RESUMEN
In this study, mathematical modeling of the energy transfer and flow characteristics of ternary nanoliquid in a square enclosure is performed. In the cavity considered, the left and bottom borders are warmed uniformly or non-uniformly when the rest of the borders are cooled. The robust finite element method with quads and triangles as elements is used to work out the control equations of the problem. The current study is validated against previously published works, and good agreement is shown. The isolines are investigated for various Rayleigh numbers at uniform and non-uniform thermal boundary conditions. The impact of ternary hybrid nanofluids on the mean Nusselt number at hot borders is explored in dependence on the Rayleigh number and nanoparticle concentration. A comparative study of different fluids for the mean Nusselt number at heated borders is also conducted and analyzed with appropriate graphs and tables. It has been shown that ternary nanofluids can be more effective compared to mono- and hybrid nanofluids, with a more essential growth of the energy transport rate with nanoadditives concentration.
RESUMEN
In the field of convective energy transfer, natural convection is one of the most studied phenomena, with applications ranging from heat exchangers and geothermal energy systems to hybrid nanofluids. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the free convection of a ternary hybrid nanosuspension (Al2O3-Ag-CuO/water ternary hybrid nanofluid) in an enclosure with a linearly warming side border. The ternary hybrid nanosuspension motion and energy transfer have been modelled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with appropriate boundary conditions by the single-phase nanofluid model with the Boussinesq approximation. The finite element approach is applied to resolve the control PDEs after transforming them into a dimensionless view. The impact of significant characteristics such as the nanoparticles' volume fraction, Rayleigh number, and linearly heating temperature constant on the flow and thermal patterns combined with the Nusselt number has been investigated and analyzed using streamlines, isotherms, and other suitable patterns. The performed analysis has shown that the addition of a third kind of nanomaterial allows for intensifying the energy transport within the closed cavity. The transition between uniform heating to non-uniform heating of the left vertical wall characterizes the heat transfer degradation due to a reduction of the heat energy output from this heated wall.