RESUMEN
Background: Patients undergoing bronchoscopy often suffer from pain, coughing, and suffocation. Therefore, lidocaine is prescribed through various methods to induce local anesthesia. This study aimed to compare nebulized lidocaine and intratracheally injected lidocaine in pain and cough reduction during bronchoscopy. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 96 patients, divided into two groups of intervention (receiving lidocaine via a nebulizer before bronchoscopy) and control (receiving lidocaine through the working channel of bronchoscope). Then, the patientsá¾½ cough frequency was recorded during the procedure, and the pain level was measured using a numerical rating scale at the end of the procedure. The data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 16) using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Moreover, the linear and Poisson regression tests were applied to analyze the main variables in this study. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding demographic characteristics (P>0.05). Moreover, the linear regression test revealed that the intervention (nebulized lidocaine) group had significantly lower pain scores (1.54±0.08) than the control (intratracheally injected lidocaine) group (2.5±0.26) (P=0.013). In addition, the Poisson regression test showed a statistically significant difference between the intervention (35.22±2.93) and control (48.85±5.96) groups in terms of cough frequency (P<0.0001). Conclusion: This study indicated that nebulized lidocaine has higher efficacy in reducing the patientsá¾½ pain and cough during bronchoscopy than intratracheally injected lidocaine.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many patients with renal failure due to the chronic nature of the disease and prolonged dialysis treatment experience dramatically reduced ability to perform daily living activities (ADLs). This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of Benson relaxation technique (BRT) on ADLs in hemodialysis (HD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial study was conducted among 65 hemodialysis patients. They were randomly divided into intervention (n = 33) and control (n = 32) groups. In the intervention group, BRT was performed twice daily for 20 min in a month. The control group received no intervention except for usual care. Data were assessed using the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 50.32 ± 7.23 years and 78.4% (n = 51) were male. The odds of higher degree of independence regarding NEADLS was about 25% greater in the intervention group as compared to the control one (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.44; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that using BRT as a non-pharmacological intervention may effectively enhance the ADLs of HD patients.