda neoplasia maligna de forma sicrónica ó metacrónica. El sitio más común es el tracto gastrointestinal y de ellos, el adenocarcinoma de colon, como en el caso reportado